面向应用过程的陶瓷膜设计方法

无机陶瓷膜以其优良的材料性能获得了广泛的应用。由于膜品种的定型化 ,使膜应用研究受到一定的限制。面向应用过程来设计最优性能陶瓷膜将会是一个重要的发展方向。在提出面向应用过程的陶瓷膜设计基本研究框架基础上 ,以颗粒体系为对象 ,建立起包含膜结构参数的微滤模型 ,考察膜孔径、厚度、孔隙率等结构参数对微滤性能的影响 ,从而从理论上建立颗粒体系微滤过程中最优膜的选择方法     

以油菜花粉为模板水热法制备TiO2中空微球

以油菜花粉为模板,先用超声使花粉分散在无水乙醇中,再通过水热法制备了TiO2前驱体/花粉壳-核微球;550℃焙烧脱除花粉核后得到了TiO2中空微球.采用SEM,TG,XRD,FTIR和N2吸附对TiO2前驱体/花粉壳-核微球及TiO2中空微球进行了表征.结果表明:在TiO2前驱体/花粉壳-核微球的制备过程中,超声波诱导能使TiO2前驱体较均匀的负载在花粉表面,适宜的钛酸丁酯用量为6.6 g/g花粉,适宜的水热处理温度为105℃.在此条件下得到的TiO2前驱体/花粉壳-核微球经550℃焙烧即可制得形状完整、大小约18μm的锐钛矿型TiO2中空微球.具有较窄的中孔结构,平均孔半径为1.9nm,比表面积为26.76 m2·g-1.     

燃烧法制备二氧化钛催化剂的条件对其可见光催化性能的影响

Titania catalysts were synthesized by a solution combustion method （SCM）. Photodegradation of 4-chlorophenol （4-CP） using the synthesized catalysts was studied under both visible light （λ≥420nm） and sunlight irradiation. The effect of preparation conditions on photocatalytic activities of the synthesized catalysts was investigated. The optimal photocatalytic activity of the catalyst （denoted as A1 ） was obtained under the following synthesis conditions： ignition temperature of 350~C, fuel ratio （ φ） of 1 and calcination time of lh. The degradation and mineralization ratio of 4-CP were 78.2% and 53.7% respectively under visible light irradiation for 3h using catalyst A1. And the catalyst A1 also showed high photocatalytic activity under sunlight irradiation.     

溶液自发结晶过程动力学参数研究

The batch cooling crystallization initiated from spontaneous nucleation for aqueous solution of potas- sium nitrate was studied.The concentration and transmittance data were acquired on line throughout the operation. Based on solute mass transfer in both liquid and solid phases,a kinetic model was deduced by assuming that the late period of primary nucleation resembles the initial period of the secondary nucleation.Nucleation and crystal growth stages were identified.Kinetic parameters were estimated piecewise from online experimental data and compared with those in literature.The estimated kinetic parameters for stages without apparent primary nucleation agreed well with those in literature.Further,a simulated concentration curve was also drawn from the estimated kinetic parameters and it matched well with that in experiment.     

高煤比条件下低硅冶炼的理论与实践

根据大喷煤高炉的实际情况,进行热力学计算并分析了高炉铁水[Si]还原的机理。同时,根据现场统计数据,论证了对低硅冶炼影响的条件;并得到了高炉大喷煤及其相关技术的采用有利于冶炼低硅生铁的证据。     

真空烧结Fe-Al多孔材料的元素挥发及其对孔结构的影响

以Fe、Al元素混合粉末为原料,采用粉末冶金法,通过偏扩散/反应合成—烧结,制备Fe-Al金属间化合物多孔材料。根据烧结前后多孔试样的质量变化,并结合XRD、SEM、EDS等测试手段,对烧结过程中多孔试样基础元素挥发行为及孔结构变化进行研究。结果表明,真空烧结元素粉末制备Fe-Al多孔材料过程中,最终烧结温度为1 000℃、保温4 h时,Fe-Al多孔试样质量损失率为0.05%,而最终烧结温度为1300℃时质量损失率达到10.53%;随着最终烧结温度升高,合金元素沿孔壁表面挥发程度增大,导致Fe-Al多孔试样的孔径、开孔隙率和透气度变大。采用MIEDEMA模型和LANGMUIR方程,对真空烧结过程中的质量损失原因进行理论分析,表明Al的挥发是导致多孔试样的质量和孔结构变化的主要原因。     

限域传质分离膜

阐述了限域传质分离膜的研究背景及现状,分析了该领域面临的关键科学问题及研究思路,介绍了我国在此领域的研究进展,并提出了未来的发展方向。     

陶瓷膜通道相互作用的实验分析及CFD优化

提出陶瓷膜过滤时,通道之间存在3种效应关系（壁厚效应、干扰效应、遮挡效应）,并用实验进行了验证。对于多通道陶瓷膜构型的设计,要考虑3种效应。膜孔径小于200 nm的陶瓷膜,可以增大其通道的排布密度,通过提高装填密度可以提高单位体积的处理量;膜孔径大于500 nm的陶瓷膜,中间的通道对通量几乎没有贡献,提高装填密度意义不大。固定膜元件的外径,选取通道直径a_c和壁厚a_w,并设定两参数的比值为α,采用计算流体力学（CFD）软件进行模拟计算,获得了通量与处理量随孔径与α值的变化关系。     

H2, CO, N2, O2和CH4在碳膜中的扩散

Diffusion of pure H2, CO, N2,O2 and CH4 gases through nanoporous carbon membrane is investigated by carrying out non-equilibrium molecular dynamics （NEMD） simulations. The flux, transport diffusivity and activation energy for the pure gases diffusing through carbon membranes with various pore widths were investigated. The simulation results reveal that transport diffusivity increases with temperature and pore width, and its values have a magnitude of 10^-7 m^2·s^-1 for pore widths of about 0.80 to 1.21 nm at 273 to 300 K. The activation energies for the gases diffusion through the membrane with various pore widths are about 1-5 kJ·mol^-1, The results of transport diffusivities are comparable with that of Rao and Sircar （J. Membr. Sci., 1996）, indicating the NEMD simulation method is a good tool for predicting the transport diffusivities for gases in porous materials, which is always difficult to be accurately measured by experiments.     

用于燃烧前CO2捕集的微孔Nb2O5膜的制备及其水热稳定性能

以五正丁氧基铌为前驱体,通过溶胶-凝胶法制备出稳定的Nb₂O₅聚合溶胶,详细考察了溶胶制备过程参数(体系酸度、水解比、反应温度、反应时间和螯合剂用量)对溶胶尺寸、稳定性以及制备重复性的影响。采用平均粒径为4.8 nm的Nb₂O₅溶胶,通过浸浆法在平均孔径为3 nm的γ-Al₂O₃中孔膜上制备出Nb₂O₅微孔膜。利用TG、XRD、NH₃吸附-脱附、CO₂吸附、吡啶吸附傅里叶变换红外光谱(Py-IR)和单组分气体渗透实验等手段对Nb₂O₅粉体及微孔膜的性能进行了表征,结果表明:在200℃、0.3 MPa条件下,350℃烧成的微孔Nb₂O₅膜对H₂的渗透率和H₂/CO₂的理想分离因子分别为3.1×10^-9 mol·m^-2·s^-1·Pa^-1和21。此外,微孔Nb₂O₅膜经150 kPa的水蒸气处理8 h后,膜的渗透性能以及H₂/CO₂理想选择性基本保持不变。