盐水超冷却处理对冰藏鱼品质的影响研究

研究了盐水超冷却预处理对鲈鱼冰藏的品质影响,以-6℃冰水混合物(含盐量6.0%)为冷却介质,对鲈鱼分别预冷却0、40、60、100min,冰藏15d。研究结果表明,超冷却预处理60min和100min的实验组,菌落总数较其它实验组显著下降(p<0.05),Ca2+-ATPase比活力较高,而K值上升较慢。综合考虑储藏过程中生化指标的变化,以及预处理的能耗和时间,超冷却预处理60min对鱼体的储藏保鲜具有较好的指导价值。     

Quality Changes of Shrimp (Pandalus borealis) Stored under Different Cooling Conditions

The influence of different cooling techniques and storage temperatures (‐1.5 °C or 1.5 °C) to prolong the shelf life of shrimp was evaluated by sensory analysis, physical methods, chemical analysis, and microbial analysis. Storage in liquid ice was more effective than flake ice or brine mixed with flake ice in delaying spoilage of the shrimp by slowing down microbial growth and formation of total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB‐N) and trimethylamine (TMA). Total viable counts (TVC) showed that bacteria grew most quickly in shrimp stored in flake ice and in brine mixed with flake ice, followed by those in liquid ice at 1.5 °C and ‐1.5 °C, respectively. Lowest counts were observed in shrimp stored in liquid ice at ‐1.5 °C where the lag phase of growth was apparently extended at the beginning of storage. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed a good correlation between quality indicators related to microbial growth, TVC, pH, TVB‐N, TMA, responses of an electronic nose and sensory evaluation.     

Effects of food container depth on the quality and yield of superchilled and iced Atlantic salmon

Insulated food containers of different sizes are commonly used to preserve the quality of perishable fresh fish products during transport and storage. The aim of the study was to explore the effects of packaging solutions with various depths on the quality of iced and superchilled farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Insulated containers of different depths (32, 42, and 60 cm) and 17-cm deep expanded polystyrene (EPS) boxes were used to simulate transport and storage of the fish. The fish quality was evaluated after 4, 10, and 14 days of storage, where measurements on drip loss, texture, cooking yield, sensory evaluation, water and lipid distribution, and characteristics analysis in the fish muscle by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy were performed. Increased container depth from 32 to 42 cm increased the drip loss of superchilled salmon from 2.4% to 3.1% after 10 days of storage at −1°C. Iced storage of salmon for 10 days in EPS boxes resulted in less drip loss (0.5%) compared with superchilled salmon (1.5%) stored in EPS. The NMR analysis, sensory evaluation, texture analysis, and cooking yield did not reveal any major differences between salmon stored in containers of different depths. Iced storage increased pressure marks as compared with non-iced, superchilled storage in insulated containers. The results indicate that transport of whole salmon in reusable insulated plastic containers with a depth of 60 cm is possible without major quality changes observed for up to 10 days.     

Protein degradation of olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) muscle after postmortem superchilled and refrigerated storage

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of superchilling at ?2°C in comparison with refrigerated storage at 4°C on the protein degradation of olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) muscle. Flounder muscle softened and shear force value decreased markedly (P < 0.05) with prolonged storage time, while values of electrical conductivity, TCA-soluble peptide, free amino acids, and proteolysis index increased (P < 0.05). The changes were slowed down significantly in samples superchilled at ?2°C (P < 0.05). The fracture of muscle fibre and formation of cracks were accelerated in the samples refrigerated at 4°C, and intercellular spaces were observed after 9 days of storage. Moreover, protein bands of myosin heavy chain (MHC), actin, tropomyosin, 97 kDa, 50 ~ 60 kDa and 35 ~ 36 kDa occurred in varying degrees of degradation with storage time. The results demonstrated that significant postmortem degradation of muscle proteins occurred with extending storage time, while the changes were retarded obviously in samples during superchilled storage.     

微冻贮藏过程中能量代谢酶活性和蛋白质氧化降解对鲈鱼质构特性的影响

为了研究微冻贮藏过程中鲈鱼质构特性与能量代谢酶和蛋白质氧化之间的关系,分析了3 种不同处理方式（空气包装处理、真空包装处理、茶多酚结合真空包装处理）对微冻（－2 ℃）贮藏过程中鲈鱼的剪切力、组织结构、差式扫描量热曲线、十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳、巯基含量和3 种能量代谢酶（乳酸脱氢酶、Ca2＋-ATP酶、Mg2＋-ATP酶）活力的影响。结果表明：随微冻贮藏时间的延长,3 种不同处理方式下鲈鱼的剪切力、总巯基含量和能量代谢酶活力均显著下降（P＜0.05）,而茶多酚结合真空包装处理组各指标显著高于其他两个处理组（P＜0.05）,表明茶多酚对微冻贮藏过程中鲈鱼品质有保护作用。十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳图谱和差示扫描量热曲线结果表明,在微冻条件下贮藏21 d鲈鱼肌球蛋白发生轻微变性;经过相关性分析得出,3 种能量代谢酶活力均与总巯基含量呈显著正相关（P＜0.01,r＝0.99）,表明ATP酶和乳酸脱氢酶活力与肌原纤维蛋白的降解密切关,总巯基含量和ATP酶活力、剪切力之间也呈现极显著正相关性（P＜0.01,r＝0.92）,表明鲈鱼肌原纤维蛋白氧化会导致质构的劣化。     

