An extended stochastic pseudo-spectral Galerkin finite element method (XS-PS-GFEM) for elliptic equations with hybrid uncertainties

Nouy and Clement introduced the stochastic extended finite element method to solve linear elasticity problem defined on random domain. The material properties and boundary conditions were assumed to be deterministic. In this work, we extend this framework to account for multiple independent input uncertainties, namely, material, geometry, and external force uncertainties. The stochastic field is represented using the polynomial chaos expansion. The challenge in numerical integration over multidimensional probabilistic space is addressed using the pseudo-spectral Galerkin method. Thereafter, a sensitivity analysis based on Sobol indices using the derived stochastic extended Finite Element Method solution is presented. The efficiency and accuracy of the proposed novel framework against conventional Monte Carlo methods is elucidated in detail for a few one and two dimensional problems.     

基于水位和水位—流量关系的险情状态分析评估

为了正确分析评估防汛抢险中抢护后的管涌、漏洞等险情状态，根据防汛抢险实践和相关溃口失事案例，分析评估了流量与水位正、负相关时和无法观测流量时水位对险情状态的影响程度。水位的涨落及水位与堤内出险处流量的相关关系，对险情分析与状态评估具有一定的参考价值和提示作用。出险处流量随水位的上涨（下降）而增加（减少）时应注意观测围井内的含沙量和反滤料的变化情况，并排查该处险情附近区域有无新的险情，或已发生的新险情处理后有无异常迹象。     

Effect of working position and cold environment on muscle activation level and fatigue in the upper limb during manual work tasks

Several occupational groups are exposed to periods of low ambient temperatures while performing manual work tasks outdoors. Work tasks typically include heavy lifting, tool handling, and overhead work. This study evaluated the effect of working position and cold environment on muscle activation level (%RMS_max) and fatigue in the upper limb during manual work tasks. Fourteen male participants (25 ± 3 years, 80.9 ± 6.4 kg, 182 ± 5 cm) completed a 2-h test protocol consisting of five test periods alternating with four work periods, wearing identical sets of clothing, under cold (−15 °C) and control (5 °C) conditions. The work periods consisted of manual work at the hip level, manual overhead work, and a lifting exercise. The test periods consisted of isometric maximal voluntary contractions (MVC) and seated rest. Skin temperatures decreased during cold exposure, especially in the extremities. %RMS_max in the forearm was higher in the cold condition both during overhead work and work at the hip level than that for the same work in the control condition, especially at the end of the test when the difference was approximately 25% (equating to 2–3 %RMS_max). For the middle deltoid muscle, the %RMS_max was approximately three times (or 10 %RMS_max) higher during overhead work than work at the hip level, but there was no additional cost of working in the cold. Signs of deltoid muscle fatigue (decrease in electromyography median power frequency and an increase in %RMS_max) were observed during the overhead work periods in both temperature conditions. No decrease in MVC, as a sign of overall muscle fatigue, was observed in either condition.Relevance to industryThis study demonstrated that when wearing suitable cold-weather protective clothing, the adverse effect of work posture is much higher than that of cold on muscle demand and physical strain.     

既有居住建筑附属地下换热站降噪研究

为了降低既有建筑附属用房产生的噪声对居民生活的影响、改善居住建筑声环境,对既有居住建筑附属用房地下换热站的噪声源以及噪声传播途径进行了分析;以既有居住建筑地下换热站室内噪声实测数据为基础,对室内环境的声学特征进行分析。在综合考虑居民的健康和舒适的基础上,提出了针对该附属用房的降噪处理改造设计方案。经过改造后的空间噪声明显降低,空间声环境指标达到标准要求,有效地改善了居住建筑的声环境。文中提出的改造设计方案为制定民用建筑附属用房声学设计标准提供了技术支撑。     

