2’-脱氧胞苷-5’-磷酸羟基加合物的分子结构与电子结构

使用密度泛函理论(DFT)的B3LYP/DZP++研究了羟基自由基与2’-脱氧胞苷-5’-磷酸(dCMP)的胞嘧啶环加成产物的分子结构与电子结构. 结果表明, dCMP胞嘧啶环中各C原子上的单羟基加合物的相对稳定性顺序为C5>C6>>C4≥C2. 加合物的稳定性、自旋密度、静电势以及dCMP的电子密度、静电势、电荷分布分析表明, dCMP遭遇多个羟基自由基攻击时, 第一个羟基自由基加在dCMP的C5上, 而C6则成为第二个羟基自由基的进攻目标. 反应中一旦形成了C2-位单羟基加合物, 则极有可能在DNA复制过程中引起致命的基因突变, 也可能诱发DNA-DNA以及DNA-蛋白质的链间交联, 引起更复杂的损伤. 相反, C5、C6-位上单羟基加合物的形成对DNA的稳定性不构成直接威胁.     

2＇-脱氧胞苷-5＇-磷酸羟基加合物的分子结构与电子结构

使用密度泛函理论（DFF）的B3LYP／DZP＋＋研究了羟基自由基与2＇-脱氧胞苷-5’-磷酸（dCMP）的胞嘧啶环加成产物的分子结构与电子结构．结果表明,dCMP胞嘧啶环中各C原子上的单羟基加合物的相对稳定性顺序为C5〉C6≥C4≥C2．加合物的稳定性、自旋密度、静电势以及dCMP的电子密度、静电势、电荷分布分析表明,dCMP遭遇多个羟基自由基攻击时,第一个羟基自由基加在dCMP的C5上,而C6则成为第二个羟基自由基的进攻目标．反应中一旦形成了C2-位单羟基加合物,则极有可能在DNA复制过程中引起致命的基因突变,也可能诱发DNA—DNA以及DNA-蛋白质的链问交联,引起更复杂的损伤．相反,C5、C6-位上单羟基加合物的形成对DNA的稳定性不构成直接威胁．     

α-羟基化吡咯烷亚硝胺代谢及形成DNA加合物反应机理的理论研究

采用密度泛函理论, 在B3LYP/6-31G**水平上, 研究了气相和水溶剂中, α-羟基化吡咯烷亚硝胺(α-hydroxylation-NPYR, A)代谢为终致癌物重氮氢氧化物(B)、重氮烷阳离子(C)和氧离子(D), 以及C与鸟嘌呤碱基相互作用的反应机理. 化合物A代谢为终致癌物, 涉及异构化和质子化过程, 是相对容易进行的放热反应. 终致癌物C与鸟嘌呤在N7位形成DNA加合物F和G的反应, 遵循S_N2机理. 加合物G由F异构形成, 且有相对高的异构化能(气相: 244.77 kJ/mol; 水溶剂中: 234.83 kJ/mol), 这与实验上得到加合物G是主要癌变物的结果一致.     

鸟嘌呤受羟基自由基损伤反应机理的量子化学研究

用密度泛函理论(DFT)研究羟基自由基与鸟嘌呤分子加成反应的过渡态, 并进行内禀反应坐标(IRC)反应路径解析, 结果表明, 羟基自由基加成到鸟嘌呤碳碳双键上. 利用B3LYP/6-31++G**对反应物、反应物络合物、过渡态以及产物络合物等反应通道上各个能量驻点的能量进行了计算, 得到反应活化能E_a=28.0867 kJ/mol. AIM计算结果显示, 过渡态结构中鸟嘌呤分子碳碳双键结构被削弱, 羟基自由基氧原子与鸟嘌呤分子碳碳双键中的C4原子具有较强的相互作用, 双键中剩余的π电子离域到了环体系中.     

碱性条件下4(3H)-喹唑啉酮的一锅合成

研究了一种碱性条件下由邻氨基芳香腈1与醛2一锅合成4(3H)-喹唑啉酮3的新方法.反应经由亲核加成、分子内的Pinner关环、Dimroth重排和氧化脱氢串联转化而成.产物结构经1H NMR,13C NMR,IR和元素分析确证.     

