亚硝化球菌属(Nitrososphaera)可能是酸性土壤硝化作用的重要驱动者

选择初始pH相近的两个酸性土壤(JX-3和JX-7)样品进行培养试验,探讨了氨氧化古菌(ammonia-oxidizing archaea,AOA)和氨氧化细菌(ammonia-oxidizing bacteria,AOB)在酸性土壤硝化过程中所发挥的作用。结果显示,经过50 d的培养,JX-7样品硝化速率显著高于JX-3,且明显降低土壤pH。培养后,两个土壤样品AOB丰度均增加,但样品间没有显著差异;JX-7土壤AOA丰度显著增加,而JX-3无显著变化。两个土壤样品AOA群落组成本身存在分异,但对于同一样品培养前后均无显著分异;AOB群落组成在两土壤间没有分异,但培养前后分别有分异。培养后,JX-7样品中AOA优势属Nitrososphaera和某些未知微生物的个别OTUs绝对丰度显著增加,而两样品AOB中Nitrosospira属的一些OTUs的绝对丰度均显著增加。因此,所研究的酸性土壤样品中AOA是硝化作用的主要贡献者,而且AOA主要通过提高Nitrososphaera属中个别OTUs的丰度,而不是整个群落来调控硝化作用。     

Effects of dietary concentrate level and chromium-methionine supplementation on ruminal fermentation,and ruminal bacterial and fatty acid composition in Tan lambs北大核心CSCD

This study evaluated the effects of dietary concentrate level and chromium methionine(Cr-Met)supplementation on ruminal fermentation and fatty acid composition, and ruminal bacteria abundance in Tan lambs. Forty male Tan lambs [(21.00±1.23) kg body weight, 5 months of age] were randomly assigned to four treatment groups with 10 lambs in each treatment. The treatments were: a low-concentrate (LC) diet (concentrate:forage, 35:65) without Cr-Met supplementation; a high-concentrate (HC) diet (concentrate:forage, 55:45) without Cr-Met supplementation; groups fed the HC diet with 0.75 or 1.50 g·d-1·lamb-1 Cr-Met (HCM and HCH, respectively). Ruminal fluid was collected on day 65 with an oral stomach tube about 3 h after the morning feed and samples used for fermentation analysis, fatty acid composition determination and bacterial DNA extraction. It was found that: 1) Ruminal pH, acetate proportion and acetate:propionate were greater (P<0.05) with the LC diet whereas microbial crude protein, propionate and valerate proportions were greater (P<0.05) with the HC diet. The acetate:propionate was greater (P<0.05) in the HCM group than in the HC group. 2) For the HC diet, the DNA abundances of Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens vaccenic acid subgroup (Butyrivibrio VA) and Ruminococcus flavefaciens were decreased (P<0.05), compared with the LC diet, whereas the DNA abundance of Anaerovibrio lipolytica was increased (P<0.05). For lambs fed the HC diet, DNA abundances of B. fibrisolvens stearic acid subgroup, Butyrivibrio VA, Butyrivibrio proteoclasticus, and A. lipolytica showed a linear decrease (P<0.05) with increasing Cr-Met supplementation level; However, the DNA abundance of R. flavefaciens showed a linear increase (P<0.05). 3) Compared with the LC group, the concentrations of t11 C18:1, trans C18:1, c9t11 CLA, t10c12 CLA, C18:2n6, and C18:3n3 were decreased by the HC diet without Cr-Met supplementation whereas the concentration of C18:0 was increased. There was a linear increase in t11 C18:1 and trans C18:1 with increasing Cr-Met supplementation level in lambs fed the HC diet. The results suggest that the HC diet inhibited the growth of ruminal bacteria involved in the ruminal biohydrogenation process, and the addition of Cr-Met had a potentially positive effect on conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) synthesis in body tissue. © 2022, Editorial Office of Acta Prataculturae Sinica. All rights reserved.     

海州湾及邻近海域春夏季典型断面鱼类浮游生物群落的结构特征

根据2015年5―7月在海州湾及邻近海域存在空间异质性的南北两个典型断面进行的鱼卵、仔稚鱼水平拖网调查数据,采用多元统计分析等方法研究了该海域春、夏季鱼类浮游生物群落的空间变化。结果表明,本次调查共获得鱼卵33587粒,仔稚鱼713尾。出现鱼卵25种(未定种1种),隶属于14科25属,仔稚鱼13种(未定种1种),隶属于13科13属。鱼卵优势种主要是鳀(Engraulis japonicus)、多鳞鱚(Sillago sihama)、(魚銜)属(Callionymus spp.)、皮氏叫姑鱼(Johnius belengerii)、江口小公鱼(Stolephorus commersonni)和短吻红舌鳎(Cynoglossus joyneri);仔稚鱼优势种主要是(魚銜)属和斑鰶(Konosirus punctatus)。鱼类浮游生物种类组成年代际变化明显,目前以生命周期短、个体小、资源更新节律快的小型鱼种为主;研究表明,鱼类浮游生物的优势种在不同月份和断面之间存在一定变化,5、6月南北两断面优势种组成不同,7月开始出现共同优势种。从鱼类浮游生物的空间分布来看,近岸海域的丰度较高,5、6月鱼类浮游生物的平均丰度均为北面断面1高于南面断面2,7月反之。鱼类浮游生物群落在两个典型断面随月份呈现出不同特征,水深、温度和盐等海洋环境因子综合影响着春、夏季海州湾及邻近海域鱼类浮游生物群落结构。     

