Diagnostic analyses and application of the moist ageostrophic vector<Emphasis Type="Italic">Q</Emphasis>

Considering the main thermal forcing factor, which is critical for the development of synoptic systems,the concept of the moist ageostrophic vector Q is introduced. A formula of the moist ageostrophic Q and the ageostrophic diabatic equation, in which the divergence of the moist ageostrophic Q is taken as a single forcing term, is derived. Meanwhile, the moist ageostrophic Q is applied to diagnose a torrential rain process in North China. The results suggest that the moist ageostrophic Q can clearly reveal the system development during the torrential rain process; the corresponding relationship between the divergence of the moist ageostrophic Q and the rainfall area is better than that of the vertical velocity (ω) and the divergence of the dry Q; the 6-h rainfall region can be correctly drawn according to the negative area of the divergence of the moist ageostrophic Q, and its precipitation is positively correlated to the magnitude of the divergence of the moist ageostrophic Q. The research provides valuable information for improving short-term weather forecast.     

引入对流凝结潜热作用对非均匀饱和大气中非地转湿Q矢量的改进研究

结合2009年第8号台风"莫拉克"登陆福建省引发的强降水过程,通过考虑对流凝结潜热加热,探讨了对非均匀饱和大气中非地转湿Q矢量(Qum)的改进。结果表明:(1)2009年8月9日08:00(北京时,下同)～10日08:00台风"莫拉克"给浙江大部分地区和福建中北部地区带来了一次暴雨过程,WRF模式较成功地模拟出了此次强降水过程。(2)850hPa Qum矢量散度场对同期降水落区具有一定指示意义,散度辐合强度变化与降水强度变化趋势有一定的对应关系。(3)此次暴雨过程中伴有大量的对流凝结潜热释放,最大潜热中心主要位于600hPa。(4)考虑对流凝结潜热加热作用得到改进的Qum矢量,600hPa改进后的Qum矢量散度辐合区对同期降水落区的指示作用得到进一步增强,诊断能力也得到进一步提高。     

A modified moist ageostrophic <Emphasis Type="Italic">Q</Emphasis> vector

The quasi-geostrophic Q vector is an important rainfall associated with large-scale weather systems diagnostic tool for studying development of surface and is calculated using data at single vertical level. When ageostrophic Q vector was introduced, it required data at two vertical levels. In this study, moist ageostrophic Q vector is modified so that it can be calculated using data at a single vertical level. The comparison study between the original and modified moist ageostrophic Q vectors is conducted using the data from 5 to 6 July 1991 during the torrential rainfall event associated with the Changjiang-Huaihe mei-yu front in China. The results reveal that divergences of original and modified moist ageostrophic Q vectors have similar horizontal distributions and their centers are almost located in the precipitation centers. This indicates that modified moist ageostrophic Q vector can be used to diagnose convective development with reasonable accuracy.     

应用湿Q矢量分解诊断梅雨锋暴雨

采用传统的Q矢量分解方法将湿Q矢量(Q*)分解在沿等位温线的自然坐标系中，并结合改进的MM4模式(MMM4)模拟资料，对一次江淮梅雨锋暴雨过程进行诊断分析。结果表明，分解湿Q矢量可将梅雨锋暴雨的垂直运动场进行一个有意义的尺度分离，这不仅验证了梅雨锋暴雨过程中存在不同尺度相互作用的已知结论，而且从定量的角度揭示出不同尺度在梅雨锋暴雨不同阶段所起的作用不同，有明显的主、次之分：在梅雨锋暴雨的开始形成阶段，大尺度对垂直运动场的产生起着主要的强迫作用，锋区尺度的强迫作用处于次要地位；在梅雨锋暴雨的强盛阶段，锋区尺度已经演变为垂直运动场的主要强迫因子，而大尺度的强迫作用则处于次要地位，其至多起着背景场的作用，甚至个别时次可以忽略不计；在梅雨锋暴雨的衰亡阶段，大尺度又逐渐演变为此时垂直运动场的主要强迫动力，而锋区尺度的强迫作用则迅速衰减，其又仅处于次要地位。此外，我们认为分解湿Q矢量比“总”的湿Q矢量更有利于对产生梅雨锋暴雨的潜在物理机制的评估：先是在大尺度2△↓.Qθ*的强迫作用下诱发中尺度2△↓.Qn*强迫作用的产生，随着2△↓.Qn*强迫作用的增强，其所强迫作用产生的次级环流增强，降水的强度也同时随着增大，最终由2△↓.Qn*强迫作用所产生的次级环流直接导致梅雨锋暴雨的发生。     