三步缩合法合成2-苯基-1-羟基联三苯叉

以邻羟基苯乙酮为原料,与N,N-二甲基甲酰胺-二甲基缩醛(DMF-DMA)分子间缩合合成(E)-3-二甲氨基-1-(2'-羟基苯基)-1-丙烯酮中间体(2);中间体2与1,3-二苯基丙酮在以DMF为溶剂,K2CO3存在下发生缩合反应生成4'-苯基-2,3'-羟基-1,1':2',1'-三联苯类化合物(3);化合物3以乙腈-1%HCl(V∶V=1∶1)为溶剂,汞灯500 W照射分子内脱水关环合成2-苯基-1-羟基联三苯叉类化合物(4).三步缩合法合成2-苯基-1-羟基联三苯叉具有操作简单、无需氧化剂与催化剂、原子利用率高等优点.采用FT-IR,1H NMR,13C NMR和HRMS对化合物3和4进行了表征.     

功能化烯胺的合成(Ⅰ):混合溶剂中硫脲催化α,β-邻位氨基溴转变成α,β-脱氢氨

建立了一种简单有效的合成功能化烯胺的新方法.在有机小分子硫脲的催化下(50 mol%),在混合溶剂中[CH2Cl2/DMF=1∶1(V/V)],室温下各种α,β-邻位氨基溴的酮和α,β-邻位氨基溴的酯均能几乎定量的转变成相应的α,β-脱氢氨类化合物(收率90%～99%).硫脲催化邻位氨基溴转变成α,β-脱氢氨类化合物的新方法,具有反应条件温和、操作简便、收率高、催化剂廉价易得等特点.全文共考察了32种不同结构α,β-邻位氨基溴的酮和α,β-邻位氨基溴的酯反应情况,证明该方法具有广泛的适应性.实验中发现,α,β-邻位氨基溴的酮和α,β-邻位氨基溴的酯在发生消除反应时,要经过一个形成氮丙啶的中间过程,再由氮丙啶的开环反应形成最终产物(α,β-脱氢氨类化合物).因此不论反应底物为α-氨基-β-溴结构还是α-溴-β-氨基结构,通过分子内的亲核取代反应所形成的氮丙啶结构单元具有相似的立体结构,而氮丙啶的开环具有区域专一性,因此所得到的最终产物也具有区域专一性(烯键上的氨基均处在羰基的α-位).所提出的硫脲催化邻位氨基溴转变成α,β-脱氢氨的可能机理,很好地解释了该反应的区域专一性.所有的产物结构均经过了1H NMR,13C NMR及高分辨质谱的确证.     

61-甲基-61-[12-(18-N-四氯邻苯二甲酰亚氨基)脱氢枞胺]-1,2-亚甲基富勒烯[60]的合成

以脱氢枞胺为原料,经氨基酰化、12位乙酰化、与对甲苯磺酰肼形成对甲苯磺酰腙衍生物,再通过卡宾中间体与C60进行[2+1]环加成反应合成了C60-脱氢枞胺衍生物。目标化合物经IR,UV-Vis,1H NMR,13C NMR,MALDI-TOF MS表征,所得化合物为[6,6]闭环结构C60加成产物。     

61-甲基-61-[12-(N,N-四氯邻苯二甲酰基)脱氢枞胺]-1,2-亚甲基富勒烯[60]的合成

以脱氢枞胺为原料,经氨基酰化、12位乙酰化、与对甲苯磺酰肼形成对甲苯磺酰腙衍生物,再通过卡宾中间体与C60进行[2+1]环加成反应合成了C60-脱氢枞胺衍生物。目标化合物经IR,UV-Vis,1H NMR,13C NMR,MALDI-TOF MS表征,所得化合物为[6,6]闭环结构C60加成产物。     

A-T碱基对单羟基自由基加成产物的单电子氧化还原性质

采用密度泛函理论在B3LYP/DZP++//B3LYP/6-31 ++G(d,p)水平上研究A-T碱基对的单羟基加成产物的氧化还原性质.计算表明,所有8种加成复合物都表现出显著的氧化性,但其还原性却很弱.加成复合物AC2-T、AC4-T、AC5-T的俘获电子诱发T碱基N3位上的H原子向A碱基的N1位迁移,产生这种氢迁移的根源在于A碱基俘获电子后电子密度较大,有利于在A碱基上形成新的N-H键.     

