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1.
Multi-principal component materials (MPCMs) are currently being investigated for use in high and ultra-high temperature environments. The design of oxidation resistant multi-component materials requires as input the oxidation behavior of each of the components. FactSage free energy minimization software and databases were used to calculate the equilibrium oxide phases and free energies of formation for the oxides of the Group IV, V and VI refractory metals, and their carbides, nitrides and borides. The results are summarized in Ellingham diagrams. Periodic trends were noted; Group IV elements form the most stable oxides with the highest melting temperatures (Tm), Group V elements form oxides with low Tm, and Group VI elements form gaseous oxide species. Oxygen diffusion data from literature for some of these oxides were also reviewed and summarized. The results are utilized to identify strategies for optimizing oxidation resistance of MPCMs for service at temperatures above 1700°C. 相似文献
2.
Janardhan Rahul Kallada Shakil Saani Hassinen Marko Lu Wei Puttonen Jari Hostikka Simo 《Fire Technology》2022,58(4):2405-2440
Fire Technology - The feasibility of coupled computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and finite element (FE) simulations to aid the planning of fire intervention tactics and the effectiveness of... 相似文献
3.
Arvani Maedeh Keskinen Jari Railanmaa Anna Siljander Sanna Björkqvist Tomas Tuukkanen Sampo Lupo Donald 《Journal of Applied Electrochemistry》2020,50(6):689-697
Journal of Applied Electrochemistry - In this paper, additive layer-by-layer fabrication of a fully screen printed monolithic supercapacitor exhibiting performance comparable with supercapacitors... 相似文献
4.
Characteristics of day‐ahead wind power forecast errors in Nordic countries and benefits of aggregation 下载免费PDF全文
The growing proportion of wind power in the Nordic power system increases day‐ahead forecasting errors, which have a link to the rising need for balancing power. However, having a large interconnected synchronous power system has its benefits, because it enables to aggregate imbalances from large geographical areas. In this paper, day‐ahead forecast errors from four Nordic countries and the impacts of wind power plant dispersion on forecast errors in areas of different sizes are studied. The forecast accuracy in different regions depends on the amount of the total wind power capacity in the region, how dispersed the capacity is and the forecast model applied. Further, there is a saturation effect involved, after which the reduction in the relative forecast error is not very large anymore. The correlations of day‐ahead forecast errors between areas decline rapidly when the distance increases. All error statistics show a strong decreasing trend up to the area sizes of 50,000 km2. The average mean absolute error (MAE) in different regions is 5.7% of installed capacity. However, MAE of a smaller area can be over 8% of the capacity, but when all the Nordic regions are aggregated together, the capacity‐normalized MAE decreases to 2.5%. The average of the largest errors for different regions is 39.8% and when looking at the largest forecast errors for smaller areas, the largest errors can exceed 80% of the installed capacity, whereas at the Nordic level, the maximum forecast error is only 13.5% of the installed capacity. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
5.
Abstract In deep ultraviolet and soft X-ray regions the complex refractive indices of metals differ substantially from their values in the visible region of the spectrum. The implications of this fact are analysed for metallic gratings illuminated by electromagnetic fields with wavelengths ranging from soft X‐rays to near infrared, concentrating on short wavelengths. In particular, we study metal-stripe gratings (linear polarizers for visible light) by rigorous diffraction theory to determine the short-wavelength region in which a combination of the geometrical thin-element approximation and the theory of single-layer films can be applied. Then we study inductive grid filters for protection of X-ray detectors from infrared radiation in space applications. 相似文献
6.
Pirjo Koskela Merja Teirikangas Ari Alastalo Johanna Forsman Jari Juuti Unto Tapper Ari Auvinen Heikki Seppä Heli Jantunen Jorma Jokiniemi 《Advanced Powder Technology》2011,22(5):649-656
Metallic cobalt nanoparticles were synthesized by hydrogen reduction method. Particles were coated in situ with carbon by adding ethene to reaction flow. Particles were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray emission, X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence and BET method. The observed cobalt particle size distributions in different cobalt batches produced with unvarying reaction parameters was reproducible: The mean diameter of primary cobalt particle varied only 5% from the mean value of 76 nm in different batches. Increased carbon precursor concentration decreased mean diameter of cobalt particles to 17 nm. The produced nanoparticles were used as filler material in 0–3 type metal–polymer composites. Composite samples with varying filler loading were fabricated with mixing extrusion and injection moulding techniques. The magnetic properties of the fabricated composites were measured up to 1 GHz. In order to analyse the particle distribution in composite matrix and its effect on magnetic properties the microstructure was studied. 相似文献
7.
