Effect of nodule count and cooling rate on As-Cast matrix of a Cu-Mo spheroidal graphite

The transformation of austenite to ferrite and graphite or to pearlite in spheroidal graphite cast iron depends on a number of factors, among which are the nodule count and the cooling rate. In this study, the pearlite fraction decreased as the nodule count increased for a given cooling rate. Furthermore, as the cooling rate increased, the fraction of pearlite increased. Both effects were more sensitive at low nodule count. The effects of altering these parameters on the relative amount of pearlite and ferrite in the matrix of a copper-molybdenum (Cu-Mo) spheroidal graphite cast iron were addressed using heats carried out in an induction furnace, and the melts were treated with magnesium ferrosilicon in a ladle. To vary the nodule count, the melts were inoculated with two different amounts of ferrosilicon. Pouring was performed into sand molds of cylindrical cavities with different section size in order to achieve various cooling rates. Both the nodule count and the cooling rate affected the relative amount of ferrite and pearlite in the matrix.     

不同接种方式对食品中热损伤大肠菌群检测的比较研究

目的比较不同接种方式对食品中热损伤大肠菌群检测的影响。方法采用平板计数法、最大或然数法(most probable number,MPN)、表面涂布法、3M Petrifilm~(TM)大肠菌群测试片法、TSA+VRBG计数法等不同的接种方式对热处理食品中受损大肠菌群的检测进行了比较研究。结果平板计数法的结果均为10 CFU/g,MPN法的结果在150~460 MPN/g之间。表面涂布法、3M Petrifilm~(TM)大肠菌群测试片法、TSA+VRBG计数法的结果对数均值和标准差分别为(2.26±0.032)、(2.31±0.026)、(1.82±0.068)。统计分析发现,表面涂布法、3M Petrifilm~(TM)大肠菌群测试片法的检测结果均高于TSA+VRBG计数法,且具有极显著性意义(P0.01),而3M Petrifilm~(TM)大肠菌群测试片法的检测结果又显著高于表面涂布法(P0.05)。结论 MPN法、表面涂布法、3M Petrifilm~(TM)大肠菌群测试片法、TSA+VRBG计数法均适用于热损伤大肠菌群的检测,其中表面涂布法,特别是3M Petrifilm~(TM)大肠菌群测试片法操作简便,且复苏热损伤大肠菌群的效果好。     

自然发酵与人工接种发酵湖南芥菜的挥发性风味组分和品质分析

采用固相微萃取结合气相色谱-质谱联用法对自然发酵和接种不同发酵剂发酵湖南芥菜样品的挥发性风味组分进行研究,并同时比较其亚硝酸盐含量、pH值和感官品质。结果表明,控温人工接种发酵和控温自然发酵芥菜其主要挥发性风味成分较相似,相对含量最高的成分为酯类,均在40.02%以上,而大池室温完全自然发酵芥菜的挥发性风味成分相差较大,相对含量最高的成分为醇类,仅为5.51%。4?组芥菜共分离鉴定出64?种（11?类）挥发性风味成分,其中接种植物乳杆菌与戊糖片球菌组合的发酵芥菜鉴定出挥发性风味组分21?种（9?类）,酯类物质7?种;接种植物乳杆菌、戊糖片球菌和肠系膜明串珠菌组合的发酵芥菜鉴定出挥发性风味组分24?种（10?类）,酯类物质8?种;控温自然发酵芥菜共鉴定出挥发性风味成分20?种（9?类）,酯类物质5?种;大池室温完全自然发酵芥菜共鉴定出挥发性风味成分32?种（10?类）,醇类物质7?种,酯类物质6?种。人工接种发酵芥菜的亚硝酸盐含量和pH值都比自然发酵低,人工接种发酵和控温自然发酵芥菜感官评分相近,其评分都高于大池室温完全自然发酵芥菜。因此,接种人工发酵剂对保障发酵芥菜的商品性和安全性具有促进作用,值得进一步研究和推广。     

Dry inoculation methods for nonfat milk powder

Carriers with inoculated microorganisms are often used to validate low-moisture food safety interventions. In this study, we evaluated dry inoculation methods using silicon dioxide (SiO₂) and a small portion of nonfat milk powder (NFMP) as dry carriers for NFMP. Silicon dioxide was characterized by vapor sorption analysis. One milliliter of inoculum of a 5-strain Salmonella cocktail (serovars Agona, Reading, Tennessee, Montevideo, and Mbandaka) or Enterococcus faecium NRRL B-2354 was inoculated onto 1 g of SiO₂ or 10 g of NFMP as carriers. Both inoculated carriers were air-dried for 72 h [22°C, relative humidity (RH) ～30%], equilibrated to water activity (a_w) 0.25 ± 0.02 (24 h at 22°C, RH 25%), and mixed with preconditioned NFMP (a_w = 0.25 ± 0.02) to reach an inoculation level of 8.2 ± 0.2 log cfu/g. Inoculated NFMP was stored at 22°C, RH 25%, and its bacterial populations were monitored for 30 d. Both sets in equilibrated NFMP were subjected to isothermal treatments in closed aluminum cells at 85, 90, and 95°C. Silicon dioxide maintained moisture content (0.29 ± 0.03%, dry basis) at different water activities. The NFMP inoculated with both carriers exhibited stable bacterial populations over 30 d at 22°C. Strains in NFMP inoculated with SiO₂ showed equal or higher D-values but equal z-values compared with those inoculated with a small portion of NFMP. Enterococcus faecium exhibited comparable thermal resistance to Salmonella under all tested conditions. This study supports E. faecium as a Salmonella surrogate in thermal processing of NFMP and the use of SiO₂ to inoculate NFMP.     