(NH4)3[M2NCl10] (M = Nb,Ta): Synthese,Kristallstruktur und Phasenumwandlung

(NH₄)₃[M₂NCl₁₀] (M = Nb, Ta): Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Phase Transition The nitrido complexes (NH₄)₃[Nb₂NCl₁₀], and (NH₄)₃[Ta₂NCl₁₀] are obtained in form of moisture-sensitive, tetragonal crystals by the reaction of the corresponding pentachlorides with NH₄Cl at 400 °C in sealed glass ampoules. Both compounds crystallize isotypically in two modifications, a low temperature form with the space group P4/mnc and a high temperature form with space group I4/mmm. In case of (NH₄)₃[Ta₂NCl₁₀] a continuous phase transition occurs between –70 °C and +60 °C. For the niobium compound this phase transition is not yet fully completed at 90 °C. The structure of (NH₄)₃[Nb₂NCl₁₀] was determined at several temperatures between –65 °C und +90 °C to carefully follow the continuous phase transition. For (NH₄)₃[Ta₂NCl₁₀] the structure of the low temperature form was determined at –70 °C, and of the high temperature form at +60 °C. The closely related crystal structures of the two modifications contain NH₄⁺ cations and [M₂NCl₁₀]^3– anions. The anions with the symmetry D_4h are characterized by a symmetrical nitrido bridge M=N=M with distances Nb–N = 184.5(1) pm at –65 °C or 183.8(2) pm at 90 °C, and Ta–N = 184.86(5) pm at –70 °C or 184.57(5) pm at 60 °C.     

SPECTROSCOPIC STUDIES OF CUTANEOUS PHOTOSENSITIZING AGENTS—I. SPIN TRAPPING OF PHOTOLYSIS PRODUCTS FROM SULFANILAMIDE, 4-AMINOBENZOIC ACID AND RELATED COMPOUNDS

The photodecomposition of sulfanilamide, 4-aminobenzoic acid and other related analogs has been studied with the aid of the spin trap 2-methyl-2-nitrosopropane. UV photolysis of an aqueous solution of sulfanilamide yielded the following radicals C˙₆H₄SO₂NH₂, C₆H₅SO_2˙, S˙O₂NH₂ and SO^-_#˙ (or SO^-_2dot;). Under the same conditions 4-aminobenzoic acid gave C˙₆H₄COOH. In addition both sulfanilamide and 4-aminobenzoic acid, but not 4-dimethylaminobenzoic acid, generated e^-_aq or hydrogen atoms during UV irradiation. The C₆H₄SO₂NH₂ radical was also produced by photolysis of 4-iodobenzenesul-fonamide and 4-nitrobenzenesulfonamide. The C₆H₄COOH radical was generated by photolysis of 4-nitrobenzoic acid and 4-iodobenzoic acid. Finally the C₆H₄NO₂ radical was formed during the irradiation of 4-nitroaniline, 1,4-dinitrobenzene and 4-iodonitrobenzene. The free radicals generated by sulfanilamide and 4-aminobenzoic acid may play an important role in the phototoxic and photoallergic responses elicited by these drugs in certain individuals.     

亚/超临界乙醇中羟基和氢自由基作用下的纤维素液化行为

以水杨酸为羟基自由基(HO·)捕捉剂、四氯化碳为氢自由基(H·)捕捉剂,采用间歇高压反应釜对玉米秸秆纤维素在亚/超临界乙醇中的液化行为进行了研究,通过考察自由基捕捉剂用量、反应温度和反应时间对纤维素液化行为的影响,研究亚/超临界乙醇产生的HO·和H·自由基对纤维素的液化作用。结果表明,随着水杨酸用量增加(0-4mL),HO·浓度升高,生物油收率由29.3%提高至47.9%,固体残渣收率从26.7%降低至24.3%;反应温度从250℃升高至320℃,HO·活性随之增强,生物油收率由35.9%升高至58.2%,固体残渣收率由51.8%降低至20.4%;随着四氯化碳用量由0增加为2mL时,H·浓度降低,生物油收率由24.7%降低至20.7%,固体残渣收率由54.1%增加至59.1%;反应时间从0到30min,液化作用不断增强,生物油收率从8.7%升高至28.5%,固体残渣收率由86.3%下降至60.9%;30min之后,四氯化碳对H·活性的抑制加强,导致液化作用减弱,生物油收率有所下降。实验结果表明,乙醇在亚/超临界状态下能够产生HO·和H·,且HO·和H·浓度和活性与反应条件相关,对纤维素液化产物的收率及其分布具有明显的影响。     

