固态发酵产酶反应中体系传热传质行为分析

固态发酵是纤维素类生物质转化的有效途径,具有用水量少、容积产率高等优点。固态发酵生产纤维素酶一般是液态发酵酶产量的近3倍,可大幅降低酶的生产成本。在固态发酵过程,微生物在缺水环境中生长,发酵底物和接种物之间存在异质性,导致发酵热量分布不均匀、发酵过程氧气与中间产物不易扩散等问题。基于此,重点对固态发酵反应中体系传热传质方式及其影响因素进行了分析,并探讨其强化方法。根据传热方式,总结了发酵罐适用的导热微分方程及传热模拟方法,并分析气泡和颗粒基质中的传质过程及其限速步骤以及解决传质限速的途径。反应体系传热传质机理研究可促进固态发酵技术产业化应用进程。该研究可为有机废弃物固态发酵技术研究及应用提供一定的理论和技术支持。     

羧甲基纤维素在铌矿物选别中抑制行为的研究

讨论了弱磁尾矿中的铌矿物浮选产物中羧甲基纤雏素对各种脉石矿物的抑制行为，建立了铌矿物选别的脉石抑制剂——羧甲基纤维素的吸附模型。     

木质纤维沥青混合料性能研究

近年来,从总体性能评价和工程上应用的经济性来考虑,路用木质纤维稳定剂成为了建设SMA沥青路面首选的一种添加材料。但究竟是使用颗粒状路用木质纤维的好,还是使用松散状路用木质纤维的好,目前还没有一个明确的说法。本研究选用颗粒状路用木质纤维和松散状路用木质纤维进行路用性能试验,试验结果表明,颗粒状路用木质纤维较松散状路用木质纤维在路用性能上有明显优势。     

木质纤维的性能特点及其在工程中的应用

木质纤维作为沥青玛蹄脂碎石混合料(SMA)稳定剂,具有吸附及吸收沥青,增加沥青粘度,增加沥青膜厚度,提高沥青路面高温稳定性低温抗裂性等作用.     

纤维素基减水剂对水泥水化的影响

本文研究了水溶性丁基磺酸纤维素(SBC)在水泥净浆中应用,测定了SBC对水泥净浆流动度、凝结时间的影响,测定不同龄期水泥浆体水化热及采用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)分析水泥净浆水化性能。研究结果显示,SBC是一种具有缓凝特性的减水剂,而缓凝特性仅表现在水泥水化初期,水化龄期超过3d,水泥净浆的水化更加充分,后期强度明显增加。     

Concentration du virus de l'hepatite a sur des membranes de celluloseHepatitis a virus concentration on cellulose membranes

Viral hepatitis type A is the most prevalent waterborne disease in U.S.A. and the number of cases has been increasing in recent years (Melnick et al., 1978). Till now, few works were performed on Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) concentration in water (Hejkal et al., 1982, Elkana et al., 1983). In this paper the filter adsorption-elution method, widely used with other viruses (Wallis and Melnick, 1967; Fields et Metcalf, 1975; Smith and Gerba, 1982), was selected to concentrate HAV from experimentally-contaminated distilled water. Filtration was performed through two cellulose membranes (RAWP 04700 and HAWP 04700 Millipore). Eluate or filtrate viruses were precipitated by polyethylene glycol 6000. HAV is detected by solid phase radioimmunoassay according to a previously described method (Deloince et al., 1982). Figure 1 shows the results of adsorbing HAV at different pH levels. Analysis of variance pointed out that, for the pH levels between 3 and 4, the differences were not significant (P = 0.05). Table 1 shows the effects of pH and number of passages of 3% beef extract or 0.2 M glycin buffer on HAV elution. For both eluents the differences in function of pH levels and number of passages of eluent through the membrane were not significant (variance analysis P = 0.05). On the other hand, the comparison between the two eluents pointed out the higher efficiency of beef extract (t-test, P = 0.001). After this procedure, HAV replication occurred in human hepatocarcinoma cells PLC/PRF/5 (Fig. 2) inoculated according to a previously described method (Crance et al., 1983). As poliovirus (Sobsey et al., 1973), HAV adsorption is the most efficient at acid pH levels. Between pH 4.5 and 5, the remarkable adsorption decrease might be related to the inversion of the HAV electrostatic charges sign, i.e. to the occurrence of an isoelectric point. The HAV elution is different from the poliovirus one, the efficiency of which increased with pH (Wallis et al., 1972) and eluent passage numbers (Farrah et al., 1976). That might suggest that from pH 7.5, both the HAV particles and membranes have negative charges which give enough repulsive forces to allow a good elution efficiency. Improvement of HAV elution efficiency by beef extract is similar to a result obtained with poliovirus by Landry et al. (1978). This effect might be explained by the proteinous material presence in beef extract. HAV replication in cell cultures shows the biological properties preservation after this procedure.     

