A dynamic simulation model for transient absorption chiller performance. Part II: Numerical results and experimental verification

This paper is the second paper out of two which present the development of a dynamic model for single-effect LiBr/water absorption chillers. The first part describes the model in detail with respect to the heat and mass balances as well as the dynamic terms. This second part presents a more detailed investigation of the model performance, including performance analysis, sensitivity checks and a comparison to experimental data. General model functionality is demonstrated.A sensitivity analysis gives results which agree very well to fundamental expectations: it shows that an increase in both external and internal thermal mass results in a slower response to the step change but also in smaller heat flow oscillations during the transient period. Also, the thermal mass has been found to influence the heat flow transients more significantly if allocated internally. The time shift in the solution cycle has been found to influence both the time to reach steady-state and the transients and oscillations of the heat flow. A smaller time shift leads to significantly faster response.A comparison with experimental data shows that the dynamic agreement between experiment and simulation is very good with dynamic temperature deviations between 10 and 25 s. The total time to achieve a new steady-state in hot water temperature after a 10 K input temperature step amounts to approximately 15 min. Compared to this, the present dynamic deviations are in the magnitude of approximately 1–3%.     

Comparison of R-290 and two HFC blends for walk-in refrigeration systems

To help provide a clear understanding of the relative performance potential of HFCs (R-404A and R-410A) as compared to R-290 for walk-in refrigeration systems representing direct expansion commercial refrigeration systems with small charge, an experimental evaluation of the three refrigerants was investigated. To compare the environmental impact of refrigerants over the entire life cycle of fluid and equipment, including power consumption, the life cycle climate performance (LCCP) of the three refrigerants were evaluated based on measured data. The estimated LCCPs at various emission rates indicate that the LCCP of R-290 is always lower than that of R-404A. The LCCP of R-410A is lower than that of R-290 as long as the annual emission is kept below 10%. It was concluded that R-410A has less or equivalent environmental impact as compared to R-290 when safety (toxicity and flammability), environmental impact (climate change), cost and performance (capacity and COP) are considered.     

Pool boiling of ammonia/water and its pure components: Comparison of experimental data in the literature with the predictions of standard correlations

Although ammonia/water has been used for decades as a working pair in absorption cycles for industrial refrigeration, very limited data are available on boiling heat transfer of this mixture. The intention of this work is to carry out a bibliographic revision of the information available in the open literature about nucleate pool boiling of the ammonia/water mixture and its pure components. The experimental data have been compared with existing prediction correlations for the pure components and also for their mixtures.For water, all the pure component pool boiling correlations gave similar predictions and were in good agreement with experimental data. For ammonia the prediction of the correlation and the experimental data showed more differences.At a given heat flux, the experimental data show that the mixture pool boiling heat transfer coefficient is lower than that obtained with pure components. Three of the well-known correlations for mixtures were compared against the experimental data. None of these correlations provided a good prediction of the mixture pool boiling heat transfer coefficient over a wide range of mass fraction. Furthermore, a new correlation has been proposed.     

Assessment of boiling and condensation heat transfer correlations in the modelling of plate heat exchangers

This paper studies refrigeration cycles in which plate heat exchangers are used as either evaporators or condensers. The performance of the cycle is studied by means of a method introduced in previous papers which consists of assessing the goodness of a calculation method by looking at representative variables such as the evaporation or the condensation temperature depending on the case evaluated. This procedure is also used to compare several heat transfer coefficients in the refrigerant side. As in previous works the models of all the cycle components are considered together with the heat exchanger models in such a way that the system of equations they provide is solved by means of a Newton–Raphson algorithm. Calculated and measured values of the evaporation and the condensation temperatures are also compared. The experimental results correspond to the same air-to-water heat pump studied in other papers and they have been obtained by using refrigerants R-22 and R-290.     

