犊牛早期(3月龄)断奶生长发育情况分析

[目的]探索犊牛早期(3月龄)断奶的可行性,为推广犊牛早期(3月龄)断奶技术提供依据,增加养殖企业的经济效益成本。[方法]试验选取出生后3月龄的西门塔尔犊牛,进行断奶饲养,测量断奶后不同日龄的体重及体尺指标,分析其生长发育情况,并对体重及体尺进行相关性分析。[结果]西门塔尔犊牛断奶后增重快速,断奶后90天,犊牛平均体重达到269.67kg,断奶后平均总增重达到101.54kg,全程日均增重为1128.22g。断奶后90天与断奶后30天比较,体斜长、体高、胸宽、胸深、胸围、腹围、臀围均呈现增加的趋势,其中增长较快的是腹围,其次是胸围,分别增加了19.0cm,14.67cm。体重与体斜长、体高、胸宽、胸深、胸围、腹围、臀围均呈正相关,其中体重与体斜长、体高、胸深、胸围、腹围呈极显著相关(p<0.01)。[结论]犊牛早期(3月龄)断奶后犊牛生长发育情况较好,犊牛早期(3月龄)断奶具有较强的可行性,可大范围推广。     

亚硝酸盐添加对土壤硝化和反硝化基因转录活性及N2O排放的影响

设施菜田土壤氧化亚氮（N2O）脉冲式排放期间通常伴随着亚硝酸盐（NO2-）的大量积累,为揭示NO2-对设施菜田土壤N2O排放的影响机制,以两种典型蔬菜种植区土壤（碱性土壤/酸性土壤）为研究对象,通过室内培养试验,对比厌氧和好氧培养条件下添加NO2-后两种土壤无机氮转化与N2O、氮气（N2）和二氧化碳（CO2）等气体排放,以及氨氧化单加氧酶α亚基调控基因（amoA）、亚硝酸盐还原酶调控基因（nirK和 nirS,统称nir）和N2O还原酶调控基因（nosZ）的丰度和转录情况。结果显示：受pH等环境因素影响,土壤中NO2-含量并不一定与N2O排放之间存在相关性,但添加NO2-的处理显著增加了两种土壤的N2O排放量和N2O/(N2O+N2)指数（IN2O）（P<0.05）。碱性土壤中,60 mg?kg-1外源NO2-对土壤CO2排放无明显抑制作用,厌氧培养条件下nirK基因、好氧培养条件下amoA和nirS基因均出现了添加NO2-后转录拷贝数显著高于空白处理的现象,而nosZ基因无此现象。酸性土壤中,amoA转录活性整体较低,好氧空白处理时nirS基因转录拷贝数随培养时间的延长而增加（P<0.05）;60 mg?kg-1外源NO2-明显降低了酸性土壤的CO2排放量、相关基因的丰度及转录拷贝数。上述结果显示,土壤中积累的NO2-会通过诱导nir基因转录与N2O还原酶竞争电子和抑制N2O还原酶活性等途径,增加土壤的IN2O,影响有氧条件下N2O的排放途径,研究结果将为探索设施菜田土壤氮素高效利用和N2O减排提供科学依据。     

Effect of straw biochar application on soil carbon,greenhouse gas emissions and nitrogen leaching: A vegetable crop rotation field experiment

Intensive vegetable crop systems are rapidly developing, with consequences for greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions, nitrogen leaching and soil carbon. We undertook a field trial to explore the effect of biochar application (0, 10, 20 and 40 t ha⁻¹) on these factors in lettuce, water spinach and ice plant rotation. Our results show that the 20 and 40 t ha⁻¹ soil treatments resulted in the SOC content being 26.3% and 29.8% higher than the control (0 t ha⁻¹), respectively, with significant differences among all treatments (p < .05). Biochar application caused N₂O emissions to decrease during the lettuce and water spinach seasons, by 1.5%–33.6% and 12.4%–40.5%, respectively, compared the control, with the 20 t ha⁻¹ application rate resulting in the lowest N₂O emissions. Biochar also decreased the dissolved nitrogen (DN) concentration in leachate by 9.8%–36.2%, following a 7.3%–19.9% reduction in dissolved nitrogen in the soil. Similarly, biochar decreased the nitrate (NO₃⁻) concentrations in leachate by 3.9%–30.2%, following a 3.8%–16.7% reduction in the soil nitrate level. Overall, straw biochar applied at rate of 20 t ha⁻¹ produced the lowest N₂O emissions and N leaching, while, increasing soil carbon.     

