森林-草原交错带土壤节肢动物物种相对多度模型拟合研究

应用群落物种多度分布模型:对数级数分布模型、对数正态分布模型、几何级数分布模型和分割线段分布模型研究了森林草原交错带土壤节肢动物群落的种-多度分布关系。结果表明:对数级数分布模型和对数正态分布模型能够较好的拟合交错带大型土壤节肢动物群落的种-多度分布,中小型土壤节肢动物仅能用对数级数分布模型来拟合;几何级数分布模型和分割线段分布模型则不适于描述该区土壤节肢动物群落物种多样性。对数级数分布的参数α和对数正态分布的参数λ是反映群落结构特征内在性质的量,可以作为物种多样性指数运用,能较好地反映群落的物种丰富度。研究结果可为交错区群落物种多样性保护提供理论基础。     

黄陵县土壤养分丰缺指标和施肥指标体系制定

本文就黄陵玉米地土壤养分丰缺指标和施肥指标体系制定进行探究,目的在于对该区土壤养分进行评价,为当地农业生产提供新的施肥指标,为高产、高效、土壤培肥和农环保护提供相应理论指导。     

内蒙古河套灌区春玉米推荐施肥指标体系研究

【目的】建立河套灌区春玉米施肥指标体系,指导科学施肥。【方法】2006—2008年在河套灌区分高、中、低肥力水平设置春玉米“3414”肥料肥效试验236个。【结果】通过对数据进行整理分析表明：河套灌区春玉米N、P2O5、K2O的农学效率平均分别为10.6 kg•kg-1、9.9 kg•kg-1、6.7 kg•kg-1,肥料增产作用依次为：氮肥＞磷肥＞钾肥,随着土壤肥力水平的降低,施肥增产率升高,但单位养分增产量下降。河套灌区春玉米的土壤养分丰缺指标为：全氮,极低（＜0.42 g•kg-1）、低（0.42—0.67 g•kg-1）、中（0.67—1.08 g•kg-1）、高（1.08—1.72 g•kg-1）、极高（＞1.72 g•kg-1）;有效磷,极低（＜3.6 mg•kg-1）、低（3.6—7.6 mg•kg-1）、中（7.6—16.0 mg•kg-1）、高（16.0—33.7 mg•kg-1）、极高（＞33.7 mg•kg-1）;速效钾,极低（＜70 mg•kg-1）、低（70—103 mg•kg-1）、中（103-151 mg•kg-1）、高（151—222 mg•kg-1）、极高（＞222 mg•kg-1）。河套灌区春玉米施肥模型为：F(N)=-78.13×lnS(N)+155.85,F(P2O5)= -54.621×lnS(P)+250.2,F(K2O) =-42.4071×lnS(K)+272.91。【结论】农学效率、施肥肥效、养分丰缺指标、施肥模型均为推荐施肥的重要依据。     

Leafhopper and planthopper vectors of rice viruses and their management in Nepal

Research on insect pests (including leafhoppers and planthoppers) in Nepal was initiated in 1956 by the Entomology Division and Plant Protection Units of the Department of Agriculture. More systematic work began after the establishment of a Rice Improvement Programme in 1972. Because of poor documentation and publication of research findings, it is difficult to assess the research efforts and achievements to date. The available research reports are mostly published in the proceedings of national seminars/workshops. They are used here to assess the current status of research on the occurrence and damage caused, distribution and composition, relative abundance, biology and management through chemicals. Much of past research has focused on insect surveys by light traps and sweep nets and the evaluation of insecticides and, since early 1990, some research on rice green leafhoppers (Nephotettix virescens and Nephotettix nigropictus) has begun to determine their relative abundance and population characteristics in relation to their potential as vectors of rice viruses. The challenges to pest management in general and some suggestions for future research needs are discussed, based on the present standing of agricultural research in the country     