Kinetics and mechanism of the thermal gas‐phase oxidation of perfluorobutene‐2 in presence of trifluoromethyl hypofluorite

The oxidation of perfluorobutene‐2 (C₄F₈) initiated by trifluoromethyl hypofluorite (CF₃OF) in presence of O₂ has been studied at 323.1, 332.6, 342.5, and 352.0 K, using a conventional static system. The initial pressure of CF₃OF was varied between 4.8 and 23.6 Torr, that of C₄F₈ between 48.7 and 302.4 Torr, and that of O₂ between 51.5 and 270.4 Torr. Several runs were made in presence of 325.5–451.2 Torr of N₂. The main products were COF₂, CF₃C(O)F, and CF₃OC(O)F. Small amounts of compound containing ? CF(CF₃)? O? C(O)CF₃ group were also formed, as detected by ¹³C NMR spectroscopy. The oxidation is a homogeneous short‐chain reaction, attaining, at the pressure of O₂ used, the pseudo‐zero‐order condition with respect to O₂ as reactant. The reaction is independent of the total pressure. Its basic steps are as follows: the thermal generation of CF₃O^? radicals by the abstraction of fluorine atom of CF₃OF by C₄F₈, the addition of CF₃O^? to the alkene, the formation of perfluoroalkoxy radicals RO^? in presence of O₂, and the decomposition of these radicals via the C? C bond scission, giving products containing ? C(O)F end group and reforming RO^? and CF₃O^? radicals. The mechanism consistent with experimental results is postulated. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 35: 532–541, 2003     

Visible‐Light‐Induced ortho‐Selective Migration on Pyridyl Ring: Trifluoromethylative Pyridylation of Unactivated Alkenes

The photocatalyzed ortho‐selective migration on a pyridyl ring has been achieved for the site‐selective trifluoromethylative pyridylation of unactivated alkenes. The overall process is initiated by the selective addition of a CF₃ radical to the alkene to provide a nucleophilic alkyl radical intermediate, which enables an intramolecular endo addition exclusively to the ortho‐position of the pyridinium salt. Both secondary and tertiary alkyl radicals are well‐suited for addition to the C2‐position of pyridinium salts to ultimately provide synthetically valuable C2‐fluoroalkyl functionalized pyridines. Moreover, the method was successfully applied to the reaction with P‐centered radicals. The utility of this transformation was further demonstrated by the late‐stage functionalization of complex bioactive molecules.     

A theoretical kinetic study of the reactions of NH2 radicals with methanol and ethanol and their implications in kinetic modeling

Amino (NH₂) radicals play a central role in the pyrolysis and oxidation of ammonia. Several reports in the literature highlight the importance of the reactions of NH₂ radicals with fuel in NH₃-dual-fuel combustion. Therefore, we investigated the reactions of NH₂ radicals with methanol (CH₃OH) and ethanol (C₂H₅OH) theoretically. We explored the various reaction pathways by exploiting CCSD(T)/cc-pV(T, Q)Z//M06-2X/aug-cc-pVTZ level of theory. The reaction proceeds via complex formation at the entrance and exit channels in an overall exothermic process. We used canonical transition state theory to obtain the high-pressure limiting rate coefficients for various channels over the temperature range of 300–2000 K. We discerned the role of various channels in the potential energy surface (PES) of NH₂ + CH₃OH/C₂H₅OH reactions. For both reactions, the hydrogen abstraction pathway at the OH-site of alcohols plays a minor role in the entire T-range investigated. By including the title reactions into an extensive kinetic model, we demonstrated that the reaction of NH₂ radicals with alcohols plays a paramount role in accurately predicting the low-temperature oxidation kinetics of NH₃-alcohols dual fuel systems (e.g., shortening the ignition delay time). On the contrary, these reactions have negligible importance for high-temperature oxidation kinetics of NH₃-alcohol blends (e.g., not affecting the laminar flame speed). In addition, we calculated the rate coefficients for NH₂ + CH₄ = CH₃ + NH₃ reaction that are in excellent agreement with the experimental data.     

