利用TMI资料估计西北太平洋热带气旋强度的客观方法

利用2007—2009年热带降雨测量卫星(TRMM)微波成像仪(TMI)观测的亮温资料,建立一种西北太平洋热带气旋强度(Tropical Cyclone,TC)的估计模型,对2010年热带气旋进行独立估计试验,并对估计误差进行分析。结果表明:该模型对强度小于强台风TC的拟合效果较好,均方根误差约为5 m/s,平均绝对误差约为4 m/s;对强台风和超强台风TC的拟合误差较大,均方根误差分别为9.65和6.60 m/s,平均绝对误差分别为7.76和5.49 m/s;对强台风及以上强度的TC,模型的拟合误差在日(夜)间减小(增大),误差最小(大)值为6.00 m/s(11.96 m/s),说明估计值在日(夜)间偏大(小)。     

《西北太平洋热带气旋气候图集(1981-2010)》书评书荐

正热带气旋位居全球十大自然灾害之首,至今造成全球保险损失金额最高的十大自然灾害事件中有八起与热带气旋有关。西北太平洋(含南海)是全球热带气旋最活跃的海区,中国是全世界受热带气旋影响最严重的国家之一,每年约有7～9个热带气旋登陆在我国人口稠密、经济发达的东南沿海,造成的经济损失随着经济社会发展和人口规模的增长呈日趋加重的态势。我国各级政府及中国气象局始终高度重视防台减灾工作,自1970年代起便建立了全国台风监测预警联     

红外卫星云图和相关向量机的有眼热带气旋客观定强模型

热带气旋TC(Tropical Cyclone)是全球影响最严重的自然灾害之一。TC强度和路径的准确预报,对于减轻其带来的灾害影响至关重要。本文基于静止红外卫星云图和相关向量机RVM(Relevance Vector Machine)构建有眼TC客观定强模型。首先,利用高斯平滑对红外卫星云图进行去噪;然后,利用基于测地活动轮廓GAC(Geodesic Active Contour)模型的偏微分方程PDE(Partial Differential Equation)法对有眼TC的眼壁进行分割,提取眼壁的亮温梯度信息,计算眼壁亮温梯度的最大值及梯度数据不同概率时的均值,从而构造与TC强度密切相关的特征因子;最后,利用RVM构建单特征因子、多特征因子与近地面最大中心风速的客观定强模型,研究不同特征维度对TC客观定强误差的影响。实验结果表明,在单特征因子的模型定强中,95%概率眼壁亮温梯度均值的定强误差最小,相比利用单特征因子所构建的定强模型,多特征因子的模型定强误差更小,即多特征因子中包含更多与TC强度相关的特征信息。在多特征因子的模型定强中,二特征因子优于三特征因子模型,说明应当合理选择特征因子维数,并非越多越好。本文所用RVM模型具有良好的高维非线性处理能力,能对TC强度进行有效估计。     

THE EFFECTS OF STATION NETWORK DENSITY ON STATISTICAL ANALYSES OF TROPICAL CYCLONE PRECIPITATION

In this paper, 1416 conventional ground-based meteorological observation stations on the mainland of China were subdivided into groups of differing spatial density. Data from each subgroup were then used to analyze variations in the tropical cyclone (TC) precipitation statistics derived from each subgroup across the mainland of China (excluding Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Macao), as well as in two regions (east China and south China) and three provinces (Guangdong, Hainan, and Jiangxi) between 1981 and 2010. The results showed that for the mainland of China, total precipitation, mean annual precipitation, mean daily precipitation, and its spatial distribution were the same regardless of the spatial density of the stations. However, some minor differences were evident with respect to precipitation extremes and their spatial distribution. Overall, there were no significant variations in the TC precipitation statistics calculated from different station density schemes for the mainland of China. The regional and provincial results showed no significant differences in mean daily precipitation, but this was not the case for the maximum daily precipitation and torrential rain frequency. The maximum daily precipitation calculated from the lower-density station data was slightly less than that based on the higher-density station schemes, and this effect should be taken into consideration when interpreting regional climate statistics. The impact of station density on TC precipitation characteristics was more obvious for Hainan than for Guangdong or Jiangxi provinces. In addition, the effects were greater for south China (including Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous region, Guangdong, and Hainan provinces) than east China (including Shandong, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shanghai, Fujian, Anhui, and Jiangxi provinces). Furthermore, the analysis proved that the statistical climatic characteristics began to change significantly when the station spacing was between 40 and 50 km, which are close to the mean spacing for all stations across the mainland of China. Moreover, TC areal precipitation parameters, including mean total areal precipitation and mean daily areal precipitation, also began to change significantly when the spacing was between 40 and 50 km, and were completely different when it was between 100 and 200 km.     