影响太平洋褶柔鱼冬生群资源丰度的表温因子及其机理分析

太平洋褶柔鱼是重要的大洋性经济头足类资源,其资源极易受海洋环境因子的影响,科学分析环境对种群资源丰度的影响利于科学评估和管理。本研究采用1998～2018年太平洋褶柔鱼冬生群体单位捕捞努力量渔获量(CPUE)、1～3月产卵期间产卵场(25°～40°E、125°～145°E)和6～7月索饵期索饵场(26°～40°E、125～145°E)的海表面温度(Sea Surface Temperature,SST),采用广义线性模型对CPUE和SST进行分析,选择统计学有意义的SST作为影响其资源丰度的环境因子,并选取CPUE连续高值年份(2007年、2008年、2009年)和连续低值年份(2016年、2017年、2018年)。结果表明,CPUE与产卵场1~3月SST显著相关的月份主要集中在1月份(25°~40°N、125°~144.5°E),该海区SST最适温度范围为18~26℃；CPUE与索饵场6、7月SST显著相关的月份主要集中在7月份(27°N～39.5°N,125°E～144.5°E),该海区SST最适温度范围为18~28℃,CPUE连续高值年份的SST要低于连续低值年份。研究认为,太平洋褶柔鱼冬生群资源丰度受产卵场和索饵场的SST影响较显著,而黑潮实力强弱也是间接影响资源丰度的主要原因之一。     

Low soil carbon saturation deficit limits the abundance of cbbL-carrying bacteria under long-term no-tillage maize cultivation in northern China

The responses of cbbL-carrying bacteria to different levels of soil carbon saturation deficits (SCSD) under tillage managements are largely unknown. We assessed the influence of SCSD on the abundance and diversity of cbbL-carrying bacteria under long-term no-tillage with residue retention (NT) and conventional tillage without residue retention (CT) cultivation systems in maize. We found SCSD was smaller under NT than under CT in the 0–15 cm soil layer. The abundance and the Shannon diversity of cbbL-carrying bacteria in the NT treatment were lower than in the CT treatment. Soil carbon saturation and cbbL gene abundance showed a significant positive correlation, but there was no correlation between soil carbon saturation and cbbL gene diversity. However, the long-term NT practice decreased cbbL-carrying bacteria diversity and altered the community structure of the cbbL-carrying bacteria. Our results indicated that low SCSD limited the abundance of cbbL-carrying bacteria, but there was no relationship between low SCSD and diversity of cbbL-carrying bacteria. We suggest that further studies of cbbL-carrying bacteria carbon sequestration rates and capacity should be based on the effect of management practices on cbbL-carrying bacteria abundance and diversity. Our study has important implications for the relationship between the biological and physicochemical mechanisms in CO₂ fixation.     

黄河口邻近海域浮游植物群落及其多样性的长期变化(1960-2010)

研究了1960―2010年黄河口邻近海域浮游植物群落及其多样性的长期变化,数据来源于19次调查245份样品。使用小型浮游生物网垂直采集浮游植物样品,于光学显微镜下进行分类统计。共鉴定出浮游植物108种,其中硅藻(Bacillariophyta)87种,甲藻(Pyrrophyta)17种,角毛藻(Chaetoceros spp.)和圆筛藻(Coscinodiscus spp.)分别出现了27种和10种。浮游植物总丰度年代际平均为2.74×10~6 ind/m~3,在20世纪80年代出现峰值,高达16.8×10~6 ind/m~3。硅藻在20世纪占据优势,群落以角毛藻、圆筛藻等大的中心硅藻为主,进入21世纪后出现小型化的趋势,舟形藻(Navicula spp.)、新月菱形藻(Nitzschia closterium)等羽纹硅藻以及具槽帕拉藻(Paralia sulcata)等底栖性物种开始形成优势。甲藻丰度出现了上升的趋势,角藻(Ceratium spp.)、夜光藻(Noctiluca scintillans)、原多甲藻(Protoperidiniumspp.)开始增多。50年来,星脐圆筛藻(C.asteromphalus)、辐射圆筛藻(C.radiatus)、柔弱角毛藻(C.debilis)、伏氏海线藻(Thalassionema frauenfeldii)等物种在群落中一直占据较为明显的优势,但是优势种组成演替和格局转换明显。在黄河持续断流和强厄尔诺事件的共同影响下,口区浮游植物丰度和多样性在20世纪末降至最低,平均仅为87.7×10~4 ind/m~3和1.97(Shannon-Weaver指数)。进入21世纪后,调水调沙等人类活动对口区浮游植物丰度和多样性水平的改善产生了积极影响,较20世纪末分别有了2.3倍和16.8%的增加,呈现出稳步回升的趋势。对黄河口浮游植物群落及其多样性长期变化过程的研究,为河口生态系统演变和健康保护、渔业资源的增殖养护提供了基础资料。     

