一种基于移动预测的分层移动组播协议

组播通信有效地节约了网络资源,在无线移动网络环境中引入组播有着非常重要的意义。论文简要分析了现有移动组播协议,提出了一种新的基于移动预测的分层移动组播方案。仿真与分析表明,该协议组播树重构频率低,子网切换延迟小,可减少组播包的丢失,减少协议开销,优化组播包的传输路径。     

A mobility support scheme for 6LoWPAN

This paper proposes a mobility support scheme for 6LoWPAN. In the scheme, the control information interaction for the mobile handoff is achieved in the link layer, and the routing of the control information is automatically performed through the network topology, which saves the power and the delay time consumed by the routing establishment. In addition, neither does the mobile entity need a care-of address during the mobility process, nor is involved in the mobile handoff process, which reduces the mobile entity’s power consumption and prolongs its life span. From the theoretical and simulative perspectives, the paper analyzes the performance parameters, including the mobility handoff cost, the mobility handoff delay time and packet loss rate, and the analytical results show that the performance of the scheme is better than other schemes.     

TEASE: A novel Tunnel-based sEcure Authentication SchemE to support smooth handoff in IEEE 802.11 wireless networks

With the growing popularity of WiFi-based devices, WiFi-based wireless networks have received a great deal of interest in the wireless networks community. However, due to the limited transmission range of WiFi-based networks, mobile users have to switch their associated access points constantly to maintain continuing communications during their movement. The process of switching access points is called handoff. Handoff management is a key service in mobile networks, because providing seamless roaming in wireless networks is mandatory for supporting real-time applications in a mobile environment, such as VoIP, online games, and eConference. Security is another important issue in network communications, and to prevent possible attacks, authentication is required during the handoff process to guarantee the reliability of mobile clients and access points. In this paper, we propose a novel authentication scheme to achieve a smooth handoff in WiFi-based networks, which we refer to as TEASE. A tunnel is introduced to forward data packets between the new access point and the original reliable access point. The processing of a complete secure authentication and the transmitting of data between mobile terminals and their correspondence nodes can go on simultaneously. The security of handoff is achieved without increasing overhead to authentication servers, and handoff latency can be minimized to support seamless roaming. Simulation results show that our proposed scheme reduces significantly the communication interruption time and generates low packet loss ratio, and our method is suitable to be used for secure handoff in real-time applications.     

General packet induced queueing schemes for reducing packet delays in ADSL routers with peer-to-peer file sharing applications

This paper proposes a class of queueing schemes named general packet induced queueing schemes (GPIQS) in ADSL routers to reduce the queueing delays of non-P2P packets. The objective of the proposed queueing schemes is to send out the general packets first as well as P2P packets are able to be sent in a bounded queueing delay. The proposed queueing schemes use the general packet to induce the transmission of P2P packets which are from the same client and arrived at the ADSL router before the general packet. The outbound order of the packets transmitted from a specific client is not altered in the proposed schemes. Two queueing schemes named general packet induced queueing scheme with single P2P queue (GPIQS-SQ) and general packet induced queueing scheme with multiple P2P queues (GPIQS-MQ) are proposed. The two proposed queueing schemes differ in the number of P2P queues. In order to prevent the unlimited waiting time of P2P packets, we introduced a variable called the largest number of preempting packets to send out the P2P packets in a bounded time. Simulation results show that the proposed queueing schemes may send out the packets from ADSL router efficiently and the average queueing delay is smaller than the common used first-come first-served algorithm. Specifically, the GPIQS-MQ performs better than the GPIQS-SQ method in terms of average queueing delay of non-P2P packets. We also found that the increased average queueing delay of P2P packets is small. Finally, the values of the largest number of preempting packets are discussed.     