应用湿Q矢量分解理论诊断分析“05．7”梅雨锋暴雨

利用Q矢量分解理论对发生于2005年7月的一次江淮梅雨锋暴雨过程进行诊断分析,并对比分析了原非地转湿Q矢量（Q^＊）和改进后的非地转湿Q矢量（Q^M）的诊断能力。结果显示：对流凝结潜热的释放对此次梅雨暴雨中尺度系统的形成和维持起到非常重要的作用;将Q^M分解为平行和垂直于等位温线两个方向后,发现在暴雨强盛阶段,低层大气是以大尺度辐合为主,中高层相反,且南北方向有次级环流出现,表明次天气尺度的持续性水汽汇集和正反馈机制是此次梅雨锋暴雨的关键因子．     

非地转湿Q矢量分解在暴雨分析中的应用

利用非地转湿Q矢量对山东省春秋季两次罕见的暴雨天气进行了诊断分析。分析结果表明:暴雨期间都有较强的非地转湿Q矢量辐合,产生上升运动,形成暴雨。这一结果也表明凝结潜热加热对暴雨的产生有着重要的作用。本文进一步把非地转湿Q矢量分解为平行于等位温线和垂直于等位温线两部分。揭示在这两场暴雨过程中,虽然都有中尺度和大尺度辐合上升运动作用的叠加,但在春季暴雨的个例中,垂直于等位温线的非地转湿Q矢量的辐合与总的非地转湿Q矢量的辐合相接近,暴雨以中尺度上升运动为主。而在秋季暴雨的个例中,平行于等位温线的非地转湿Q矢量的辐合与总的非地转湿Q矢量的辐合在形状上相似,在强度上偏强,暴雨的上升运动以大尺度为主,中间夹杂着中小尺度的上升运动,降水以混合型为主。     

Q矢量旋度：一个与暴雨相关的新诊断量

As a powerful tool to diagnose vertical motion, frontogenesis, and secondary circulation, the Q vector and its divergence are widely used. However, little attention has been given to the curl of Q vector. In this paper, a new set of analyses combining the divergence of the Q vector (DQ) with the vertical component of the curl of the Q vector (VQ) is applied to a Northeastern cold vortex rainfall case. From the derivation, it was found that the expressions of the Q vectors and their divergences in saturated moist flow (DQm) differ from those of dry and unsaturated moist atmosphere (DQ), while the VQs of various background flows are exactly the same, which largely simplified the analyses. This case study showed that, compared with the DQ, not only can the DQm diagnose precipitation more effectively, but the VQ may also be indicative of precipitation (especially for heavy rainfall and strong convection) because of its direct, close relationship with ageostrophic motion. Thus, the VQ may be computed and analyzed with ease, and may serve as a useful tool for analyses of precipitation and strong convective systems. Citation: Yang, S., and D. H. Wang, 2008: The curl of Q vector: a new diagnostic parameter associated with heavy rainfall, Atmos. Oceanic Sci. Lett., 1, 36-39     

鲁西北持续性暴雨非地转湿Q矢量分析

利用常规观测资料、NECP/NCAR提供的1°×1°FNL全球再分析资料,对2012年鲁西北一次持续性暴雨进行了湿Q矢量方法诊断分析。结果表明：此次持续暴雨出现在有利的环流背景下,降水区域集中并有明显的中尺度特征,湿Q矢量方法是分析强降水落区很好的工具;925～850 hPa湿Q矢量散度与强降水落区有较好的对应关系,但暴雨并不总是出现在湿Q矢量散度负值区中心,有时出现在湿Q矢量散度梯度大的负值区一侧;700 hPa湿Q矢量涡度正值中心与散度负值重叠的区域是中尺度低值系统发展有利的区域,与未来6～12 h暴雨落区有很好的对应;湿Q矢量锋生函数差值预报强降水落区明显优于锋生函数。     