Assessment of boiling heat transfer correlations in the modelling of fin and tube heat exchangers

A new way to assess the performance of refrigeration system models is presented in this paper, based on the estimation of cycle parameters, such as the evaporation temperature which will determine the validity of the method. This paper is the first of a series which will also study the influence of the heat transfer coefficient models on the estimation of the refrigeration cycle parameters. It focuses on fin and tube evaporators and includes the dehumidification process of humid air. The flow through the heat exchanger is considered to be steady and the refrigerant flow inside the tubes is considered one-dimensional. The evaporator model is discretised in cells where 1D mass, momentum and energy conservation equations are solved by using an iterative procedure called SEWTLE. This procedure is based on decoupling the calculation of the fluid flows from each other assuming that the tube temperature field is known at each fluid iteration. Special attention is paid to the correlations utilised for the evaluation of heat transfer coefficients as well as the friction factor on the air and on the refrigerant side. A comparison between calculated values and measured results is made on the basis of the evaporation temperature. The experimental results used in this work correspond to an air-to-water heat pump and have been obtained by using R-22 and R-290 as refrigerants.     

Real-time predictive zoom tracking for digital still cameras

Zoom tracking is becoming a standard feature in digital still cameras (DSCs). It involves keeping an object of interest in focus during the zooming-in or zooming-out operation. Zoom tracking is normally achieved by moving the focus motor in real-time according to the so-called trace curves in response to changes in the zoom motor position. A trace curve denotes in-focus motor positions versus zoom motor positions for a specific object distance. A zoom tracking approach is characterized by the way these trace curves are estimated and followed. In this paper, a new zoom tracking approach, named predictive zoom tracking (PZT), is introduced based on two prediction models: auto-regressive and recurrent neural network. The performance of this approach is compared with the existing zoom tracking approaches commonly used in DSCs. The real-time implementation results obtained on an actual digital camera platform indicate that the developed PZT approach not only achieves higher tracking accuracies but also effectively addresses the key challenge of zoom tracking, namely the one-to-many mapping problem.

汉语语音合成系统评测中MOS和PC评估方法的比较

采用主观印象评测（MOS）和成对比较评测（PC）两种方法对已有的四个汉语语音合成系统进行了评测。17名普通话讲的很好的大学三年级学生参加了评测，其中男同学10名，女同学7名。在MOS中，文章从系统的整体印象、努力程度、理解程度、语速、发音（重音、停顿）及悦耳程度6个方面进行了评测。评测结果显示：听音的努力程度与系统的整体印象相关性最大，对系统整体印象的影响最大，其次是声音的悦耳程度。评测比较结果显示，PC测试同MOS测试具有很好的一致性，对于没有专家参与的评测中，PC方法更简单易用。     

不同系统锡凝固点装置的比对

本文介绍NIM与美国HART公司的两种不同系统的锡凝固点装置比对的方法,以供使用与参考。     

表面粗糙度比较样块Ra测量结果的不确定度评定

对表面粗糙度比较样块Ra测量结果的合成不确定度和扩展不确定度的分析与计算进行了阐述。该方法对表面粗糙度测量结果的不确定度评定有一定参考价值。     

二级再生氨-盐吸收制冷系统的改进与比较

提出了二级再生氨一盐系统（系统1）的改进系统（系统2和系统3），将系统1和系统2、系统3的热力学模拟结果进行了分析比较。两种改进系统的最高操作压力都在0．2MPa以下，远低于系统1的最高操作压力。改进系统的操作性能都有显著提高，系统2的COP值升高幅度和循环倍率降低幅度都是最大，烟效率也有显著提高；系统3的COP值也有较大的提高，炯效率提高最为显著，但循环倍率反而较系统1明显升高。系统1和系统2均可在加热温度低于160℃时稳定操作，而系统3则适于加热温度高于160℃的情况。当被冷却系统需要在0℃以下的恒定温度下提供冷量时，适用系统1制冷。当物料需要在冷却水冷却后再逐渐降温至所需要的温度时，适用改进后的系统。