超声间接征象在小儿急性阑尾炎诊断中的临床价值

目的:浅析超声间接征象在小儿急性阑尾炎诊断中的临床应用方法,并对其应用价值进行探讨。方法:以2006年1月至2012年12月我院收治的疑似患有急性阑尾炎的小儿263例作为观察对象,分别进行血常规、超声检测,并对结果进行统计整理,确诊后诊断准确率进行对比。结果:263例患儿确诊为急性阑尾炎101例,采用血常规白细胞检测进行诊断准确率为72.24%,超声检测诊断准确率为96.58%,其中根据间接征象进行诊断准确率达到了95.52%。结论:利用超声诊断小儿急性阑尾炎准确率较高,其中利用间接征象并结合小儿阑尾炎症状进行诊断准确率达到了95.52%,值得临床推广。     

Blood lead level and its relationship to certain essential elements in the children aged 0 to 14 years from Beijing, China

Objective

To investigate blood lead level and its relationship to copper, zinc, calcium, magnesium and iron in the children aged 0 to 14 years old from Beijing, China.

Methods

We classified 3181 children into one of the four groups: Group A (n = 783, < 1 year old); Group B (n = 1538, 1-3 years old); Group C (n = 443, 3-7 years old); and, Group D (n = 417, 7-14 years old). All these metal elements were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry.

Results

The blood lead level was 0.207 ± 0.105 μmol/L. There was a significant gender difference for zinc (P < 0.05) in Group C, and there was also a significant gender difference for copper (P < 0.05) and lead (P < 0.05) in Group D. Controlling for gender and age, we observed that there was a negative correlation of lead with zinc (r = − 0.052, P < 0.01), magnesium (r = − 0.042, P < 0.05) and iron (r = − 0.031, P < 0.05), respectively. Furthermore, in the children aged 1-7 years old, we also found there was a negative linear correlation of lead with zinc, magnesium and iron, respectively (P < 0.01).

Conclusion

Blood lead level in children from Beijing was markedly decreased. And deficiency of zinc, magnesium and iron is related to the elevated blood lead level in the children aged 1-7 years.     

驾驶员与儿童事故倾性研究

文章通过对全国部分城市驾驶员交通事故和儿童意外伤害事故的流行病学研究结果发现：（１）驾驶员交通事故和儿童意外伤害事故检出率不存在地区性差异；（２）驾驶员交通事故和儿童意外伤害事故的检出率无显著性的年龄差异；（３）不同年龄段驾驶员和儿童，男性事故检出率均高于女性事故检出率；（４）极少数的事故人群具有事故倾向性：在驾驶人群中有６％～８％的事故倾性驾驶员，其引起的交通事故数占总事故数的３０％～４０％，在１～１４岁儿童中有１％～２％的事故倾性儿童，其发生的意外伤害数占意外伤害总数的２５％～３５％；（５）事故倾性驾驶员和事故倾性儿童再发事故的比率均比对照组高。文章从流行病学角度证实了事故倾性人群的存在，并对事故倾性的本质作了初步探讨。     

儿童和老年人头发中的Pb和Fe含量

用Ｘ射线荧光分析法测定了１３０８例儿童和老年人头发中的Ｐｂ和Ｆｅ含量，结果发现儿童和老年人头发中Ｐｂ和Ｆｅ含量均比成年人高，其中婴儿的最高。儿童头发中的Ｐｂ，Ｆｅ含量随增龄而降低，而老年人发中的Ｐｂ，Ｆｅ含量随增龄而增加，本研究提示要特别警惕Ｐｂ对儿童的危害。     

The effect of seating location on the injury of properly restrained children in child safety seats

Properly restrained child passengers in the National Automotive Sampling System (NASS), General Estimates System (GES), were studied for the effect of seating position on the risk of injury. The analysis focused on children seated in a child safety seat in a rear seat location. A multiple logistic regression model was used to assess whether the center rear seat is a safer seating position than either of the outboard rear seats. Standard errors for the odds ratios (ORs) of injury for several correlates of injury including seating position were obtained using a jackknife procedure. This analysis of the data showed that the center rear seat is not a safer seating position than either of the outboard rear seats in terms of odds of injury (left seat OR = 0.88, 95% CI = 0.73-1.03; right seat OR = 1.03, 95% CI = 0.85-1.20). These results do not agree with those of previous studies that suggested the center rear seat is the safest position for parents to place a child safety seat.     