一次连续暴雨的非地转湿Q矢量分解分析

利用实测暴雨资料,运用改进的非地转湿Q矢量对青藏高原东侧2005年7月18日至19日的一次连续暴雨天气进行了诊断分析。分析结果表明：700 hPa Q矢量散度场不仅将暴雨区反映出来了,而且散度辐合中心与降水中心对应。进一步把改进的非地转湿Q矢量分解为平行于等位温线和垂直于等位温线两部分,分析表明：准地转的大尺度系统与非地转非绝热的中小尺度系统在不同高度起着不同程度的作用,二者相叠加,形成暴雨。在第一阶段的暴雨中,大尺度的上升运动强迫作用在700 hPa占主要作用,而中小尺度系统在较低层次和中层起主要作用,促使强对流的发展和深对流的形成,对暴雨落区的反映也更准确。在第二阶段的暴雨中,垂直上升运动以中尺度非绝热强迫为主,随着对流不稳定能量的大量释放,中小尺度系统作用快速减弱,降水趋于减弱。     

定量分析几种Q矢量

结合1991年7月5日20:00～6日20:00一次典型的江淮梅雨锋暴雨过程，从台站实际业务工作需要考虑，细致、具体地比较分析了850 hPa、700 hPa及500 hPa 3个层次的准地转 Q 矢量散度场、半地转 Q 矢量散度场、非地转 Q 矢量散度场及湿 Q 矢量散度场与相应时刻地面降水场对应关系的差异，同时还针对每一种 Q 矢量，将其在850 hPa、700 hPa及500 hPa 3个层次的散度场对同时刻降水场的反映能力进行了比较。在定量比较的基础上，得到了对4种 Q 矢量诊断特性的具体认识:（1）在整个梅雨锋暴雨过程中，3个层次的半地转 Q 矢量散度场及准地转 Q 矢量散度场对雨区的反映能力较小，而非地转 Q 矢量的散度场和湿 Q 矢量的散度场对雨区的反映能力明显较前二者大，尤其是湿 Q 矢量散度场在每个层次的诊断能力基本都大于相应层次的其它 Q 矢量的散度场。（2）对于每一种 Q 矢量而言，基本都是在700 hPa的散度场与雨区的对应关系好于各自在850 hPa和500 hPa的散度场，尤其是700 hPa湿 Q 矢量散度辐合场对同时刻梅雨锋暴雨的强度及落区都有很好的指示作用。最后，基于理论的角度对各 Q 矢量的诊断特性进行了较为深入地探讨和比较分析，明确地指出了4种 Q 矢量存在理论前提上的差异。     

圣帕台风暴雨的非地转湿Q矢量的诊断分析

利用WRF中尺度模式模拟了台风"圣帕"登陆后减弱成热带低压造成湖南省大暴雨的过程,使用模拟输出的高分辨率资料,借助非地转湿Q矢量对这次暴雨过程做了详细的诊断分析.结果表明:非地转湿Q矢量能比较清楚地揭示此次暴雨演变过程,尤其700 hPa的非地转湿Q矢量散度场对降水预报具有较好的指示意义,其散度辐合区域对应着降水的落区,散度辐合强度变化指示着降水强度的变化趋势,并且非地转湿Q矢量散度辐合强度的大小可预示着未来3～6 h降水的强弱,是具有预报价值的;非地转湿Q矢量散度是非地转ω方程的强迫项,并与地形条件共同作用激发了地面中尺度系统的发展与次级环流的形成,是此次暴雨得以发展与维持的机制.     

湿Q矢量释用技术及其在定量降水预报中的应用

新发展了一种湿Q矢量释用技术:利用松弛法迭代求解以非地转干Q矢量散度为强迫项的方程得到垂直运动场ω ₁, 然后由ω ₁计算湿Q矢量散度场, 接着再利用松弛法迭代求解以湿Q矢量散度场为强迫项的ω方程得到垂直运动ω ₂, 最后由ω ₂结合水汽条件进行降水量计算, 得到湿Q矢量释用降水场。结合一次典型的江淮梅雨锋暴雨过程研究表明, 湿Q矢量释用降水场对同期观测降水场水平分布特征、极端降水强度都具有一定的反映能力, 反映出湿Q矢量释用技术具备实际应用的可行性和一定合理性。将此释用技术应用于华东区域数值预报模式 (基于MM5 V3.6而建立, 以下简称MM5) 产品, 得到湿Q矢量释用定量降水预报 (QPF) 场, 其独立于模式本身输出的QPF场, 但与模式QPF场具有相同的时空分辨率。针对2004年6—8月汛期华东地区一次梅雨锋降水过程和一次登陆台风降水过程, 结合实况雨量资料, 比较分析了湿Q矢量释用QPF场和MM5模式QPF场对实际观测降水场的反映能力, 结果表明, 前者对有无降水、10.0 mm/24 h以上明显降水的反映能力明显优于后者。进一步进行预报统计检验表明, 湿Q矢量释用预报有无降水、小雨及10.0 mm/24 h以上降水的TS评分、正确率都明显高于MM5模式, 而漏报率、空报率则是前者明显低于后者。这也充分反映出湿Q矢量释用技术应用于QPF研究的有效性。最后, 探讨了数值预报产品释用技术对数值预报模式性能的依赖性, 并指出未来对湿Q矢量释用技术进一步改进的方向及其广泛应用前景。     