The dynamism fish-plant association: Ontogenetic variations in assemblage attributes in neotropical floodplain lakes

Structural habitat complexity provided by macrophytes is expected to increase richness and abundance of fish species. However, this topic is rarely investigated simultaneously at different periods of fish development. We sampled fish within macrophyte stands and in non-vegetated areas at floodplain lakes and tested the hypothesis that the presence of macrophytes increases abundance and species richness of fish, in addition to changes in species composition, at different periods of fish development. Our findings demonstrated that, in different period of fish development, the highest values of fish species richness and abundance were found at sites colonised by macrophytes. Similarly, changes in fish species composition were observed between habitats colonised by macrophytes and non-vegetated areas. Therefore, the results demonstrate that macrophyte presence plays an important role in regulating fish community structure at different periods of fish development.     

海水pH变动对东白令海渔业资源丰度变动的影响

海洋酸化对海洋物种资源变动的影响是当下人们关注的热点问题。白令海有着丰富的渔业资源,海域受到海洋酸化的风险较大。为此,研究基于1982-2014年东白令海大陆架底层拖网的调查数据,结合海水pH数据,利用动态回归模型对其中鱼类、甲壳类和软体动物的资源变动进行探究。通过模型分析,发现目前鱼类、软体动物和甲壳类各有40.63%、36.8%和33.33%的种类的资源丰度变动受到海水pH变动的影响；模拟和预测分析表明,pH变动对各物种资源丰度的影响存在种类的特异性,其中对软体动物(不包含头足类)和甲壳类均易产生负的影响；物种资源丰度在pH下降时的反应不同(包含了上升、下降和先上升后下降三种)；pH的变动可通过直接的升高或降低以及改变物种适宜栖息地范围等方式对渔业资源丰度产生影响。研究发现,仅单独分析pH对物种的影响是不够的,后续还应结合食物网、物种生活史等进行系统分析。该研究表明,海洋酸化会对不同渔业种类的资源丰度产生影响,可为资源可持续开发和利用提供参考。     

黄龙病对柑橘叶际微生物组的影响

为明确柑橘叶际微生物组对黄龙病发生的响应规律，采用荧光定量PCR技术检测采集柑橘叶片感染黄龙病菌的情况，通过扩增子测序分析法对PCR检测结果为阴性和阳性叶片的微生物群落进行比较，并通过相关性分析和网络分析对黄龙病菌和叶际微生物的相关性进行解析。结果显示，夏季采集的柑橘叶片中黄龙病菌的检出率为7.5%，而到秋季黄龙病菌的检出率上升到32.3%。黄龙病的发生显著改变了柑橘叶际细菌群落的组成和结构，对于细菌类群的丰度也有一定影响；而对叶际真菌群落的组成和结构无显著影响。黄龙病菌与叶际细菌存在普遍的负相关关系，正相关关系相对较少但相关性更强。黄龙病菌可能通过与厌氧棍状菌Anaerotruncus sp.、梭菌Clostridiales sp.、假单胞菌Pseudomonas sp.、鞘脂单胞菌Sphingomonas sp.、毛螺菌Lachnospiraceae sp.和链球菌Streptococcus sp.的负向互作对柑橘叶际整个细菌群落产生负影响。表明黄龙病发生对柑橘叶际真菌和细菌群落的影响规律不同，同时黄龙病菌可能通过与几种主要细菌的负向互作来实现对叶际微生物组的影响。     

头足类资源评估模型及其影响因素的研究进展

头足类是海洋生态系统的重要组成部分，也是目前世界上最具开发潜力的渔业资源之一，对该资源进行科学评估是实现其可持续利用的关键。不同于传统的鱼类种群，头足类具有生命周期短、生长速度快、种群结构复杂等生物学特点，且其资源量极易受到海洋环境波动的影响，使得头足类种群动力学和资源评估研究与传统鱼类资源相比面临着更多困难和挑战。本文总结了头足类的生活史特征及其资源与海洋环境因子的关系对资源评估的影响，并梳理了主要评估模型对头足类资源评估的适用性。分析认为，当前经过改进的衰减模型和剩余产量模型应用最为广泛，但仍无法制定出具有时效性的渔业管理措施。为此，文章从提高输入参数的准确度和可靠性、开展长期系统的资源环境调查和开发新的评估模型等方面提出了优化头足类资源评估研究的建议。