基础有机化学实验教学内容的改革探索

对基础有机化学实验的教学内容进行了全方位、系统化的改革探索。对传统有机化学实验内容,增加了新的知识和实验技术。将有机人名反应、优秀的科研成果改编成新的实验教学项目,同时增设了新的微型实验、绿色实验、原子经济反应实验、全英实验。该实验内容新体系经过多年的教学实践,教学效果有显著提高。     

实时电导率法测定乙酸乙酯皂化反应速率常数

采用由电导率传感器、数据采集卡和个人计算机构成的模块化设计,以及基于LabVIEW 2013的虚拟仪器编程技术,建立了一套多通道的、并行的、实时的和自动化的电导率数据采集实验系统,使用该系统对经典的电导率法测定乙酸乙酯皂化二级反应速率常数实验进行了改革,提高了这一实验的教学效率。此项改革可以为今后其他经典化学实验改革提供参考。     

电导法测定乙酸乙酯皂化反应级数

利用电导率仪,通过监测乙酸乙酯皂化反应进程中电导随时间的变化数据,介绍了测定化学反应级数的原理与方法。该实验项目既密切结合大学化学实验教学,又避免了照方抓药的实验教学模式,有助于培养和提高学生综合设计实验的技能。     

皮革和纺织品中重叠峰偶氮染料的气相色谱-串联质谱检测技术

建立了气相色谱-串联质谱一次进样同时检测重叠峰偶氮染料的分析方法.皮革和纺织品中的偶氮染料用柠檬酸盐缓冲液提取,再用连二亚硫酸钠将其还原裂解为胺类物质,经液-液萃取、浓缩处理,所得残渣用甲醇溶解,通过VF-5ms色谱柱分离,采用串联质谱的多反应监测模式开设多通道存储子离子信息,进行定性、定量分析.实验结果表明:优化质谱分析条件后,气相色谱一串联质谱可进一步消除杂质干扰,分离共流出组分.大部分芳香胺3种浓度水平的加标回收率(n=6)保持在71%～94%之间,检测限为0.008～0.672μg/mL(S/N=3),相对标准偏差(n=6)小于11%,2～50μg/mL浓度范围内线性相关系数大于0.9917,满足禁用偶氮染料的分析要求.     

肉桂酸的逆合成分析、合成设计及实验制备——一次设计型实验课的探索

以肉桂酸为目标产物,通过逆合成分析、合成设计,采用不同的实验方法合成制备,介绍了水相Heck反应、无溶剂Perkin反应、水相Wittig反应、水相Knoevenagel反应,拓展了学生的合成设计思维。本实验涵盖了目标产物的合成、纯化与表征,让学生认识和完成了一个基本的科研过程,提高了学生的综合能力。     

环状二苯基碘盐的合成、表征与应用——综合性多步有机合成实验*

介绍了以2-碘苯胺和苯硼酸为原料,通过Suzuki偶联反应、重氮化反应、氧化反应等3步合成环状二苯基碘盐,并进一步应用于二苯并噻吩的合成。本实验涉及有机化合物的合成、结构表征以及应用,将有机化学基础理论知识、基本实验技能与学科研究热点相结合,能够有效培养学生的科学研究素养。该实验牵涉到气相质谱、核磁及熔点仪等仪器的使用,锻炼学生动手操作仪器的能力及综合实验技能,适合作为高年级学生的综合实验。     

F+CH3OH碰撞反应机理和反应势能面

在MP2(full)/6-311++g(d,p)水平上详细研究了氟原子与甲醇抽氢反应的多通道反应机理,得到了各条通道中涉及的驻点的构型和振动频率及其能量,给出了两张完整的反应势能面.结果表明,氟原子从C原子上抽氢时有一条明显的最低能量通道,而从氧原子上抽氢时要涉及多条分支通道和多个驻点构型,给出了各分支通道的势能面示意图,结果表明以形成五元环状过渡态通道为优势通道.计算得到经途径1生成CH2OH时反应放热170.62kJ/mol,经分支途径6生成CH3O自由基时反应放热119.41 kJ/mol,此结果与实验值一致.     

鲜花香皂的制备——推荐一个大学化学综合教学实验

介绍了一个综合化学实验,涉及丰产天然产物有效成分的提取、皂化反应、添加搅拌制备日化产品。该实验将大学有机化学的基础知识、基本实验技能与日常生活相结合,制备出鲜花香皂,具有趣味性、系统性和连贯性。大大激发了学生学习的兴趣,加深了学生对有机化学基础知识的理解,培养和提高了学生的创新能力和综合实践能力。     

多通道可回收型中试亚临界流体萃取装置的改造及功能拓展

以中试亚临界流体萃取装置为基础,将萃取金属滤筐改造为多通道非对称性微孔复合陶瓷膜滤芯、增加萃取溶剂回收系统以及相关重要部件的安装与调试,实现了系统压力在1.55±0.05 Mpa范围内波动,稳定可控.植物油萃取效率提高到95%以上,平均提取时间缩短了75%左右.对植物油中脂肪酸、挥发性有效成分可进行准确定性、定量分析.平均回收率在93%左右,实现了萃取溶剂有效回收利用,节能减排,从而实现了仪器的多通道可回收型升级改造,达到了仪器萃取能力提升的目的.     