纳米纤维素纤维在高能太根发射药中的应用

为了改善高能太根发射药的力学性能,在高能太根发射药配方的基础上,添加少量(质量分数0.5%,1.0%,1.5%,2.0%)由湿木浆纤维素得到的纳米纤维素纤维(CNFs),制备了含CNFs的高能太根发射药。采用扫描电镜、热重分析仪和差示扫描量热仪研究了添加CNFs前后高能太根发射药的表面结构和热分解性能。采用简支梁冲击试验机和密闭爆发器试验研究了含CNFs高能太根发射药的冲击强度及能量性能。结果表明,少量添加CNFs可明显提高高能太根发射药的低温冲击强度,对热分解性能影响很小。与高能太根发射药(参比样)相比,添加0.5%CNFs的高能太根发射药,在-40℃低温和20℃室温下,冲击强度分别提高了30.4%和8.9%。随着CNFs含量增加,火药力逐渐降低,余容逐渐上升,燃速逐渐减小,压力指数小幅度上升。当CNFs的添加量为0.5%时,高能太根发射药的火药力为1191.91 k J·kg~(-1),余容为0.870 L·kg~(-1),压力指数为1.06,分别较参比样减少了1.9%、增加了5.1%和增加了4.2%。     

非离子纤维素醚改性水泥浆的孔结构

通过表现密度测试及宏观、微观孔结构观察,研究不同分子结构非离子纤维素醚对水泥浆孔结构的影响.结果表明,非离子纤维素醚会导致水泥浆孔隙率增加;非离子纤维素醚改性水泥浆黏度相近时,羟乙基纤维素醚(HEC)改性水泥浆的孔隙率比羟丙基甲基纤维素醚(HPMC)和甲基纤维素醚(MC)改性水泥浆小;基团含量相似的HPMC纤维素醚,黏度/相对分子质量越低,其改性水泥浆孔隙率越小.非离子纤维素醚掺入水泥浆后,降低了液相表面张力,使得水泥浆容易形成气泡;非离子纤维素醚分子定向吸附在气泡气-液界面,同时还增加了水泥浆液相黏度,使得水泥浆稳定气泡的能力增强.     

聚合物干粉对加气混凝土用抹灰砂浆性能的影响

针对加气混凝土普通抹灰砂浆存在的保水性差、粘结强度低、易开裂空鼓等缺陷,研究了聚合物干粉对加气混凝土用抹灰砂浆性能的影响,并对该影响机理进行了讨论.研究表明,在砂浆中同时掺入羟乙基甲基纤维素醚和聚乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯可再分散乳胶粉,大大改善了砂浆的保水性、提高了和易性和粘结强度,较好地解决了普通抹灰砂浆用于加气混凝土存在的开裂、空鼓甚至脱落等问题.     

纤维素基吸附剂对重金属离子吸附的研究进展

纤维素作为一种可再生、对环境友好的生物质资源,成为吸附领域的重点研究对象之一。本文着重介绍了氧化改性、酯化改性、醚化改性、接枝共聚、交联改性和复合改性的纤维素基吸附材料在重金属离子吸附领域的研究进展。这些改性方法均能改善纤维素对重金属离子的吸附性能,但存在着流程较长、吸附条件较为苛刻、金属适用范围各异的局限性。因此,应通过进一步系统研究,找到制备可选择性吸附重金属离子的纤维素基吸附材料经济有效的方法。