A Survey of Various Schedulers Used for Fair Bandwidth Allocation in WiMAX: IEEE 802.16

ABSTRACT

Wireless Interoperability for Multiple Access (WiMAX) is one of the emerging fields of high-speed wireless communication that has enormous capabilities due to its range and the connection speed. Like wireless local area networks (LANs), WiMAX networks implement multiple quality of service (QoS) frameworks at the Media Access Control (MAC) level for assured data, voice, and video services. The question of ensuring QoS is basically how to distribute available resources to users in order to satisfy QoS parameters such as latency, jitter and throughput requirements. IEEE 802.16 standard does not have any particular guidelines on scheduling of incoming and outgoing data. This has caught the attention of researchers working on WiMAX. This article discusses the various issues in WiMAX along with a classification of various scheduling approaches based upon the type of scheduler for the sake of better understanding the scheduling problem and analyzing various available theories.     

Fast Directional Handoff and lightweight retransmission protocol for enhancing multimedia quality in indoor WLANs

More and more mobile devices such as smartphones are being used with IEEE 802.11 wireless LANs (WLANs or Wi-Fi). However, mobile users are still experiencing poor service quality on the move due to the large handoff delay and packet loss problem. In order to reduce the delay, a new handoff scheme using the geomagnetic sensor embedded in mobile devices is proposed in this paper. The proposed scheme predicts the movement direction of a Mobile Station (MS) from the currently associated Access Point (AP) and performs active scanning with a reduced number of channels. In terms of the packet loss, a lightweight retransmission protocol is also proposed to minimize lost packets on Wi-Fi without producing a lot of acknowledgement packets. The proposed approaches are implemented on Android smartphones, and their performance is evaluated in a real indoor WLAN environment. The evaluation results demonstrate that the proposed schemes maintain seamless quality for real-time video even in an environment with frequent handoffs. Note that the proposed schemes are a client-only solution and do not require modification of the existing APs, which renders them very practical.     

宽带无线接入网技术的应用

宽带无线接入网技术作为一种有效的宽带解决方案而受到人们高度重视。本文主要介绍几种宽带无线接入方式及其特点、应用范围、优缺点等,并作了对比,供相关业者参考。     

ZigBee协议的研究及应用

介绍了802．15．4／ZigBee无线网络技术,给出最新版的ZigBee2006协议栈架构,重点分析了各协议版本之间的差异,最后分析了ZigBee技术的应用领域和目标市场．     

基于802.1x的无线安全网关用户访问控制的探讨

本文以无线安全网关为基础,分析了当前无线局域网所面临的用户访问控制问题.根据网络端口访问控制标准IEEE802.1x的用户认证协议,提出了无线用户访问控制方案.该方案采用双向认证协议EAP-TLS,设计了用户与网络之间的双向认证.最后,本文分析了在有效结合RADIUS认证服务器时,无线安全网关上的用户访问的端口控制.     

Gini Coefficient for Voltage Security Assessment of Multi-stage Transmission Expansion Planning

Due to the voltage security uncertainty caused by construction sequence in multi-stage transmission expansion planning (MTEP) in bulk power grids, it is necessary to appropriately arrange the construction sequence of the MTEP schemes to reduce voltage security risk. The Gini coefficient is widely used to weigh the gap of residents' income distribution. In this paper, the voltage security Gini coefficient is defined as the voltage security risk index of the MTEP scheme, and is presented to quantitatively evaluate the entire voltage security of one MTEP scheme. Voltage security evaluation model of the MTEP is established based on voltage security Gini coefficient. Compared to the stabilization cost, the proposed model directly reflects the voltage security of the MTEP scheme, and the local optimum is avoided. The presented method is applied on the IEEE 118-bus 54-generator test system. Results show the validity and effectiveness of the proposed model.     