YYG-2型测汞仪的改装

YYG- 2型测汞仪是一种利用冷原子荧光发射测定汞的仪器。按本法改装后可使其具有以下特点。1　仪器的改装与灵敏度的提高对于环境样品中痕量汞的测定 ,YYG- 2测汞仪灵敏度不能满足测定要求。为此本文参考文献 [1 ],因地制宜将原来仪器的汞蒸汽发生器 (下称发生器 ) ,由开盖加入试剂并要摇动改为双层多通道玻璃阀控制的半自动全密封固定式。所谓双层多通道阀是通过钮的转动角度 ,控制发生器借载气氩气自动搅拌 ,并将汞原子载入荧光池 ,排出测定完的废液。用微量注射器将高锰酸钾溶液消解的样品从发生器进样口的橡胶帽针刺加入 1 .0 ml,由…     

利用手持技术改进测定乙醇分子结构实验

利用压强传感器代替排水集气法,改进测定乙醇分子结构实验的仪器装置,并探索最佳反应条件。另外,设计两个空白实验,结合压强变化曲线对实验误差进行相关讨论。     

Neutral diterpenoids of oleoresins of five species of conifers of Transcarpathia

The compositions of the neutral diterpenoids of the oleoresins of five species of conifers growing in the Transcarpathia have been studied. It has been found that the oleoresins ofAbies alba M.,Larix decidua M., andPicea excelsa L. contain more than 50% of neutral diterpenoids. The group and qualitative compositions of the oxygen-containing diterpenoids have been determined. In the oleoresins ofAbies alba,Picea excelsa, andPicea abies tertiary alcohols — cis-abienol and isocembrol — predominate, while inLarix decidua the main component is the hydroxy ester larixyl acetate. Primary alcohols related to the resin acids have been found in all the oleoresins investigated. Features of the distribution of diterpenoids according to the species of conifers have been revealed. The results obtained are necessary for the chemotaxonomy of conifers of the family Pinceae.Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Translated from Khimiya Prirodynkh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 812–816, November–December, 1988.     

光谱仪测试范围的扩展

由于石化行业的生产需要，其材质的使用具有多样性和广泛性，经常会出现顾客委托的测试样品的一个或几个元素跨越光谱仪现有测试程序测量范围的情况。本法通过对光谱仪测试原理的认识，根据光谱仪的测试能力及标样的采集，实现了一个或几个元素测量范围的扩展，并对其测量的影响因素进行了研究。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Influence of viscosity of medium on processes of oxygen quenching of excited states of mesoporphyrin

The oxygen quenching rate constants for singlet and triplet excited states of the dimethyl ester of mesoporphyrin IX increase with decreasing viscosity of the medium and reach a maximum at a viscosity of approximately 0.4 mPa·sec, after which the rate constants begin to decrease. The drop in rate constant with increasing fluidity of the medium may be related to a nonequilibrium character of the elementary act in the interaction of the reactants in the solvent cage. In viscous media such as isopropyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, and isoamyl alcohol, the reaction radius is greater than the sum of the radii of the reacting particles. The long-range character of these processes is due to the relatively weak dependence of the quenching probability on distance.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 161–167, March–April, 1989.     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

物质分配系数的测定实验改进

实验教学目的是从解决实际问题出发,以实验技术训练和实验设计思想培养为目标。介绍了将单一的物质分配系数测定实验改进为综合实验,提高了实验效果及实验资源利用率。     

Calculation of enthalpies of hydrogenation of hydrocarbons

Sets of hydrogen molecule equivalents have been developed which permit the calculation of hydrogenation of different types of carbon-carbon bonds from ab initio total energies (3-21G and 6-31G* basis sets, and, to a more limited extent, for MP2/6-31G* data) of reactants and products. The calculated enthalpies of hydrogenation are in good agreement with experiment for unstrained molecules, with average errors on the order of 2 kcal/mol. The 6-31G* equivalents allow the enthalpies for strained molecules to be calculated accurately, but the 3-21G equivalents do not. The equivalents for both basis sets have been tested by calculating the enthalpies of hydrogenation of carbon-carbon bonds in nitrogen- and oxygen-containing organic molecules, free radicals, and classical carbocations. The results are in good agreement with experiment in most cases.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。