East Asian summer monsoon circulation structure controlled by feedback of condensational heating

The East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) features strong humid low-level southerly flows and abundant rainfall over the subtropical East Asia. This study identified how condensational heating generated by the EASM rainfall can affect the EASM circulation by contrasting two 10-member ensembles of atmospheric General Circulation Model experiments with Community Climate Model version 3/National Center for Atmospheric Research respectively with and without feedback of condensational heating over the East Asian domain. Major results inferred from the experiments are as follows. Condensational heating is found to absolutely dominate diabatic heating over East Asia. Exclusion of the feedback of condensational heating leads to a significant weakening of summertime tropospheric warming over land and thus a large reduction of the land-sea thermal contrast between entire Asian continent and surrounding oceans. Associated with this, the lower-level EASM flows are weakened, South Asian High at 200 hPa migrates southward with reduced intensity and breaks over East Asia with southerly flows prevailing in the upper troposphere, in contrast to northerly flows in reality. Consequently, local EASM meridional cell disappears and the baroclinic structure featured by the EASM circulation that is dynamically determined by convective condensational heating over East Asia is altered to a barotropic structure. Therefore, it is concluded that the feedback of condensational heating acts to largely enhance lower-level flows of the EASM and essentially determine its baroclinic structure and meridional cell, once the solar radiation and inhomogeneity of the Earth’s surface form low-level monsoon flows in East Asia by enhancing land-sea thermal contrast.     

1998年武汉大暴雨过程的切变涡度及非绝热加热垂直结构分析

文中通过比较 1 998年武汉大暴雨期间相对涡度、切变涡度和纬向切变涡度 (ζs1) ,发现ζs1中心与暴雨中心位置有更好的对应关系 ,其在时序上高空负纬向切变涡度发展要超前强降水出现约 1 d。暴雨发生前高空反气旋性涡度增强 ,且与此同时 ,低层要求有正涡度发展。暴雨发生时段对应着 Q1,Q2 的高值区 ,并具有强上升运动 ,且 Q1,Q2 两者之间存在较强的耦合。视热源中心在 45 0 h Pa,而水汽汇中心主要在 6 0 0 h Pa附近。Q1,Q2 局地变化和平流变化是反位相分布的 ,共同的作用是减小对加热的贡献。Q1中局地变化可省略 ,但 Q2 中局地变化在第2次强降水时段可达 4K/d左右 ,因此不能省略。垂直输送项在 Q1,Q2 中是最主要的加热项     

STUDY ON THE GENESIS OF ASYMMETRICAL DISTRIBUTION CHARACTERISTICS OF PRECIPITATION ASSOCIATED WITH THE TYPHOON HAITANG (2005) FROM THE VIEW OF ATMOSPHERIC FACTOR