稻秆碳氮在黑土种稻土壤颗粒有机质中的分配特征

颗粒有机质是土壤活性有机质的重要组成部分,是评估土壤有机质变化的敏感指标。东北地区气候寒冷,稻田土壤淹水期短,非淹水期长且多处于冻结状态,水稻秸秆碳氮在黑土不同种稻年限土壤颗粒有机质中的分配如何尚不清楚。通过室内培养试验,将1%双标记(¹³C/¹⁵N)水稻秸秆添加到不同种稻年限(0、12、35、62和85 a)土壤,淹水培养150 d(培养温度20℃,淹水层1 cm),去除淹水层后冻结培养150 d(培养温度–15℃,饱和水分状态),研究水稻秸秆碳(氮)在不同种稻年限土壤颗粒有机碳(Particulate organic carbon,POC)和颗粒有机氮(Particulate organic nitrogen,PON)中的分配特征。结果表明,在培养过程中,未添加和添加水稻秸秆处理,各年限稻田土壤POC和PON含量均低于对照土壤(0 a),添加秸秆处理的各年限土壤POC和PON含量在淹水培养5 d时明显增加,但其后并未表现出一致的增加趋势。秸秆碳(氮)对各年限土壤POC(PON)的相对贡献率为0.2%～13.9%(0.4%～3.8%),分配...     

鸡实验性有机磷农药中毒血清酶活性及胆碱酯酶同工酶酶谱变化分析

选取临床健康、体重为0.8kg±0.07kg的三黄肉鸡60只,常规预饲6d后,随机分成对照组、急性试验组(皮下一次性注射氧乐果140mg/kg)、慢性试验组(皮下注射氧乐果35mg/kg,连续攻毒25d);每组20只饲喂。攻毒后采血,测定血清胆碱酯酶、碱性磷酸酶(SChE)、乳酸脱氢酶、谷丙转氨酶以及谷草转氨酶的活力以及血清胆碱酯酶同工酶的酶谱变化。结果表明,攻毒组SChE活性显著低于对照组,其他几种酶活性变化不大。同工酶区带中SChE1、2、3、5各组均100%出现,SChE4的出现率也大致相同,主要区别表现在FMB、SChE1′、SChE2′和SChE4区带。有机磷中毒的酶学诊断中将血清酶活力检测与SChE同工酶酶谱分析联合判断,可以提高诊断的特异性。     

4株NDV分离株F基因的克隆与序列分析

对4 株具有一定代表性的NDV(新城疫病毒)分离株的F基因进行RT PCR(反转录聚合酶链反应)扩增和序列分析,根据基因裂解位点的氨基酸序列推测,其中1 株属于弱毒株,3 株属于强毒株;核苷酸序列及其推导的氨基酸序列比较结果表明,3株强毒株与Clone30 基因核苷酸序列的同源性在83.6%~84.0%之间,与F48 E9典型NDV强毒株同源性在86.5.6%~88.3%之间,推导的氨基酸序列同源性与Clone 30 株在85.9%~87.0%之间,与F48E9典型NDV强毒株在89.1%~91.3%之间;利用MegAlign软件绘制了NDV 的系统发育进化树,结果表明, 3株分离强毒株为Ⅶ基因型,弱毒株为基因Ⅱ型。     

鬼臼多糖对免疫功能低下小鼠自由基产生酶活性的影响

采用环磷酰胺腹腔注射(50mg/kg)小鼠建立免疫抑制模型,观察鬼臼多糖(PEP)不同剂量(50,100,200mg/kg和400mg/kg)配合环磷酰胺应用后,对小鼠脾脏中黄嘌呤氧化酶(XOD)、髓过氧化物酶(MPO)及一氧化氮合成酶(NOS)水平的影响。结果表明,PEP能显著降低免疫抑制小鼠脾脏XOD、MPO的活性;对脾脏总NOS活性无显著影响,但400mg/kg多糖可降低小鼠脾脏诱导型NOS活性,提示PEP可通过降低免疫抑制小鼠体内自由基产生酶水平而起到抗氧化作用。     

Quantitative methods for estimating foliar uptake of zinc from suspension‐based Zn chemicals