基于多播树的HMIPv6快速切换方案

为了缩短移动节点的切换延迟时间,提出基于多播树的分层移动IPv6(HMIPv6)快速切换方案。该方案采用快速切换方式建立移动锚点与移动节点之间的多播隧道,移动节点在同一个区域内始终使用相同的多播地址。仿真结果表明,与现有HMIPv6方案相比,该方案的切换时间更短、丢包率更低、性能更好。     

无线移动环境下双链路通信机制的研究与应用

针对现有切换机制和算法存在切换延迟较大、丢包率较高、不够稳定可靠等问题,提出一种双链路通信机制,给出一种双链路选择和数据传输算法,通过平滑处理获取精确信号质量,根据差值阈值控制两条通信链路在适当时机进行切换,并使用双线程进行数据转发。实验结果表明,与单链路机制相比,双链路机制不会出现延迟脉冲,丢包率接近于零,平均吞吐量提升了20%,可以应用到轨道交通、高速公路等具有高速移动子网的应用场合。     

一种基于无线局域网的移动IP快速切换方案

为了使移动节点在无线局域网环境中进行快速有效的切换，我们提出了一种基于管理域的快速切换方案。该方案将多个相邻的无线局域网组成一个单独的域，采用层次管理方式，使域内各个子网通过专用的Mac桥连接，减少了移动节点域内切换过程中产生的注册时延和数据包的丢失。     

A collision avoidance scheme for the synchronized broadcast packets in a multi-AP Wi-Fi broadcasting system

A Wi-Fi broadcasting system is a kind of Mobile-TV system that transmits multimedia content over Wi-Fi networks. The specialty of the system is that it takes advantage of broadcast packets for streaming to be scalable to the number of users. However, the loss rate of broadcast packets is much higher than that of unicast ones because MAC layer retransmission is not applied on broadcast packets. To recover lost packets, a packet level Forward Error Correction (FEC) scheme is usually used in Wi-Fi broadcasting systems. But it introduces additional transmission overhead, which is usually proportional to the packet loss rate. So it is important to reduce the packet loss rate to build an efficient and reliable Wi-Fi broadcasting system. While past studies have considered only single-AP systems, our study focuses on a multi-AP system which is designed to cover a much larger area. We found a specific packet collision problem that increases packet loss rate significantly in a multi-AP system. It is caused by the simultaneous arrival and transmission of a broadcast packet at and by APs. We identify two scenarios of the collision that depend on the channel state at the time of packet arrival. We propose two collision avoidance methods to handle these scenarios: Broadcast Packet Scheduling Method (BPSM) and Adaptive Contention Window-Sizing Method(ACWSM). We implement both methods in our multi-AP Wi-Fi broadcasting system and verify their effectiveness through experiments.     

地铁环境中双网卡软切换机制的研究与应用

高速移动的无线节点在接入点间切换时,切换延迟较大、丢包率较高.在单网卡切换环境中,不可避免地存在网络中断的现象.该文结合地铁无线通信环境对切换延迟和丢包问题进行研究,为移动节点配备两块无线网卡,控制两块网卡协同工作,共同完成无线切换和数据传输.测试结果表明,双网卡软切换机制无需修改网络层及上层协议栈,在特定环境中可以实现低延迟和零丢包.该切换机制已经在地铁信号系统国产化预研项目中得到应用.     

基于预测与优先级缓存的MIPv6切换算法

为了提升移动IPv6的切换性能,保证实时性要求高的音频、视频等业务的服务质量,针对去除DAD过程的RDMIPv6方案未考虑在传输速率相对较慢的无线信道中,移动节点向NAR本地注册所产生的时延以及切换过程中引入的丢包问题,提出一种优化方案PCRD-MIPv6。PCRD-MIPv6方案结合基于L2触发的切换预测和数据包优先级缓存机制,在L2切换完成之前向移动节点MN维护的接入路由器缓存列表T_AR中的所有AR发送MOA实现本地注册,与此同时,将切换过程中的数据包按优先级缓存在PAR中,在切换完成后发往移动节点,从而减少切换过程中的丢包率。NS-2仿真结果表明,PCRD-MIPv6方案有效地减少了切换时延,降低了切换过程中的丢包率。     

