基于儿童使用主体的建成环境评价尺度研究

评价尺度是建筑使用后评价的基 本问题之一，它是使用者评判建成环境好 坏、优劣的重要测度标准。为弥补目前环境 评价尺度研究方面的缺失，建立与儿童使用 主体相一致的建成环境评价尺度，对儿童常 用语义量词进行汇总和筛选，采用五级线 分刻度方法进行问卷调查研究。基于儿童的 理解，通过问卷试验分析，结果表明：双侧 5级区间评价尺度为：很（负面）；有点（负 面）；中等；有点（正面）；很（正面）；单侧 5级区间评价尺度为：不；好像有点；比较； 很；特别。     

Can child-pedestrians’ hazard perception skills be enhanced?

ObjectiveTraffic collisions yield a substantial rate of morbidity and injury among child-pedestrians. We explored the formation of an innovative hazard perception training intervention – Child-pedestrians Anticipate and Act Hazard Perception Training (CA²HPT). Training was based upon enhancing participants’ ability to anticipate potential hazards by exposing them to an array of traffic scenes viewed from different angles.MethodTwenty-four 7–9-year-olds have participated. Trainees underwent a 40-min intervention of observing typical residential traffic scenarios in a simulated dome projection environment while engaging in a hazard detection task. Trainees were encouraged to note differences between the scenarios presented to them from separate angles (a pedestrian's point-of-view and a higher perspective angle). Next, trainees and control group members were required to perform crossing decision tasks.ResultsTrainees were found to be more aware of potential hazards related to restricted field of view relative to control.ConclusionsChild pedestrians are responsive to training and actively detecting materialized hazards may enrich child-pedestrians’ ability to cross roads.     

2017～2018年宁波市出生儿童13价肺炎球菌结合疫苗接种率分析

目的分析2017~2018年宁波市出生儿童13价肺炎球菌结合疫苗(13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine,PCV13)的接种率。方法收集宁波市“免疫预防管理信息系统”中2017~2018年出生儿童的PCV13接种信息,采用描述性流行病学方法进行统计分析。结果宁波市2017~2018年出生儿童221921人,接种PCV13有25124人,≥1剂次接种率为11.32%,其中至少接种3针PCV13的有19212人,≥3剂次接种率为8.66%。25124名<2岁儿童中,首针疫苗接种年龄≤1、2、3、4和≥5月龄者分别为5428、11287、5556、2608和245人,分别占21.60%、44.93%、22.11%、10.38%和0.98%。不同地区、户籍类型、出生年份儿童PCV13≥1和≥3剂次接种率差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.001),不同地区、性别、户籍类型、出生年份儿童PCV13首针疫苗接种年龄差异有统计学意义(P均<0.01)。结论宁波市儿童PCV13接种率处于较低水平,建议将PCV13纳入国家免疫规划项目。     

Discordance in risk perception between children,parents, and teachers in terms of consumption of cheap and poorly nutritious food sold around schools

Little is known about the eating behavior of Asian children when faced with a range of poorly nutritious foods sold around schools, and whether they appreciate the risks involved in consuming such foods. To provide adequate education regarding proper food consumption, it is essential to understand how children perceive the potential risks and to examine their actual eating behaviors. The perceptions of adults and children should also be compared. This study selected children from the most populous primary schools (n = 166) in 36 of the national capital regions of the Republic of Korea. A total of 443 children were randomly selected from each school and they, their parents (n = 425), and nutrition teachers (n = 166) were asked to complete a questionnaire (total 11 questions) designed to examine how children and adults perceived the risks associated with the consumption of cheap and poorly nutritious foods sold around schools. Most children (>70%) consumed these foods more than once per week, even though they were aware that they may be potential hazardous. Children were significantly less concerned about the risks associated with their eating behaviors than their parents and teachers (p < 0.05), particularly regarding snacks prepared and cooked under unhygienic conditions. Although parents and teachers were very concerned about children’s food consumption, they misunderstood the level of children’s awareness, their preferences, and their actual eating behaviors. This study generated a database of information about children’s actual eating behavior around schools, and the perception (by children, parents, and teachers) of the risks. This database may contribute to the design of suitable educational programs for children, parents, and teachers.     