The impact of collagen on softening of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) fillets stored under superchilled and ice storage

The objective of this work was to study the impact of collagen on softening of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) fillets during chilled storage. The fillets were stored under superchilling (?1.5 ± 0.2 °C) and with ice (0.2 ± 0.1 °C) for 21 days, and texture properties, collagen and the related enzyme activities were measured. Results showed that firmness and collagen content were strongly influenced by storage temperature and time. Fillet firmness decreased by 32.3% (superchilling) and 49.6% (ice stored) of the initial values after 3 days of storage, respectively. Total collagen content decreased with time, but different collagen fractions showed variations. Collagen degraded to different extents depending on storage conditions as indicated by SDS‐PAGE and amino acid analysis. In addition, collagenase activity declined significantly during the first 3 days, followed by a slow increase. This study demonstrated that collagen degradation was involved in grass carp fillet softening and provided useful information for fillet quality improvement.     

Superchilled,chilled and frozen storage of Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus) fillets – changes in texture,drip loss,protein solubility and oxidation

Changes in quality characteristics in relation to protease activity and protein oxidation in chilled, superchilled and frozen mackerel fillets during storage were studied. The solubility of sarcoplasmic proteins was quite stable in mackerel samples for all storage experiments, whereas the solubility of myofibrillar proteins decreased in both superchilled and frozen samples. A significant correlation (r = 0.983, P < 0.05) between the increased activity of cathepsin B+L in chilled fillets and softening of the fish flesh during storage was revealed. Contrary with chilled samples, the texture of superchilled mackerel fillets became tougher along the storage period, which can be explained by a higher rate of myofibrillar oxidation (r = 0.940, P < 0.05). The hardness and drip loss decreased slightly at the end of frozen storage. Superchilling preserved the quality of mackerel fillets with the least side effects in relation to protein solubility, drip loss and softening of the fish tissue as compared to chilled and frozen storage.     

Effect of modified atmosphere packaging and superchilled storage on the shelf‐life of farmed ready‐to‐cook spotted wolf‐fish (Anarhichas minor)

Modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) combined with superchilling (?1°C) was evaluated as a mild preservation method for farmed spotted wolf‐fish (Anarhichas minor). Portions were packaged in air and in CO2:N2 (60%:40%) atmosphere with a gas:product ratio of approximately 1, at superchilled (?1.0°C ± 0.2°C) or chilled (+4.0°C ± 0.2°C) temperatures. A reduced bacterial growth (p < 0.001), measured as aerobic plate counts (APC) and psychrotrophic bacteria, was observed in modified atmosphere (MA) packaged wolf‐fish at both ?1°C and +4°C, compared to portions in air. MA‐packaged wolf‐fish had improved odour and flavour scores (p < 0.05), but also a higher drip loss than fish stored in air. A shelf‐life of 15 days was obtained at ?1°C for MA‐packaged fish compared to 8–10 days in air, and at 4°C the shelf‐life was 13 days in MA and 6–8 days in air. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

小龙虾微冻贮藏过程中特定腐败菌的分离鉴定及致腐产胺能力分析

目的 探究小龙虾微冻贮藏过程中特定腐败菌(specific spoilage organisms, SSOs)种类及其致腐产胺能力。方法 本研究利用选择性培养基从微冻至腐败小龙虾中分离、纯化优势腐败菌,通过16S rDNA技术结合细菌生化鉴定法进行鉴定;将鉴定出的SSOs接种至无菌虾肉中,通过监测pH、挥发性盐基氮(total volatile basic nitrogen, TVB-N)、菌落总数等指标的变化,计算腐败代谢产物产量因子(YTVB-N/CFU)以评价各SSOs的致腐能力,并比较各SSOs接种组的产生物胺(biogenic amine, BAs)能力。结果 小龙虾微冻过程中的SSOs为荧光假单胞菌(Pseudomonas fluorescens)、腐败希瓦氏菌(Shewanella putrefaciens)、嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas sobria)和蜂房哈夫尼亚菌(Hafnia alvei);在贮藏15 d后,P. fluorescens、S. putrefaciens、A. sobria和H. alvei接种组TVB-N含量分别为205.88、54.01、60.60、24.24 mg/100 g,菌落总数分别为9.33、8.92、9.02、9.11 log10 CFU/g,YTVB-N/CFU大小顺序为P. fluorescens>S. putrefaciens>A. sobria>H. alvei;小龙虾腐败过程主要BAs为腐胺(putrescine, PUT)和尸胺(cadaverine, CAD),各接种组含量为P. fluorescens>S. putrefaciens≈A. sobria>H. alvei。结论 本研究明确了小龙虾微冻贮藏过程中的特定腐败菌种类及其致腐产胺能力,为针对性地筛选小龙虾高效抑菌保鲜剂提供了理论基础。