发酵环境变化对酵母生长和成品啤酒的影响

啤酒发酵是一个复杂的生物和物质转化过程,在整个酿造过程中,从原料粉碎到开始发酵直至发酵结束降温冷贮,环境变量因素很多,会影响啤酒酵母生长,从而影响成品啤酒中的挥发性风味物质和啤酒品质。该文重点总结介绍麦汁浓度、接种率、发酵温度、压力变量对发酵过程的影响,旨在为解决啤酒酿造过程可能出现的问题提供一些思路,从而提高啤酒质量。     

食用菌液体菌种自动接种机控制系统设计

对食用菌液体菌种自动接种机工艺过程进行了分析,从机械本体结构和工艺过程两个方面,详细论述了食用菌液体菌种自动接种机的设计方法。控制系统以可编程序控制器为核心器件,结合变频调速技术实现整机的自动控制,给出了部分部件结构简图,PLC控制硬件接线分配关系,并对控制软件设计进行分析。     

Shortwave infrared hyperspectral imaging for detecting sour skin (Burkholderiacepacia)-infected onions

Sour skin (Burkholderiacepacia) is a major postharvest disease for onions and causes substantial production and economic losses in onion postharvest. In this study, a shortwave infrared hyperspectral imaging system was explored to detect sour skin. The hyperspectral reflectance images (950-1650 nm) of onions were obtained for the healthy and sour skin-infected onions. Principal component analysis conducted on the spectra of the healthy and sour skin-infected onions suggested that the neck area of the onion at two wavelengths (1070 and 1400 nm) was most indicative of the sour skin. Log-ratio images utilizing the two optimal wavelengths were used for two different image analysis approaches. The first method applied a global threshold (0.45) to segregate the sour skin-infected areas from log-ratio images. Using the pixel number of the segregated areas, Fisher’s discriminant analysis recognized 80% healthy and sour skin-infected onions. The second classification approach used three parameters (max, contrast, and homogeneity) of the log-ratio images as the input features of support vector machine (Gaussian kernel, γ = 1.5), which discriminated 87.14% healthy and sour skin-infected onions. The result of this study can be used to further develop a multispectral imaging system to detect sour skin-infected onions on packing lines.     

铁路货车用灰铸铁活塞的铸造工艺

灰铸铁活塞铸件的热稳定性和硬度均匀性较差,降低了活塞的抗腐蚀性和耐磨性.为了提高灰铸铁活塞在铸态下的性能,满足使用要求,分别从原材料和化学成分的选择、造型工艺和浇注系统设计、熔炼、孕育等方面进行优化和有效控制,成功生产了在铸态下满足技术要求的灰铸铁活塞铸件.铸件合格率在95％以上,已广泛用于铁路货车的制动缸上.     

Sm、Ti复合变质对AM60合金显微组织和力学性能的影响

采用XRD、OM和SEM等手段研究AM60合金中加入Sm和Ti后的组织和性能,并分别分析Sm和Ti对合金组织和性能的影响.结果表明,适量加入Sm和Ti都可以使合金组织得到极大地细化,减少了β相的析出,加入Ti后合金有少量的Al3Ti生成;Sm、Ti的复合加入则形成颗粒状Al2Sm、Mg41Sm5相和晕圈状球形化合物Al18Ti2Mg3,Ti的变质作用和适当的T6处理使合金中的杆状相钝化或者消失,粗大颗粒相变得圆整细小.复合添加比单独添加得到更优的力学性能,同时加入1.0％Sm和0.4％Ti,合金室温抗拉强度和伸长率分别达到226 MPa和6.7％,比母合金分别提高了34.5％和39.6％; 200℃高温抗拉强度和伸长率分别达到170 MPa和10.4％,比母合金分别提高53.2％和82.5％.T6处理可以进一步提高该合金的力学性能.     

孕育处理对大断面球铁件力学性能和石墨形态的影响

基于金相组织、力学性能、拉伸断口特征、石墨结晶核心及变异石墨形态分析,研究了孕育处理对大断面QT600－3球铁件力学性能和石墨形态的影响。结果表明,电炉熔炼工艺生产大断面球铁件时,采用随流瞬时孕育,孕育衰退作用减慢,抗拉强度和伸长率提高;YFY－1A作瞬时孕育剂,石墨形态良好,石墨球大小稳定;SPI作瞬时孕育剂,导致石墨形态发生变异。