Dominique Barbier Paola Batistoni Paul Coad Jari Likonen 《Fusion Engineering and Design》2011,86(6-8):615-618
The JET Task Force Fusion Technology (TF-FT) was launched in 2000 to use the unique capabilities, facilities and operating experience at JET to provide significant contributions to the research programme on both JET and ITER. This paper presents the most recent results obtained within the JET TF-FT programme.The Tritium (T) retention measurements have confirmed high surface but little bulk T concentrations on the MKII-SRP divertor tiles and T thermal desorption tests confirmed the necessity to reach at least 600 °C. From the 2007 shutdown the MKII-HD (more ITER like) divertor has revealed some slight changes in the nature of the erosion/deposition. In order to improve analysis, time resolution devices such as quartz micro-balances and rotating collectors have been located beneath the divertor for deposition and plasma physics correlations. Due to improvement of dedicated models and technologies, in situ laser techniques for detritiation and characterisation/removal have provided encouraging results on quantitative characteristics (composition, thickness, adherence, temperature) of deposited films on plasma facing components. A particular effort on temperature control of the new metallic ITER-like wall (ILW) that is presently being installed in JET has been pursued with active laser infrared thermography. JET TF-FT also contributes to the operator strategy to comply with the safety agency requirements for T management. Recent results on two major topics purification of tritiated water and development of the 3He method for the determination of the T concentration in waste drums are presented. Finally, this paper also presents some activities in preparation of the ILW for the pre-characterisation of marker tiles and the refurbishment of diagnostics for deposition characterisation. 相似文献
8.
Ion Tiseanu Matej Mayer Teddy Craciunescu Antti Hakola Seppo Koivuranta Jari Likonen Cristian Ruset Cosmin Dobrea 《Surface & coatings technology》2011
Tungsten erosion, its subsequent transport and redeposition are of great interest, because a full tungsten divertor is foreseen to be used during the deuterium–tritium operational phase of ITER. The erosion of tungsten and carbon marker layers was extensively studied in the outer divertor of ASDEX Upgrade (AUG), and work is currently in progress to completely replace the existing JET CFC tiles with tungsten-coated tiles within the JET ITER-like wall project. The need for fast and non-destructive method which allows the quantitative determination of the thickness of a tungsten coating on a carbon material on large areas led us to evaluate a combined absorption/fluorescence X-ray (XRTF) technique. The method can provide fast analysis, high spatial resolution and a material selective detection of deposited layers and inclusions. It was applied on W coated fine grain graphite (FGG) tiles from AUG's divertor. It is proved that the method is able to provide information about the uniformity of the tungsten coating on a graphite or CFC substrate whilst the technique can be used to determine the thickness of the tungsten and other marker materials coatings. It represents a unique instrument for the post-mortem analysis of the coatings. 相似文献
9.
Johan Plomp Mikko Heiskanen Mika Hillukkala Tapio Heikkilä Jari Rehu Niek Lambert Victor van Acht Tom Ahola 《International Journal of Wireless Information Networks》2011,18(4):280-294
In this paper, we highlight considerations for synchronization issues in body area networks. Requirements for the synchronization
accuracy in body area networks depend on the application at hand. Synchronization may be needed for power management, sample
ordering, calculation of stimulus responses and for sensor fusion. This paper provides a theoretical exercise to help understand
the accuracy required for typical human motion sensing. It gives an overview of various synchronisation strategies used and
implemented in prototype systems. Lessons learnt from practical implementations using Bluetooth, an IEEE 802.15.4 proprietary
network and Nanonet are presented to illustrate the principles involved. The discussion provides some considerations and the
requirements for typical WBAN applications. 相似文献
10.
In this contribution, we review recent efforts on investigations of the effect of (apparent) boundary slip by utilizing lattice
Boltzmann simulations. We demonstrate the applicability of the method to treat fundamental questions in microfluidics by investigating
fluid flow in hydrophobic and rough microchannels as well as over surfaces covered by nano- or microscale gas bubbles. 相似文献