The present study developed methods for quantifying foliar Zn uptake from suspension‐based Zn chemicals of low solubility, which were ZnO (particle size: 0.15^–1.34 μm) and a newly synthesized Zn hydroxide nitrate crystal (Zn‐HNC) (50^–100 nm thickness and 0.2^–1 μm lateral dimension). Recently matured leaves of citrus (Citrus aurantium L. cv. Valencia), capsicum (Capsicum annume L. cv. Giant Bell), and/or tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. cv. Roma) were in vitro–treated with microdroplets (5 μL per droplet) of Zn‐HNC‐ and ZnO‐suspension solutions on the adaxial surface and incubated under controlled conditions for up to 72 h. Leaf‐washing protocols were compared, including: dilute ethanol (3%), dilute nitric acid (2%), and their combination. The methods for quantifying Zn uptake were: (1) whole‐leaf loading by which droplets of the Zn suspension solutions were loaded onto central regions of both left and right sides of leaf blades and (2) half‐leaf loading by which soluble‐Zn (ZnSO₄) droplets were loaded onto only one side of leaf blades while the other was used as the background Zn control. Foliar‐surface characteristics of the plant species affected the effectiveness of the washing methods. The dilute nitric acid (2%; ± 3% ethanol) was required to remove residue particles of the ZnO and Zn‐HNC suspensions from foliar surfaces of capsicum and tomato (highly trichomatic), but the residue Zn chemicals on citrus leaves (nontrichomatic and highly waxy) were similarly and effectively removed by the three washing methods. For quantifying Zn uptake by the leaves, the half‐leaf loading method showed its advantages over the whole‐leaf loading method, because it did not stringently require similar background Zn concentrations in the control and treated leaves at the start and had little risks of secondary absorption of soluble Zn in the washing solution.     

H2O2 Accumulation in Sunflower Leaves as a Consequence of Iron Deprivation

Abstract

The present work aimed at evaluating in sunflower leaves: the relationship between Fe‐deficiency and the possible accumulation of H₂O₂; the activity of some extracellular enzymatic and non‐enzymatic systems involved in H₂O₂ production and scavenging. Iron‐deficient leaves exhibited a significant H₂O₂ accumulation, monitored at extracellular level by electron microscopy analysis. Such an increase in H₂O₂ level could derive from the significant decrease in extracellular ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity, accompanied by a lower APX protein content detected by immuno‐electrophoresis. Also, extracellular ascorbic acid content was significantly affected by Fe‐deficiency, implying a reduced capacity for H₂O₂ scavenging. The contribute of peroxidases (PODs) involved in lignification process in keeping H₂O₂ levels under the toxic threshold was dependent on their subcellular location: the activity of covalently‐bound (CB) isoforms being increased while that of ionically‐bound (IB) ones decreased. NAD(P)H oxidation activity, known to produce H₂O₂, was found to decrease in apoplastic fluid and IB fraction and to slightly increase in the CB fraction. In conclusion, H₂O₂ accumulation observed in Fe‐deficient sunflower leaves seems to be mostly due to a reduced scavenging capacity of ASA, APX, and PODs, although the possibility of increased H₂O₂ production cannot be excluded.     

Influence of Sulfur Fertilization on Infection of Potato Tubers with Rhizoctonia solani and Streptomyces scabies

ABSTRACT

Under conditions of sulfur (S)-deficient soil, applied S fertilization had a significant repressive effect on fungal infections such as that of oilseed rape and grapes with light leaf spot (Pyrenopeziza brassicae) and powdery mildew (Uncinula necator), respectively. For potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) it has been shown in earlier literature that elemental sulfur fertilization increased yield of potato tubers and improved tuber quality and resistance against Streptomyces scabies; the bactericidal effect was attributed to a reduced soil pH. So far, however, no information is available about the influence of S supply on bacterial and fungal diseases in potatoes. It was the aim of the present investigation to quantify the influence of S form and dose on infections of potato tubers with Rhizoctonia solani and Streptomyces scabies as a contribution to plant nutrition strategies for healthier plants. Field experiments with potatoes were conducted in 2001 and 2002 in Poland in a split-plot design with different sulfur forms (elemental S and K₂SO₄) and rates (0, 25, and 50 kg ha^{? 1} S). The application of sulfur significantly increased tuber yield in both years of experimentation. Generally, with increasing sulfur dose a significant decrease of the infection rate with Rhizoctonia solani was found for elemental S as well as for K₂SO₄ applications. Infection rate and severity of the disease was improved only by elemental S application due to a reduction in soil pH in the case of Streptomyces scabies. Thus it can be concluded that the health-promoting effect of sulfur fertilization was related mainly to the S status of the plant in case of infections with Rhizoctonia solani, while for Streptomyces scabies no mechanisms of S-induced resistance were found. The identification of differences in the S metabolism of Rhizoctonia solani and Streptomyces scabies may therefore elucidate S-induced resistance mechanisms in plants.