Effect of road density on abundance of white-footed mice

While several studies have demonstrated that roads can act as barriers to small mammal movement, the relationship between road density and small mammal abundance has not yet been investigated. In southeastern Ontario, Peromyscus leucopus (white-footed mice) suffer high over-winter mortality rates, resulting in small springtime populations and frequent local extinctions. Peromyscus leucopus movement is known to be inhibited by roads, which should result in lower rates of immigration into and recolonization of habitats in landscapes with high road density. We tested two predictions: (1) Forest sites situated in landscapes with high road densities have a higher chance of P. leucopus being absent during the early spring than forest sites situated in landscapes with low road densities and (2) P. leucopus populations during the summer are smaller in forest sites situated in landscapes with high road densities than in landscapes with low road densities. We sampled P. leucopus in focal patches within nineteen landscapes (7 rural, low-road-density landscapes; 7 rural, high-road-density landscapes; 5 urban landscapes). There was no significant relationship between road density and the presence/absence of P. leucopus during the early spring. We found a significant positive effect of road density on P. leucopus relative abundance during the summer, even when we excluded the urban landscapes and based the analysis on only the 14 rural landscapes. Our results suggest that any negative effect of roads on P. leucopus populations, created by their inhibition to moving across roads, is far outweighed by some positive effect of roads on P. leucopus abundance. We suggest that the two most likely explanations are that roads are positively correlated with an important as-yet-undetermined component of habitat quality, or that roads positively affect P. leucopus by negatively affecting their predators.     

Overview of a Passive Tracking Index for Monitoring Wild Canids and Associated Species

Population density estimates for many animal species are often difficult or expensive to obtain, and they rely on assumptions that, if violated, result in unmeasurable estimation errors. Density estimates also may be unnecessary for research or management purposes, because an index that tracks changes in a population within appropriate time and geographic constraints could provide the information necessary to make management decisions or to evaluate the impact of a control program. We review research on a passive tracking index where observations are made on a series of tracking plots placed on lightly used dirt roads. The number of sets of tracks (individual intrusions) are recorded for each species of interest on each plot on consecutive days. The mean number of intrusions over the plots is calculated for each day for each species. The index is the mean of the daily means. These design and measurement methods present valuable advantages over most traditional tracking plot methods. Because no scents or baits are used as attractants, no conditioning of animals to the plots biases the results. This also permits multiple species, predator and prey alike, to be simultaneously monitored. Using the number of animal intrusions as observations produces results that are far more sensitive to change than tracking surveys where only presence or absence of spoor are recorded for each plot. Of particular importance, the statistical properties inherent to this data structure permit calculation of standard errors, confidence intervals and statistical tests, without subjectively subdividing the data.     

The influence of sampling scheme and interpolation method on the power to detect spatial effects of forest birds in Ontario (Canada)

Spatial ecology is becoming an increasingly important component of resource management, and the general monitoring of how human activities affect the distribution and abundance of wildlife. Yet most work on the reliability of sampling strategies is based on a non-spatial analysis of variance paradigm, and little work has been done assessing the power of alternative spatial methods for creating reliable maps of animal abundance. Such a map forms a critical response variable for multiple scale studies relating landscape structure to biotic function. The power to reconstruct patterns of distribution and abundance is influenced by sample placement strategy and density, the nature of spatial auto-correlation among points, and by the technique used to extrapolate points into an animal abundance map. Faced with uncertainty concerning the influence of these factors, we chose to first synthesize a model reference system of known properties and then evaluate the relative performance of alternative sampling and mapping procedures using it. We used published habitat associations of tree nesting boreal neo-tropical birds, a classified habitat map from the Manitou Lakes area of northwestern Ontario, and point count means and variances determined from field studies in boreal Canada to create 4 simulated models of avian abundance to function as reference maps. Four point sampling strategies were evaluated by 4 spatial mapping methods. We found mixed-cluster sampling to be an effective point sampling strategy, particularly when high habitat fragmentation was avoided by restricting samples to habitat patches >10 ha in size. We also found that of the 4 mapping methods, only stratified ordinary point kriging (OPK) was able to generate maps that reproduced an embedded landscape-scale spatial effect that reduced nesting bird abundance in areas of higher forest age-class fragmentation. Global OPK was effective only for detecting broader, regional-scale differences. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

玉米秸秆对土壤微生物性质的影响

以黑钙土为供试土壤，初步研究了玉米秸秆对黑钙土微生物数量及种群丰富度、种群更替的影响。180d的培养试验结果表明：玉米秸秆对土壤微生物的数量、活性具有促进作用。其中，玉米秸秆对土壤真菌数量的影响大于对细菌数量的影响，细菌与真菌的数量比（B／F）由1.42降低到1.25。微生物种群丰富度下降，具有使土壤微生物区系由细菌型向真菌型转化的趋势。     

观光木群落物种多度分布的Weibull模型研究

物种多度分布是生物多样性研究的重要内容，本文首次提出物种多度分布的Weibull分布模型．观光术群落乔木层、灌木层及乔木+灌木物种多度分布实例拟合结果表明，三者均符合Weibull分布，因此，Weibull分布模型应用于物种多度分布研究是理想的，从而丰富了物种多度分布的分布理论，同时也为观光木的管理及保护提供理论依据．