基于自适应粒子群算法优化DG的配网静态电压稳定性提高策略

为了改善配电网络的静态电压稳定性,提出一种接入分布式电源优化布置的方案。基于IEEE33节点配电网络和Matlab仿真测试软件平台,以静态电压稳定指标L(Voltage Stability Index)和最大电压偏差最小为目标函数,以最大电压偏差小于7%为约束条件,应用自适应粒子群算法(Adaptive Mutation Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm, AMPSO)对配电网络中DG的接入进行优化布置,从而提高了整个配电网络的静态电压稳定性。并通过重庆某地区的实际配电网络进行实例验证,证明方案的正确性和可行性。该研究所提出的方案,对配电网络静态电压稳定性的改善有一定的指导意义。     

WiMAX MMR网络的军事应用

为进一步提高战术通信网的性能,满足通信保障对网络传输带宽的需求,许多国家的军队使用了3G标准之一的WiMAX技术。WiMAX MMR网络基于IEEE802.16j标准,运用移动多跳接力技术,能有效解决现有WiMAX系统覆盖半径不足、信号传输不佳的问题。介绍WiMAX在军事通信领域的应用情况,结合IEEE802.16j MMR的特点,并就网络安全方面所面临的威胁提出了应对策略。分析表明:WiMAX MMR网络作为一种无线解决方案,具有良好的军事应用前景。     

Impact of device unavailability on the reliability of multicast transport in IEEE 802.11 networks

Multicast transport is an efficient solution to deliver the same content simultaneously to many receivers. This transport mode is mainly used these days to deliver real-time video streams. However, multicast transmissions support over IEEE 802.11 networks does not provide any feedback policies, which implies a definite loss of missing packets. This impacts the reliability of the multicast transport and the application employing it. An alternative to improve the reliability of multicast streaming over 802.11 networks is to prevent packet losses. In this perspective, it is necessary to identify the loss causes and to perform the required prevention actions. It is well known that collisions and path loss are two fundamental sources of transmission failures. Their impact can be eliminated by means of collision prevention and data rate adaptation. However, several works show that the loss rate of multicast packets may be considerable even in collisions-free environments and using an appropriate transmission rate. Particularly they show that losses may have a bursty nature which does not correspond to the bit error rate model of the PHY layer as defined by the chipset manufacturers. Therefore, in this paper, we carry out a thorough investigation of the loss causes in wireless networks. We show that device unavailability may be the principal cause of the significant packet losses that occur and their bursty nature. Particularly, our results show that the CPU overload may incur a loss rate of 100%, and that the delivery ratio may be limited to 35% when the device is in the power save mode.     

Dissemination of safety messages in IEEE 802.11p/WAVE vehicular network: Analytical study and protocol enhancements

Multi-channel IEEE WAVE 1609.4 protocol has been proposed to guarantee the co-existence of safety and non-safety applications over the same Vehicular Ad hoc NETwork (VANET) scenario. While the usage of multi-channel avoids the risk of collisions between applications allocated on different frequencies, its implementation on a single-radio transceiver poses some major concerns about the effective utilization of the channel resources. In this paper, we study the performance of safety applications over multi-channel single-radio VANETs, and we present three novel contributions in this regard. First, we propose an analytical analysis and a simulation study of IEEE 1609.4. We show the harmful impact of synchronous channel switching on the message delay and delivery ratio. Second, we investigate the problem of dissemination of safety broadcast messages over multi-channel VANETs, where the network is intermittently disconnected, due to the alternation of control and service intervals. Finally, we propose a WAVE-enhanced Safety message Delivery (WSD) scheme to enable fast dissemination of safety messages over multi-channel VANETs, while guaranteeing compatibility with the existing WAVE stack. To this aim, we formulate the dissemination problem as a multi-channel scheduling problem. We further introduce cooperation among vehicles to reduce the dissemination latency. Simulation study shows the ability of the WSD scheme to enhance the performance of IEEE 1609.4 in terms of message delay and delivery ratio under different topologies and various applications.