The distribution of precipitation field from the typhoon Haitang (2005) during its landing on Fujian province shows obvious asymmetric feature. Based on the NCEP/NCAR FNL (Final Analysis) data, this study reveals the contributions of atmospheric factor to the asymmetrical distribution characteristics of precipitation associated with the typhoon, through the analysis of water vapor condition, vertical ascending motion condition, the calculation of the dry Q vector and its decomposition, and adiabatic heating in the air column of 1000hPa -600hPa (lower atmosphere) and 500hPa-100hPa (upper atmosphere). The results are as follows: (1) In the lower atmosphere, the humidity on both sides of typhoon path can be equivalent, while it is more wet on the right side than left in the upper atmosphere, which obviously presents asymmetric distribution characteristics. (2) Both range and intensity of the vertical motion on the right side are wider and stronger than counterparts on the left side no matter in the lower or upper atmosphere. (3) In the upper atmosphere, forcing role of atmosphere in vertical upward motion on the right side of typhoon path is the same as that on the left, while it is significantly different in the lower atmosphere, which is significantly broader in scope and stronger in the intensity, along with obvious asymmetric distribution characteristics. In addition, the further analysis of the Q vector decomposition indicates that the forcing effect of mesoscale weather systems on vertical upward motion is stronger than that of large scale weather systems in the lower atmosphere. (4) The adiabatic heating always exists on both lower and upper atmosphere, and the range and intensity of the adiabatic heating forcing showed asymmetric distribution on both lower and upper atmosphere. (5) In a summary, the upper atmosphere humidity conditions, the forcing role of lower atmosphere in vertical upward motion, especially, to mesoscale weather system, and adiabatic heating in the lower atmosphere, all show similar asymmetric distribution characteristics to that of precipitation field from the typhoon Haitang (2005), that is to say, the atmospheric factors as mentioned above are all contributed to genesis of the asymmetric distribution characteristics of precipitation.     

结合“海棠”台风（2005）定量分析非绝热加热对湿 Q 矢量诊断能力的影响

湿Q矢量最大特点就是考虑了非绝热加热作用,各种湿Q矢量差异也主要表现在对非绝热加热计算处理方案的不同.因此,通过比较分析非绝热加热作用,可揭示出不同湿Q矢量之间诊断能力的差异.2005年第5号登陆台风"海棠"在7月19日08时20 H 08时,给福建省东北部及浙江省造成大范围暴雨.WRF模式成功模拟出此次台风暴雨过程.文章将结合"海棠"台风(2005)登陆台风暴雨过程,利用 WRF模式模拟输出的气象要素,通过计算降水场,定量分析了非绝热加热作用及其对湿Q矢量诊断能力的影响.结果表明:(1)对于公包括大尺度凝结加热的非绝热加热作用H1及包括了潜热加热(大尺度凝结加热和对流凝结加热)、感热加热和辐射加热的非绝热加热作用H2来讲,局地变化项的强迫作用较垂直平流项、水平平流项的强迫作用约小1-2个量级,可以忽略不计,垂直平流项的强迫作用是主要成分,对于水平平流项来讲,尽管其强迫作用明显小于垂直平流项的强迫作用,但也明显大于局地变化项的强迫作用,考虑其将更有利于充分反映H1、H2的强迫作用.对于包括非均匀饱和大气中潜热加热的H3来讲,水平平流项与垂直平流项的强迫作用相当,均为主要成分,而局地变化项的强迫作用为次要成分且不容忽视,对其考虑将有助于全面描述H2的强迫作用.(2)非绝热加热作用H1、H2以及H3强迫产生的24 h累积降水场具有相似的水平分佰特征,三者强迫产生的逐时雨量随时间演变特征也非常相似,这表明水汽凝结潜热是非绝热加热作用的主要成分.(3)进一步结合模拟降水场分析表明,相对于H1强迫产生的降水场来讲,H2与H3强迫产生的降水场更接近模拟结果,这揭示出包含H2的湿Q矢量与包含H2的湿Q矢量诊断能力相近,且对降水反映能力较包含H1的湿Q矢量诊断能力强.(4)不同湿Q矢量各自有其自身诊断特点,根据不同研究目的的需要,可有针对性的选取相应的湿Q矢量来作为研究工具.如需要具体、细敛分析水汽潜热的强迫作用,可以选朋包含H1、H3的湿Q矢量,如仅需考虑总的湿Q矢量强迫作用,则可以直接选用包含H2的湿矢量.     