Indoor air pollution and its impact on children under five years old in Bangladesh

Indoor air concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and dust particles were measured for 49 biomass and 46 fossil fuel users in urban slums of Dhaka, Bangladesh. The health impacts of these pollutants were assessed on 65 and 51 children under five years old from families who use biomass and fossil fuel as main source of energy, respectively. Mean concentrations of CO were found to be significantly higher in biomass fuel users (P = 0.010), while geometric mean concentrations of benzene, xylene, toluene, hexane, total VOCs, and NO2 were significantly higher (P < 0.01) in the fossil fuel users. Symptoms such as redness of eyes, itching of skin, nasal discharge, cough, shortness of breath, chest tightness, wheezing, or whistling chest were found to be associated with the choice of biomass fuel, with the odds ratio ranging from 4.0 to 6.3. No significant association of use of biomass fuel with respiratory diseases, eczema, diarrhea, or viral fever was observed after adjustment for potential confounders. These results suggest a significant association between the biomass fuel-using population and respiratory symptoms. These symptoms may not be due to the pollutants only, as some other underlying causes may be present. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: The health of children under five years old in Bangladesh, especially those living in poor socioeconomic conditions, is considered to be worsening because of indoor air pollution. It is commonly suggested that biomass fuel should be replaced by fossil fuel, as pollution levels are believed to be higher with biomass fuel. Our findings, however, suggest that pollution can be higher with fossil fuels, and indicate that a switch in fuel from biomass to fossil does not necessarily improve the children's health. Awareness programs should therefore be undertaken to avoid the unnecessary use of gas. Clean fuels and clean stoves should also be ensured to reduce emissions of indoor air pollutants.     

Blood lead level and its relationship to certain essential elements in the children aged 0 to 14 years from Beijing, China

Objective

To investigate blood lead level and its relationship to copper, zinc, calcium, magnesium and iron in the children aged 0 to 14 years old from Beijing, China.

Methods

We classified 3181 children into one of the four groups: Group A (n = 783, < 1 year old); Group B (n = 1538, 1-3 years old); Group C (n = 443, 3-7 years old); and, Group D (n = 417, 7-14 years old). All these metal elements were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry.

Results

The blood lead level was 0.207 ± 0.105 μmol/L. There was a significant gender difference for zinc (P < 0.05) in Group C, and there was also a significant gender difference for copper (P < 0.05) and lead (P < 0.05) in Group D. Controlling for gender and age, we observed that there was a negative correlation of lead with zinc (r = − 0.052, P < 0.01), magnesium (r = − 0.042, P < 0.05) and iron (r = − 0.031, P < 0.05), respectively. Furthermore, in the children aged 1-7 years old, we also found there was a negative linear correlation of lead with zinc, magnesium and iron, respectively (P < 0.01).

Conclusion

Blood lead level in children from Beijing was markedly decreased. And deficiency of zinc, magnesium and iron is related to the elevated blood lead level in the children aged 1-7 years.     

冒险游戏场的起源、实例与启示

游戏是儿童成长中不可或缺的部分,儿童友好城市的重要硬件措施是建设儿童游戏据点。冒险游戏场作为代表性场所,在治愈儿童心理问题、培养儿童责任感、激发儿童危机意识和自我保护技能等方面发挥了重要作用。冒险游戏场在国外已有70余年的实践历史,但我国对冒险游戏场的研究尚处于初级阶段,在实践方面仍属空白。本文从剖析冒险游戏场的起源与核心思想入手,重点围绕欧美和日本的发展背景,对其发展历史进行系统梳理,再深入解读"常设"和"非常设"的三个典型案例,总结出设计理念"自由化"、空间要素"自然化"、场所运营"专业化"三个关键启示,为我国儿童公共空间的研究提供借鉴和参考。     

The role of iPads in pre-school children's mark making development

The increased acquisition of touch-screen technologies, such as tablet computers, in both homes and schools raises important questions about their role for very young children's learning and development. Their inherent touch-based interaction offers new opportunities for mark making practices, which are linked to literacy development, through the emergent process of using marks as symbolic representation. This paper reports a comparative study of touch-based interaction using a tablet computer versus traditional physical paint and paper. Children aged 2–3 years engaged in a free finger painting activity and colouring in activity in both paper and digital environments. Video data of their interactions was used to develop a coding scheme for analyzing touch-based interaction, providing insight into how the use of fingers and hands differed in each environment, the different types and qualities of touch that were engendered, and the composition of the final paintings produced. Findings show that while the tablet computer limited the number of fingers used for interaction, its material affordances supported speed and continuity, which led to more mark making, and different ‘scales’ of mark making extending the range of mark making practices. At the same time it limited the sensory experience of physical paint and resulted in more uniform final compositions. The findings are discussed in terms of shaping young children's mark making, the implications of the use of touch screen technologies in literacy development for educational practitioners and technology design, and key future research directions.