一种基于HIP的移动性管理机制

主机标识协议（Host Identity Protocol,HIP）是一种综合解决主机移动、多宿主及安全问题的有效方案,为了解决现有HIP机制在处理主机移动时存在切换延迟大、丢包率高等问题,提出了一种高效的基于HIP的移动性管理机制。该机制在基于HIP的层次化设计模型基础上,采用FMIPv6中的快速切换思想,引入了链路层触发机制、预先绑定更新机制和分组缓存转发机制。有效解决了移动主机在不同区域范围内的切换问题,降低了切换延迟和丢包率,改善了移动主机的切换性能,实现了透明、平滑、快速的网络切换。     

一种基于LWAP的IEEE 802.11平滑切换机制

IEEE 802.11网络中的BSS切换不可避免地产生丢包问题,这会造成网络性能严重下降,进而限制了移动环境下WLAN的广泛应用。为了降低切换过程中的丢包率,本文提出了一种在数据链路层、由无线链路事件触发的用户空间平滑切换机制,并且在基于嵌入式Linux平台的无线AP上进行了实现。大量的实验结果表明,在无需对当前IEEE 802.11协议进行改动的前提下,新切换机制可以保证在允许的时延范围内,较大地降低丢包率,提高网络性能,并且可以支持平滑漫游。改进的平滑切换机制独立于驱动,具有良好的可移植性,可以在现有AP上增量添加,而无需更改STA,降低了升级成本。     

Design novel weighted rating of multiple attributes scheme to enhance handoff efficiency in heterogeneous wireless networks

With the availability of multiple access interfaces, mobile device users can move between heterogeneous wireless networks. Service providers now must try harder to satisfy their users by ensuring connection service quality. The vertical handoff scheme plays an important role in this endeavor. We propose a novel handoff scheme that features two operating processes: attributes rating and network ranking. A self-developed WRMA (Weighted Rating of Multiple Attributes) method is used to rate attributes. TOPSIS is employed to rank networks. The WRMA-based handoff scheme, as we shall call it hereafter, select an AHP-SAW handoff model to compare with. The WRMA, which rates attributes directly, is relatively simple to use. Further, TOPSIS was found to be more precise than SAW in ranking networks. We also compared our handoff scheme with the traditional NIST signal handoff model. Four Key Performance Indicators of packet drop ratio, delay, jitter and throughput were applied in our experiments. Results demonstrate our handoff scheme outperformed the NIST model in lowering packet drop ratio for all four traffic types. Higher average throughput is achieved. Experiments also show improvements on packet delay and jitter. Such improvements can significantly enhance link service quality, making it more suitable for voice and video traffic applications.     

Adaptive playout scheduling and loss concealment for voice communication over IP networks

The quality of service limitation of today's Internet is a major challenge for real-time voice communications. Excessive delay, packet loss, and high delay jitter all impair the communication quality. A new receiver-based playout scheduling scheme is proposed to improve the tradeoff between buffering delay and late loss for real-time voice communication over IP networks. In this scheme the network delay is estimated from past statistics and the playout time of the voice packets is adaptively adjusted. In contrast to previous work, the adjustment is not only performed between talkspurts, but also within talkspurts in a highly dynamic way. Proper reconstruction of continuous playout speech is achieved by scaling individual voice packets using a time-scale modification technique based on the Waveform Similarity Overlap-Add (WSOLA) algorithm. Results of subjective listening tests show that this operation does not impair audio quality, since the adaptation process requires infrequent scaling of the voice packets and low playout jitter is perceptually tolerable. The same time-scale modification technique is also used to conceal packet loss at very low delay, i.e., one packet time. Simulation results based on Internet measurements show that the tradeoff between buffering delay and late loss can be improved significantly. The overall audio quality is investigated based on subjective listening tests, showing typical gains of 1 on a 5-point scale of the Mean Opinion Score.     