Schoolbag weight and musculoskeletal symptoms in New Zealand secondary schools

The weight of schoolbags and the prevalence of musculoskeletal symptoms amongst 140 students (70 third form students comprising 35 females and 35 males, and 70 sixth form students comprising 35 females and 35 males) from five New Zealand secondary schools was investigated. Schoolbag weight for third form students (mean age 13.6 years) was 13.2% of their body weight, while for sixth form students (mean age 17.1 years) it was 10.3% of their body weight. These weights may exceed the recommended guideline load limits for adult industrial workers. Musculoskeletal symptoms were reported by 77.1% of the students. Symptoms were most prevalent in the neck, shoulders, upper back and lower back. Although musculoskeletal symptoms are believed to be multifactorial in origin, the carriage of heavy schoolbags is a suspected contributory factor and may represent an overlooked daily physical stress for New Zealand secondary school students.     

A comparison of vision-related quality of life between Defocus Incorporated Soft Contact (DISC) lenses and single-vision spectacles in Chinese children

ObjectiveThis study aimed to compare the vision-related quality of life (VRQoL) between Defocus Incorporated Soft Contact (DISC) lenses and single-vision spectacles in Chinese children, in order to evaluate their visual performance and subjective acceptance of this bifocal designed contact lenses treatment.MethodsChinese participants aged 7 to 12 years, with myopia of ?4.00 to ?0.75 D, astigmatism < 1.50 D, and monocular best-corrected visual acuity 0.0 or better, were recruited in the study. All participants had been wearing DISC lenses, or single-vision spectacles, for the last 6 to 18 months and were requested to complete the routine ocular examination and Chinese version of the Pediatric Refractive Error Profile (PREP 2) questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted of 7 scales: vision, symptoms, appearance, activities, handling, peer perception, and overall score. According to their habitual correction modalities, fifty-four children were allocated to the DISC group and 56 to the single-vision spectacles group. A generalized linear model was fitted to assess variables associated with the PREP 2 score.ResultsParticipants wearing DISC lenses scored significantly higher than those wearing single-vision spectacles for vision, appearance, activities, peer perception, and overall (all P < 0.05). The improvement of VRQoL in the DISC group was mainly represented in appearance, peer perception, and activities. The quality of life improved more for older participants on scales of vision, symptoms, handling, appearance, and overall score (all P < 0.05). The interaction between treatment and age was statistically significant for the activities scale (P < 0.05).ConclusionDISC lens wear significantly improves VRQoL in Chinese children compared with single-vision spectacles for most of the survey scales, especially in the areas of appearance, peer perception, and activities. The benefits provided by DISC lenses contribute to greater satisfaction than single-vision spectacles for myopic children.     

基于我国儿童数量庞大下的城市园林规划思考

本文介绍了我国人口构成中,儿童人口数量庞大及儿童人口中残疾儿童数量占有较高比重的基本国情,从儿重的生理、心理和社会特征指出城市园林是儿童成长过程中的重要活动场所,因而从规划设计的角度,提出要完善适于儿童使用的园林系统,营造有益于儿童健康快乐成长的城市园林环境．     

儿童家具设计初探

随着儿童家具市场的不断扩大,对设计方面的要求也越趋严格。本文探讨了儿童家具的定位,以及影响儿童家具设计的因素——外观、尺度、安全性和可成长性,希望为开发不同风格、不同性格特征的儿童的家具提一些些参考依据。     

225例小细胞低色素症小儿病因与临床分析

目的探讨珠海市户籍小儿小细胞低色素症的病因并分析其临床表现。方法采用已建立的技术与方法,分析我院儿科门诊与病房收治的珠海市户籍225例小细胞低色素症患儿的珠蛋白基因型、铁代谢状态和红细胞指标等并详细记录其临床表现。结果在上述病例中,α和β地贫基因检出率分别为43.6%和30.7%,缺铁的发生率为44.4%。在96例单纯性小细胞低色素症中,有78例检出地贫基因(81.3%)。结论地贫是引起珠海市小儿小细胞低色素性症主要的原因,其次是缺铁。因此,地贫和缺铁的鉴别诊断对于儿科临床非常重要。