Heck coupling reaction using monomeric ortho‐palladated complex of 4‐methoxy‐ benzoylmethylenetriphenylphosphorane under microwave irradiation

The activity of [Pd(C₆H₄CH₂ NH₂‐κ²‐C‐N)PPh₃MOBPPY]OTf complex, A (MOBPPY = 4‐methoxybenzoylmethylenetriphenyl‐ phosphoraneylide), was investigated in the Heck–Mizoroki C? C cross‐coupling reaction under conventional heating and microwave irradiation conditions. The complex is an active and efficient catalyst for the Heck reaction of aryl halides. The yields were excellent using a catalytic amount of [Pd(C₆H₄CH₂ NH₂‐κ²‐C‐N)PPh₃MOBPPY]OTf complex in N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidinone (NMP) at 130 °C and 600 W. In comparison to conventional heating conditions, the reactions under microwave irradiation gave higher yields in shorter reaction times. Copyright © 2010 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Quantum mechanics investigation on initial decomposition of ammonia borane in glyme

The chemical kinetics of ammonia borane (AB) in glyme solution is studied using quantum mechanics (QM) based calculations along with experimental results available in the literature. The primary objective of this study is to propose a detailed reaction mechanism that explains the formation of species observed during AB decomposition for temperatures ranging from 323 to 368 K. The quantum mechanics investigation uses transition state theory to identify the relevant reaction pathways. Intrinsic reaction coordinate calculations use the identified transition‐state structure to link the reactants to the products. These calculations were performed using the Gaussian 09 program package, including the solvation model based on density (SMD) with acetonitrile as the solvent. Thermodynamic properties of species at equilibrium or at transition states were computed using the G4(MP2) compound method. Sensitivity analysis was performed using a species conservation model to identify reactions and species that play a critical role. This study confirms the previous experimental observation regarding the initiation of decomposition of AB in glyme. It also elucidates the role of DADB, ammonium borohydride salt ([BH₄]⁻[NH₄]⁺) and BH₂NH₂ in hydrogen release and intermediates formed during initial phase of AB decomposition. This work shows how QM calculations along with experimental results can contribute to our understanding of the complex chemical kinetics involved during AB dehydrogenation.     

Effects of Stoichiometry on the H2‐Storage Properties of Mg(NH2)2–LiH–LiBH4 Tri‐Component Systems

The hydrogen desorption pathways and storage properties of 2 Mg(NH₂)₂–3 LiH–x LiBH₄ samples (x =0, 1, 2, and 4) were investigated systematically by a combination of pressure composition isotherm (PCI), differential scanning calorimetric (DSC), and volumetric release methods. Experimental results showed that the desorption peak temperatures of 2 Mg(NH₂)₂–3 LiH–x LiBH₄ samples were approximately 10–15 °C lower than that of 2 Mg(NH₂)₂–3 LiH. The 2 Mg(NH₂)₂–3 LiH–4 LiBH₄ composite in particular began to release hydrogen at 90 °C, thereby exhibiting superior dehydrogenation performance. All of the LiBH₄‐doped samples could be fully dehydrogenated and re‐hydrogenated at a temperature of 143 °C. The high hydrogen pressure region (above 50 bar) of PCI curves for the LiBH₄‐doped samples rose as the amount of LiBH₄ increased. LiBH₄ changed the desorption pathway of the 2 Mg(NH₂)₂–3 LiH sample under a hydrogen pressure of 50 bar, thereby resulting in the formation of MgNH and molten [LiNH₂–2 LiBH₄]. That is different from the dehydrogenation pathway of 2 Mg(NH₂)₂–3 LiH sample without LiBH₄, which formed Li₂Mg₂N₃H₃ and LiNH₂, as reported previously. In addition, the results of DSC analyses showed that the doped samples exhibited two independent endothermic events, which might be related to two different desorption pathways.