基于乒乓切换的预测式快速移动IPv6新方案

针对乒乓切换(移动节点频繁地在PAR和NAR间频繁切换)时,现有的预测式FMIPv6存在着时延大、丢包率高、信令冗余等问题,该文提出了一种新的解决方案,定义了新的Hop-by-Hop 选项报头TM, PCoA表和双向隧道表,并将TM捎带在NAR向PAR发送的最后一分组数据包的确认中,告知PAR,MN将不久会移回PAR域,以便PAR提前准备好其与NAR之间以前建立好的双向隧道,从而达到MN的快速和平滑切换。分析表明,该方案能有效地解决上述问题,提高移动用户的QoS。     

基于Delaunay三角剖分的FMIPv6快速切换机制

针对快速移动IPv6（FMIPv6)中预测新接入路由器(NAR) 出错时的丢包问题,提出了一种基于Delaunay三角剖分的快速切换机制(TFMIPv6)。该机制通过Delaunay三角剖分算法将网络分割成虚拟的三角拓扑结构,在相邻的接入路由器间建立隧道,通过目标接入节点候选表来协助移动节点快速重构两个新的转交地址,并将切换过程中到达的包缓存在两个可能的NAR中。仿真结果表明,TFMIPv6能获得比FMIPv6更小的切换延时及丢包率。     

A mobility management scheme for wireless mesh networks based on a hybrid routing protocol

Recent advances in wireless mesh networks (WMNs) have overcome the drawbacks of traditional wired networks and wireless ad hoc networks. WMNs will play a leading role in the next generation of networks, and the question of how to provide seamless mobility management for WMNs is the driving force behind the research. The inherent characteristics of WMNs, such as relatively static backbones and highly mobile clients, require new mobility management solutions to be designed and implemented.In this paper, a hybrid routing protocol for forwarding packets is proposed: this involves both link layer routing and network layer routing. Based on the hybrid routing protocol, a mobility management scheme for WMNs is presented. Both intra-domain and inter-domain mobility management have been designed to support seamless roaming in WiFi-based WMNs. During intra-domain handoff, gratuitous ARP messages are used to provide new routing information, thus avoiding re-routing and location update. For inter-domain handoff, redundant tunnels are removed in order to minimize forwarding latency. Comprehensive simulation results illustrate that our scheme has low packet latency, low packet loss ratio and short handoff latency. As a result, real-time applications over 802.11 WMNs such as VoIP can be supported.     

移动IP中低延迟切换的研究

移动IP技术支持节点在不改变本身IP地址的情况下随时连接Intemet.随着应用需求的不断提高,Mobile IPv4的低延迟切换已经无法满足目前的需求.在这篇文章中,提出一种新的策略来达到保证节点从一个子网进入另一个子网低延迟的较好效果.首先,代理提供一种缓存机制：如果通信过程中移动结点已经移动,代理将仍发送给移动节点的数据包缓存;接着,在各个代理上维护一个表格用来记录移动节点最新位置信息,代理通过这些信息将缓存的数据包转发到移动节点的最新位置.通过策略实施的具体工作分析,得出切换过程中数据包传递延迟可以明显减小的效果.     

IEEE802.11网络中过后注册切换机制实现及性能分析

首先对移动切换过程和过后注册切换机制进行分析.在IEEE802.11网络上,对管理帧的信息单元进行扩展来构造二层触发消息,并在Linux上实现了过后注册切换机制.最后从丢包和切换时延两方面对过后注册切换机制进行性能分析.分析结果表明,过后注册切换机制明显降低了切换时延,减少了数据包的丢失.     

WLAN与蜂窝混合网络有效的信道切换策略

针对无线局域网WLAN(Wireless Local Area Network)与蜂窝混合网络,提出一种具有抢占蜂窝网络信道的切换策略。当使用蜂窝信道的终端移入WLAN覆盖区域时,只有在该终端所使用的信道被抢占时,该机制才进行垂直切换以减少因切换造成的时延与丢包;建立了该切换策略的三维马尔可夫模型,分析了WLAN网络的终端数、蜂窝信道的利用率、信道接入请求阻塞率、信道抢占率与信道被抢占率的性能。详细的仿真结果证明了提出的模型的有效性,当WLAN覆盖面积比例为0.2时,信道抢占概率最大;当终端移动速度达到100km/h时,信道被抢占的概率是移动速度为20km/h的3倍;提出的信道切换策略与随机切换策略相比,显著地降低了业务的丢包率与传输时延。