食品营养强化原则的比较研究

目的完善我国食品营养强化的政策体系,为修订相关卫生标准,为中国食品营养强化的管理工作提供参考依据和建议。方法对食品法典委员会(Codex Alimentarius Commission,CAC)、美国、加拿大、澳大利亚与新西兰、欧盟和中国,这几个主要机构、国家或地区关于食品营养强化原则的法规、标准、规章等进行比较研究,分析其各自可借鉴之处。结果我国营养强化的原则应将欧美的宏观管理与美国、澳大利亚与新西兰的具体细则管理相结合。结论中国营养强化原则的规范工作虽然起步较晚,但只要认真总结国外经验并将其与国内实际相结合就可制定出适合我国国情的完善的营养强化原则。     

东京电力公司采用特高压输电技术的论证经过

东京电力公司(Tokyo Electric Power Company,TEPCO)在20世纪90年代建成了1000kV南北输电线路和1000kV东西输电线路.文中介绍了日本选择特高压输电技术的经过和TEPCO采用特高压输电的必要性,指出了选择特高压交流最高运行电压时应考虑的因素;还对交流输电方式和直流输电方式进行了比较,分析了直流输电方式存在的问题,说明了TEPCO在特高压输电中采用交流输电方式的原因.对中国发展特高压输电有一定的借鉴意义.     

利用波形比较法进行高量程加速度传感器横向响应的测试研究

提出一种高量程加速度传感器横向响应的测试方法--波形可识别的比较法,对高量程加速度传感器非敏感方向(横向)的输出特性进行测试研究.实验中采用自由落杆的方法,将已经标定过的传感器和带测试的传感器以背对背的方式进行安装,通过同时比较监控两通道的输出波形,可以确定器件的横向灵敏度.此方法简单可靠,并容易实施,对测试中产生的误差进行分析.     

田湾核电厂址事故后果评价中天气取样方案的比较研究

本文基于田湾核电厂址1998年9月1日至1999年8月31日一整年的逐时气象数据、SF6实测扩散参数和评价区(40km×40km)各网格(2km×2km)人口分布等实测资料,对依据秦山、田湾核电厂址和惠安拟选核电厂址多年逐时气象数据统计分析后提出的五个天气取样候选方案,估算了某假想事故在评价区内造成的集体剂量,得到事故集体剂量余补累积概率分布函数(即CCFD曲线)。同时应用整年“逐时滑移”事故释放起始时刻方法计算了事故集体剂量的CCFD曲线,即“标准”CCFD曲线,并将五类天气取样候选方案获得的95%累积概率水平事故集体剂量值与由“标准”CCFD曲线得到的相应值作比较。结果表明,天气取样候选方案四最佳,此方案给出的95%累积概率水平事故集体剂量与由“标准”CCFD曲线得到的相应值的相对偏差仅为3%。     

Comparison of CFD analysis to empirical data in a commercial vortex tube

This paper presents a comparison between the performance predicted by a computational fluid dynamic (CFD) model and experimental measurements taken using a commercially available vortex tube. Specifically, the measured exit temperatures into and out of the vortex tube are compared with the CFD model. The data and the model are both verified using global mass and energy balances. The CFD model is a two-dimensional (2D) steady axisymmetric model (with swirl) that utilizes both the standard and renormalization group (RNG) k-epsilon turbulence models. While CFD has been used previously to understand the fluid behavior internal to the vortex tube, it has not been applied as a predictive model of the vortex tube in order to develop a design tool that can be used with confidence over a range of operating conditions and geometries. The objective of this paper is the demonstration of the successful use of CFD in this regard, thereby providing a powerful tool that can be used to optimize vortex tube design as well as assess its utility in the context of new applications.     

连轧管机用芯棒的发展状况

重点介绍了国内外连轧管机用芯棒的基本生产工艺、芯棒制造企业的生产技术装备和芯棒的生产与需求情况,并对国内外芯棒的发展状况进行了对比。分析认为,目前连轧管机芯棒产品尚有一些国际市场发展前景。指出,我国生产连轧管机用芯棒的装备水平基本达到国际先进水平,产品质量也达到了国际水平,但在材料成分和综合性能控制方面尚有差距。建议制定芯棒制造的国家标准或行业标准,生产企业需注意对芯棒的服役条件进行系统研究。     

我国与国际上非化石能源发电的能量折算方法比较分析

本文对IEA、EIA、BP和联合国等主要能源统计机构的非化石能源发电统计体系进行了分析,比较了各机构非化石能源电力能量折算方法中存在的主要差异,总结了不同方法对非化石能源电力消费统计结果的影响。     

An evaluation of empirically-based models for predicting energy performance of vapor-compression water chillers

This paper presents an evaluation of six empirically-based models for predicting water chiller energy performance using over 1000 chiller data sets from chiller manufacturers and field measurements. The data sets comprise three broad classifications, including (1) constant condenser and constant chilled water flow, (2) constant condenser and variable chilled water flow, and (3) variable condenser and variable chilled water flow. The regression parameters for each performance model are obtained using least squares method. The criteria for evaluating the predictive ability of models are based on the coefficient of variation of root-mean-square error (CV). Results show that among the six empirically-based performance models for water chillers in this study, the bi-quadratic regression model (CV = 2.2%) and the multivariate polynomial regression model (CV = 2.25%) have the best prediction accuracy for all kinds of data sets. The results of this study can be used as a reference for selecting empirically-based models for the purposes of energy analysis, performance prediction, evaluation of energy-efficiency improvements, and fault detection and diagnosis of water chillers.     

Development of large-scale hydrogen liquefaction processes from 1898 to 2009

This paper presents a review of the development of large-scale hydrogen liquefaction processes throughout the world from 1898 to 2009. First, there is a concise literature review including numerous past, present, and future designs given such as the first hydrogen liquefaction device, long time ago simple theoretical processes, today's actual plants with efficiencies 20–30%, a list of the capacity and location of every hydrogen liquefaction plant in the world, and some modern more efficient proposed conceptual plants with efficiencies 40–50%. After that, further information about the development and improvement potential of future large-scale liquid hydrogen liquefaction plants is given. It is found that every current plant is based on the pre-cooled Claude system, which is still the same as was 50 years ago with little improvement. Methods to resolve the challenges of the future plants include proposing completely new configurations and efficient systems coupled with improved efficiencies of the main system components such as compressors, expanders, and heat exchangers. Finally, a summary and comparison of the process efficiencies are described, including a newly proposed Multi-component Refrigerant (MR) system being developed by NTNU and SINTEF Energy Research AS.     

落锤式冲击加速度标准装置的研究与建立

阐述了基于落锤式冲击加速度标准装置的结构及试验原理,基于相应的数字化仪硬件,结合虚拟仪器技术,按照ISO16063—22冲击比较法校准标准的要求设计了相应的校准软件,实现了加速度计冲击比较法校准。并且与基于Hopkinson杆的冲击激励系统产生的冲击波形进行了比较分析,通过试验数据验证了该冲击加速度标准装置的可靠性,同时对振动与冲击2种校准方式进行了比较并说明了校准结果差异的原因。