改进的湿Q矢量分析方法及梅雨锋暴雨形成机制

利用实测暴雨资料,结合改进的MM4(MMM4)模式模拟输出的加密资料,分别利用改进的湿Q矢量(记为Q*)及改进的湿Q矢量分解(Partitioning),诊断分析了1991年7月5日20:00~6日20:00一次典型的江淮梅雨锋暴雨过程。结果表明,600hPaQ*矢量散度辐合区对同时刻地面降水的强度、落区及不均匀性有很好的指示作用。在整个梅雨锋暴雨过程中,Q*矢量散度辐散、辐合在垂直方向上是相间分布的,它所激发的次级环流可能是诱发梅雨锋暴雨产生的重要因素。进一步研究表明,改进的湿Q矢量分解比“总”Q*矢量更具有诊断意义,可将梅雨锋暴雨的垂直运动场进行有意义的尺度分离,更有利于梅雨锋暴雨的潜在物理机制的评估。在梅雨锋暴雨的不同阶段,对于垂直运动场而言,不同尺度的Q*矢量散度辐合场的强迫作用不同,有主、次之分。基于上述诊断分析结果,本文进而提出梅雨锋暴雨形成的可能物理机制,并给出其概念模式:由于初始大气中大尺度的水汽及垂直运动场的空间分布不均匀,从而造成了大尺度Q*矢量散度辐合,激发出次级环流,进而引发了中尺度Q*矢量散度辐合场的产生,最终产生次级环流,直接导致梅雨锋暴雨的发生。     

南海季风区冰相相变潜热对中尺度对流云和降水影响作用的数值模拟研究

利用可分辨云模式及中国南海北部试验区加密探空的平均水平风场、位温场和水汽场模拟分析了1998年5月15日至6月11日中国南海北部地区中尺度对流系统(Mesoscal Convective System,简称MCS)中冰相相变潜热对云和降水、辐射传输以及大尺度环境场的影响作用。研究表明,冰相相变潜热总体上不会引起明显的大气辐射通量的变化,但会引起较明显的下垫面热通量的变化。凝华潜热释放显著地增加了大气稳定度,造成对流和下垫面热通量的减弱,从而导致地面降水减小10.11%。碰冻潜热释放也使得大气稳定度增加,不利于中尺度对流系统对流的发展,区域累积降水量减小2.2%。融化潜热的冷却效应,使得融化层以下的大气降温,从而增加了低层大气的不稳定性,有利于海面热通量的输送,导致MCS降水增加4.1%。因此,冰相相变潜热对降水的影响主要是通过影响大气环境稳定,进而影响洋面感热通量和潜热通量的垂直输送和对流的发展,导致区域降水改变。     

一次大暴雨过程的湿Q矢量比较分析

结合2005年7月18～19口出现在青藏高原东侧的一次大暴雨天气过程,对改进前（Q^＊）后（Q^q）两种非地转湿Q矢量的散度和锋生函数进行了比较诊断分析。结果表明：①改进后的掣矢量散度辐合场在位置、强度及走向上对暴雨区的反映都较改进前的Q^＊矢量更为准确。低层大气强迫为产生暴雨区上升运动的主要强迫作用,在不稳定的层结下使大气加速上升而产生强对流。②包含了所有非绝热效应的湿Q矢量锋生函数对暴雨中心和雨区走向的反映更准确,锋生作用更强。当出现一定程度降水后,由于大量不稳定能量的释放,锋消作用明显。     

Differences between Convective and Stratiform Precipitation Budgets in a Torrential Rainfall Event

Differences in rainfall budgets between convective and stratiform regions of a torrential rainfall event were investigated using high-resolution simulation data produced by the Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF) model. The convective and stratiform regions were reasonably separated by the radar-based convective–stratiform partitioning method, and the threedimensional WRF-based precipitation equation combining water vapor and hydrometeor budgets was further used to analyze the rainfall budgets. The results showed that the magnitude of precipitation budget processes in the convective region was one order larger than that in the stratiform region. In convective/stratiform updraft regions, precipitation was mainly from the contribution of moisture-related processes, with a small negative contribution from cloud-related processes. In convective/stratiform downdraft regions, cloud-related processes played positive roles in precipitation, while moisture-related processes made a negative contribution. Moisture flux convergence played a dominant role in the moisture-related processes in convective or stratiform updraft regions, which was closely related to large-scale dynamics. Differences in cloud-related processes between convective and stratiform regions were more complex compared with those in moisture-related processes.Both liquid-and ice-phase microphysical processes were strong in convective/stratiform updraft regions, and ice-phase processes were dominant in convective/stratiform downdraft regions. There was strong net latent heating within almost the whole troposphere in updraft regions, especially in the convective updraft region, while the net latent heating(cooling) mainly existed above(below) the zero-layer in convective/stratiform downdraft regions.