Automatic recommendation to appropriate log levels

A log statement is one of the key tactics for a developer to record and monitor important run-time behaviors of our system in a development phase and a maintenance phase. It composes of a message for stating log contents, and a log level (eg, debug or warn) to denote the severity of a message and controlling its visibility at run time. In spite of its usefulness, a developer does not tend to deeply consider which log level is appropriate in writing source code, which causes the system to be unmaintainable. To address this issue, this paper proposes an automatic approach to validating the appropriateness of the log level in consideration of the semantic and syntactic features and recommending a proper alternative log level. We first build the semantic feature vector to quantify the semantic similarity among application log messages using the word vector space, and the syntactic feature vector to capture the application context that surrounds the log statement. Based on the feature vectors and machine learning techniques, the log level is automatically validated, and an alternative log level is recommended if the log level is invalid. For the evaluation, we collected 22 open-source projects from three application domains, and obtained the 77% of precision and 75% of recall in validating the log levels. Also, our approach showed 6% higher accuracy than that of the developer group who has 7 to 8 years of work experience, and 72% of the developers accepted our recommendation.     

Spirobifluorene Dimers: Understanding How The Molecular Assemblies Drive The Electronic Properties

Spirobifluorene (SBF) is one of the most important scaffolds used in the design of organic semi-conductors (OSCs) for electronics. In recent years, among all the structures developed for these applications, SBF dimers have been highlighted due to their great potential in thermally activated delayed fluorescence and in phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes. Attaching two SBF units generate 10 dimers, each possessing its own structural specificity, which in turn drives its electronic properties. These ten SBF dimers are gathered herein. Understanding how the molecular assembly determines the electronic properties has been one of the pillars of organic electronics. This is the goal of this article. As positional isomerism is a key tool to design OSCs, defining the design guidelines for the SBF scaffold appears of interest for the future of this building block. Herein, the importance of the two main parameters involved in the electrochemical and photophysical properties, namely the nature of the phenyl linkages and the steric congestion between the two SBF units is discussed. The combination of these two parameters drives the electronic properties but their respective weight is different as a function of the regioisomer involved or of the property considered (frontier orbitals energy level, absorption, fluorescence, phosphorescence).     

高压并联电抗器噪声影响因素及其控制措施研究

文中针对变电站高压并联电抗器噪声对环境的影响问题及其控制要求,通过实验研究了高压并联电抗器噪声的影响因素及其控制措施。文中采用改进声强法实测了湖北省内15座变电站37组共111台500 kV高压并联电抗器声功率级,并对其进行了分析。测试结果表明,随着运行年限的增加,电抗器最大声功率级逐步增大。由于设备额定容量与额定电压的提高,使用新的绝缘材料和设计方案后,在一定程度上会起到减震降噪作用。同时,电抗器采用散热片四周布置方式,也能实现对噪声的控制。针对高压电抗器的噪声控制,文中从声源控制、传播过程控制角度,提出相应的控制措施。其中,声源主要通过改善材料和设计进行控制。以某500 kV变电站的降噪处理为例,利用SoundPLAN噪声分析软件,提出了隔声屏障控制方案,使噪声平均声压级降低约6 dB(A),从而满足噪声控制的要求。文中的研究内容对于指导变电站的设计及降噪处理具有重要意义。     

Charge source and the charging mechanism of the contact electrification of polymer powder

The charge sources, as well as the charging mechanism of the contact electrification (CE) of polymers, are still debatable. Since CE is accompanied by destruction, it is considered that “hard contacting” via ball milling can induce covalent bond scission and produce naked-activated-charge sources. Regarding “soft contacting” via nano-scale sliding, which does not induce covalent bond scission, a frontier-electron, “f-electron,” of the naked-activated-charge source is crucial to electron transfer among the naked-activated-charge sources. Here, we configure naked-activated-charge-source models, naked-activated-mechano-anion, and naked-activated-mechano-cation, which are produced by mechanical energy induced heterogeneous covalent bond scission, as well as naked-activated-mechano-radicals that are produced by homogeneous covalent bond scission. Regarding “soft contacting” among naked-activated-charge sources in a vacuum, f-electron can be transferred from a donor to an acceptor if the energy level of the donor is higher than that of the acceptor. The net amount of the normalized transferred-f-electrons is obtained by adopting settings in which the average energy level of the naked-activated-charge sources (as the donors) is higher than that of the sources employed as acceptors. Thus, the surfaces comprising the donors and acceptors will exhibit positive and negative net surface charges, respectively. We conclude that net surface charges depend on the average energy level of naked-activated-charge sources. Further, we observe that the alignment of polyethylene (PE)-polyvinyl chloride (PVC)-polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) to the average energy level is identical to that of the triboelectric series.     

