空间灵动性设计的特点与方法

本文通过分析灵动性设计特点对空间的影响,指出可变性空间形式与多样化需求的统一性。进而对空间灵动性设计作进一步的概念阐述,提出第四维度空间设计理念,同时在此基础上对相关案例进行探究,从横向与竖向两个维度阐述空间灵动性设计方法,以为解决人与空间之间不断凸显的矛盾提供新的视角。     

Flexibility markets: Q&A with project pioneers

Flexibility markets are a promising tool to make better use of existing distribution grids. We analyse four pioneering projects implementing flexibility markets: Piclo Flex, Enera, GOPACS, and NODES. Based on a literature review, we develop a six-question framework. We find that all of the considered flexibility markets are operated by a third party. All projects also engage with multiple DSOs to become the standardized platform provider. Differences among the projects are found in the extent to which the flexibility markets are integrated into other existing markets, the use of reservation payments, the use of standardized products, and the way TSO-DSO cooperation is done. The answers to these questions vary for the projects because of different visions, use cases, or project maturity. Our case study analysis of four pioneering projects enriches the taxonomy and shows that practice is moving faster than the conceptual debate around flexibility markets.     

The value of flexible fuel mixing in hydrogen-fueled gas turbines – A techno-economic study

In electricity systems mainly supplied with variable renewable electricity (VRE), the variable generation must be balanced. Hydrogen as an energy carrier, combined with storage, has the ability to shift electricity generation in time and thereby support the electricity system. The aim of this work is to analyze the competitiveness of hydrogen-fueled gas turbines, including both open and combined cycles, with flexible fuel mixing of hydrogen and biomethane in zero-carbon emissions electricity systems. The work applies a techno-economic optimization model to future European electricity systems with high shares of VRE.The results show that the most competitive gas turbine option is a combined cycle configuration that is capable of handling up to 100% hydrogen, fed with various mixtures of hydrogen and biomethane. The results also indicate that the endogenously calculated hydrogen cost rarely exceeds 5 €/kg_H2 when used in gas turbines, and that a hydrogen cost of 3–4 €/kg_H2 is, for most of the scenarios investigated, competitive. Furthermore, the results show that hydrogen gas turbines are more competitive in wind-based energy systems, as compared to solar-based systems, in that the fluctuations of the electricity generation in the former are fewer, more irregular and of longer duration. Thus, it is the characteristics of an energy system, and not necessarily the cost of hydrogen, that determine the competitiveness of hydrogen gas turbines.     

分光光度计的测量结果不确定度分析

本文简述了误差与不确定度概念,并以可见分光光度计的测量结果不确定度分析为实例,详细描述了不确定度分析与计算方法。     

Determination of flexibility factors in curved pipes with end restraints using a semi-analytic formulation

Piping systems are structural sets used in the chemical industry, conventional or nuclear power plants and fluid transport in general-purpose process equipment. They include curved elements built as parts of toroidal thin-walled structures. The mechanical behaviour of such structural assemblies is of leading importance for satisfactory performance and safety standards of the installations. This paper presents a semi-analytic formulation based on Fourier trigonometric series for solving the pure bending problem in curved pipes. A pipe element is considered as a part of a toroidal shell. A displacement formulation pipe element was developed with Fourier series. The solution of this problem is solved from a system of differential equations using mathematical software. To build-up the solution, a simple but efficient deformation model, from a semi-membrane behaviour, was followed here, given the geometry and thin shell assumption. The flexibility factors are compared with the ASME code for some elbow dimensions adopted from ISO 1127. The stress field distribution was also calculated.     

多传感器检测中的数据溶合技术

多传感器检测是使用多种(或多个)传感器对同一被测对象进行广泛的测量。应用多传感器检测技术和多传感器数据溶合技术对车削加工中的零件外圆尺寸检测进行了实验研究,结果表明,多传感器检测技术能够满足现代检测技术对信息的精确要求,使得检测监控系统更加准确、可靠。     

质量管理系统中柔性工作流建模方法研究

针对传统质量管理对流程控制的不足，分析了传统工作流在柔性支持上的缺乏及业务过程建模描述复杂、僵化等问题，提出了一种基于柔性工作流的质量管理系统，结合UML定义良好、易于表达等特点，给出了基于扩展UML活动图的柔性建模方法，引入了复杂柔性节点的概念，提高了业务过程的柔性。实践表明，这一方法降低了业务过程模型的复杂度、增强了实际应用系统的灵活性、拓宽了适用性，为柔性工作流管理系统的进一步研究做出了有益的探索。     

A network approach for modeling and design of agile supply chains using a flexibility construct

Agility can be viewed as a need to encourage the enterprise-wide integration of flexible and core competent resources so as to offer value-added product and services in a volatile competitive environment. Since flexibility is considered a property that provides change capabilities of different enterprise-wide resources and processes in time and cost dimensions, supply chain flexibility can be considered a composite state to enterprise-wide resources to meet agility needs. Enterprise modeling frameworks depicting these composite flexibility states are difficult to model because of the complex and tacit interrelationship among system parameters and also because agility thrives on many business objectives. In view of this, the modeling framework presented in this paper is based on analytical network process (ANP) since this methodology can accommodate the complex and tacit interrelationship among factors affecting enterprise agility. The modeling framework forms a three-level network with the goal of attaining agility from the perspective of market, product, and customer as the actors. The goal depends on substrategies that address the characteristics of the three actors. Each of these substrategies further depends on manufacturing, logistic, sourcing, and information technology (IT) flexibility elements of the enterprise supply chain (SC). The research highlights that, under different environmental conditions, enterprises require synergy among appropriate supply chain flexibilities for practising agility. In the present research, the ANP modeling software tool Super Decisions™ has been used for relative prioritization of the supply chain flexibilities. We demonstrate through sensitivity analysis that dynamic conditions do require adjustments in the enterprise-wide flexibility spectrum.

Implementing demand response 2.0: Progress toward full potential in the United States

Demand response can be an excellent flexible resource and can cost-effectively support a grid with high penetrations of variable renewable generation. Unfortunately, this potential has not yet been widely exploited, due to a number of obstacles at the wholesale and distribution levels. This article reviews those barriers and the prospects for better uptake of demand response.     

Decarbonization of electricity requires market-based demand flexibility

To effectively decarbonize the electric sector, utilities will need to address the growing load shape challenges driven by the variability of many renewable resources. Behind-the-meter solutions, such as energy efficiency, demand response, electrification and storage, will play an important role in grid stability, but only if they can deliver changes in demand that meet the time and locational needs of the grid. This article will discuss how smart meter interval data, combined with open source methods and software, provide transparent measurement of savings load shapes (resource curves) that enable the integration of demand flexibility into energy, capacity and carbon markets, and as a transmission and distribution resource. This allows utilities to procure demand flexibility in the same way they procure other resources by leveraging a price signal and pay-for-performance to drive innovation and attract private investment.