数字城市模型的研究与实践

本文针对数字城市，提出了一种空间信息模型及结构框架。并依据该模型，以大城市为例，对数字城市中的数字环境部分提出了初步的解决方案。     

A study of partitioning Q vector on background conditions of a torrential rainfall over Shanghai, China on 25 August 2008

A rainfall that occurred during 0200–1400 Beijing Standard Time(BST)25 August 2008 shows the rapid development of a convective system,a short life span,and a record rate of 117.5 mm h-1for Xujiahui station since 1872.To study this torrential rainfall process,the partitioning method of Q vector is developed,in which a moist Q vector is first separated into a dry ageostrophic Q vector(DQ)and a diabatic-heating component.The dry ageostrophic Q vector is further partitioned along isothermal lines in the natural...     

热带气旋环境场相似检索方法的对比分析

比较了欧氏距离、相似离度、相似系数、相关系数及最优相似系数等作为气象格点场相似性度量的适用性,结果发现以“距离”为主的算法无法准确地反映环境场中的一些特定系统的位置和强度,相似检索效果较差;而相似离度、相似系数、相关系数及最优相似系数可分别考虑两个场之间的形状和强度、空间分布及变化趋势,能找到较相似的场,可供业务参考。通过将不同指标检索到的相似环境场的演变对热带气旋(Tropical Cyclone,TC)路径的影响量引入到TC路径预报中,检验其业务应用效果,发现单纯移向的预报效果好于路径预报,路径预报中相似离度的效果稍好于其他方法,而移向预报中最优系数法最好。另通过相似环境场检索,能找到由相似环境场所对应的相似历史TC,并依据不同度量性指标得到一个历史相似TC集,为台风业务、科研提供参考。     

用地理信息系统改进热带气旋的客观定位精度

基于地理信息系统(Geographic Information System，简称GIS)技术，初步建立了一个能集成多种数据资料和多种算法的热带气旋(Tropical Cyclone，简称TC)客观定位系统。其中不同卫星及同一卫星不同波段资料(如Quikscat洋面风场、云顶亮温等)的矢量及栅格信息的叠加和分析功能，有助于从多个侧面揭示TC的结构特征；而多种定位方法(如云图形态分析法、云顶亮温极值法、洋面风场涡度极值法、数学形态学算法等)的客观化及其综合运用的实现，不仅可以减小TC定位过程中的随机(人为)误差，而且能提高TC定位工作的效率。利用该系统对编号为0203，0209，0212，0417和0419的5个TC进行的定位试验结果表明:利用该系统进行TC定位的精度与目前业务定位精度相当，具有良好业务应用前景。     

基于卫星遥感的热带气旋定强技术综述

热带气旋大部分时间活动在常规观测缺乏的海洋上,卫星遥感作为大范围对地观测的主要技术,为热带气旋强度估算(定强)提供了重要支撑。近年来,热带气旋定强技术的资料应用逐渐从单通道数据拓展到红外、水汽、微波等多通道数据,建模方法也从人为特征提取的线性模型发展到自动特征工程的非线性深度学习模型。在未来,多通道和多卫星资料的融合应用依旧是重点,将人为定义的特征因子与深度学习方法相结合、在静止卫星上搭载微波探测仪器等预计会带来定强精度的新突破。      

数据仓库在城市环境管理中的应用

针对当前城市环境管理中存在的问题 ,初步提出一种基于数据仓库的城市环境管理系统的基本框架 ,探讨了该系统建立中数据仓库的数据组织、数据挖掘、知识发现方法等关键技术问题 ,并进一步阐述了城市环境管理系统中数据仓库的建立方法 ,最后以大城市环境管理系统为例 ,说明数据仓库在城市环境管理系统中的具体应用。