Relationship between adjustment of low water level and utilization of water depth in Shashi Reach in middle Yangtze River

Hydrological, sediment, and bathymetric data of the Shashi Reach in the middle Yangtze River for the period of 1975–2018 were collected, and the characteristics of low water level changes and their impacts on utilization of water depth for navigation were investigated. The results showed that, during the study period, the Shashi Reach riverbed was significantly scoured and incised, with cross-sectional profiles showing overall narrowing and deepening. This indicated a strong potential to improve the water depth of the channel. The analysis of the temporal variation of in-channel topographical features showed that the Taipingkou diara underwent siltation and erosion, with its head gradually scoured and relocated downstream after 2008, and the Sanbatan diara continued to shrink and migrate leftwards. Low water levels with the same flow rate over the study period decreased. For instance, from 2003 to 2020, the water level at the Shashi hydrological station decreased to 1.37 m with a flow rate of 6 000 m³/s. Furthermore, the designed minimum navigable water level of the Shashi Reach was approximately 2.11 m lower than the recommended level. In terms of utilization of the channel water depth, continuous scouring of the river channel is expected to result in a reduction in discharge at the Taipingkou mouth, which will improve the water depth conditions of the channel during the dry season in the Shashi Reach. With several channel regulation projects, the 3.5-m depth of the Shashi Reach would basically be unobstructed. This promotes utilization of the shipping route from the Taipingkou south branch to the Sanbatan north branch as the main navigation channel during the dry season. Considering the factors of current water depth and the clear width limitation of the navigation hole at the Jingzhou Yangtze River Bridge, this route can still be favored as the main navigation channel with a 4.5-m depth during the dry season.     

Monitoring water level and volume changes of lakes and reservoirs in the Yellow River Basin using ICESat-2 laser altimetry and Google Earth Engine

Monitoring the water level and volume changes of lakes and reservoirs is essential for deepening our understanding of the temporal and spatial dynamics of water resources in the Yellow River Basin, with a view to better utilizing and managing water resources. In recent years, there have been many studies on monitoring water level and volume changes in inland waters, but they were mainly focused on radar altimetry and the full waveform LiDAR ICESat, which was retired in 2010. Few studies based on the latest photon-counting LiDAR ICESat-2 have been reported. Compared with previous sensors, ICESat-2 has great advantages in footprint size, transmitting frequency, pulse number, etc, but its performance in monitoring water level and volume changes in inland waters has not been fully explored. Here we investigated the spatial distribution of water level and volume changes of 11 lakes and 8 reservoirs in the Yellow River Basin based on ICESat-2 and Google Earth Engine, and analyzed the factors affecting the measurement uncertainties. In-situ validation of lake level in Lake Qinghai indicates that the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of our result is only 7 cm after the reference coordinate system conversion. We found that the water level trend of the natural lake shows significant seasonal variations, while the water level trend of the reservoir shows a sharp rise and fall. In addition, precipitation plays a decisive role in the changes in natural lake levels and indirectly affects the artificial control of reservoirs’ water discharges. The uncertainty of water volume change monitoring is mainly affected by water level measurement uncertainty for lakes, while for reservoirs, that is affected by the combination of water level and area measurement uncertainties. The stability of lake level measurement increases with the increase in photon counts. The introduction of ICESat-2 ATL13 Significant Wave Height might lead larger standard deviation in water level measurement. According to the law of propagation of uncertainty, the uncertainty of the water volume change estimation by the combination of ICESat-2 and GEE is less than 9 %.