Impact of urban park’s tree,grass and waterbody on microclimate in hot summer days: A case study of Olympic Park in Beijing,China

Urban heat island (UHI) often cause negative impact and has been linked to heart stroke rate, morality, human comfort, energy consumption and air pollution. Fortunately, urban green spaces have been considered as an effective element to mitigate UHI through their cooling effect. However, further empirical research is necessary in order to efficiently guide the design and planning of urban green space. We observed the impacts of urban park's tree, grass and waterbody on microclimate inside the Olympic park of Beijing during summer days. The results indicated that, on average, the park was 0.48–1.12 °C cooler during the day, as well as increased air humidity 2.39–3.74% and reduced human comfort index 1.02–2.43 to generate more comfortable thermal environment. Urban park's cluster trees with short ground vegetation generated higher cooling effect than single trees, grass and waterbodies; proper irrigation regime enhanced the cooling effect of grasses, even the irrigated grass have similar cooling effect with small waterbody on sunny, windless summer days. Therefore, we advise to increase undergrowth coverage and grass irrigation management in order to take advantage of cooling effect of urban parks.     

Demographic trends in Claremont California’s street tree population

The aim of this study was to quantify street tree population dynamics in the city of Claremont, CA. A repeated measures survey (2000 and 2014) based on a stratified random sampling approach across size classes and for the most abundant 21 species was analyzed to calculate removal, growth, and replacement planting rates. Demographic rates were estimated using a hierarchical Bayesian framework. The community-level (all species) median growth rate was 1.41% per year (95% CI: 1.21–1.65%) with Pinus brutia and Pistacia chinensis growing significantly faster than the community-level median. The community-level median removal rate was 1.03% per year (95% CI: 0.66–1.68%), with no significant differences between species and the community-level medium. Once removed, only 7.2% (95% CI: 4.4–12.9%) were replaced annually. Presence of overhead utility lines influenced tree removal rates while age, diameter-at-breast-height, and prior tree condition influenced tree growth. Overall live aboveground biomass in sampled sites was 713.29 Mg in 2000 and increased to 877.36 Mg by 2014. Biomass gain from growth outweighed loss from removals nearly three-fold; replacement contributed 0.5% of the total biomass gain. We conclude that to increase the resilience of the street tree population will require 1) an increase in percent of full stocking or biomass stock and 2) a shift in the species palette to favor species less vulnerable to pests and expected disturbance from climate change and 3) ongoing monitoring to detect departures from baseline demographic rates.     

城镇街道绿化景观设计初探

随着人们生活水平的不断提高,与此相应地对城镇街道绿化景观也提出了越来越高的要求。城镇街道绿化景观不仅是城市生态景观的重要组成部分之一,更是一个城市改善居民居住环境的重要途径。它不仅改善了城市环境,美化了城市形象,更能够彰显城市的文化内涵,对整个城市宜居水平产生着极其重要的影响。没有良好的城镇街道绿化景观,就没有良好的城市生态环境。基于此,试图就城镇街道绿化景观设计展开初步探讨研究,以供参考借鉴。     

星球城市化：风景园林的新理论基础

星球城市化是建立在对城市/非城市二元论批判上提出的立足全球尺度的城市理论，其对非城市区域的关注与思考，以及操作性景观等概念的提出，均论证了这一城市研究理论与风景园林学科的密切联系。以星球城市化为基础发展起来的一系列新思潮近年来对风景园林的教育与实践产生了重要影响，星球生态学、星球建筑学以及星球基础设施等新概念的提出为学科带来了新的思考角度与操作手法，同时也促进了风景园林与多个学科之间的良性交流与补充。在星球视野下的风景园林学科将凭借其综合性与包容性，在全球人居环境营造中承担更重要的责任。     

“人的城镇化”与图书馆全方位知识服务

人的城镇化是新型城镇化的核心。在此分析了"人的城镇化"的内涵、中国在"人的城镇化"中面临的问题,并结合作为全国统筹城乡综合配套改革试验区的重庆市的现状,探寻"人的城镇化"问题的根源。基于重庆市南岸区参与新型城镇化工作试点的实践基础,提出在"人的城镇化"进程中,图书馆全方位知识服务的应对策略。     

广州市城镇型绿道蝴蝶群落多样性研究

2019年4—11月,采用样线法对广州市城镇型21条绿道的蝴蝶群落结构多样性进行调查,分析了不同月份蝴蝶群落特点。共记录蝴蝶7科27属31种106头,酢浆灰蝶Pseudozizeeria maha和东方菜粉蝶Pieris canidia是优势种。粉蝶科Pieridae物种数最多,灰蝶科Lycaenidae次之;蛱蝶科Nymphalidae属数最多,粉蝶科和灰蝶科次之,蚬蝶科Riodinidae最少。物种丰富度、各科的种属多样性指数以蛱蝶科最高,分别为2.52、1.99和1.99,优势度指数则最低,为0.25。不同月份优势类群和常见类群不同,7月的蝴蝶多样性指数明显高于4月和11月,优势度指数则最低。蝴蝶多样性可为城镇型绿道品质提升提供数据参考。     

福州市古树名木资源的保护与利用

通过对福州市现有古树名木分析,总结了5大特点并结合多年的古树保护经验,探讨了福州市古树景观保护和利用问题。古树景观开发应在保护好古树的前提下进行。古树景观利用切忌异地移植,重点是解救散落于民居中或饱受围困的古树,通过改良环境和复壮,再造宜人景观。文章还涉及古树景观的设计原则、价值评测、指标体系和枯树景观利用以及物种竞争、开发与保护的矛盾等问题。     

7种乔木对SO_2清除能力的定量评价

本文采用基于ArcView软件的CITYgreen模型,以东北林业大学哈尔滨实验林场为例,结合航片判读与实地调查,对哈尔滨市7种主要乔木树种对SO2的清除能力进行了定量评价。结果表明：糖械对SO2的清除能力最强。其次是白桦。最弱的落叶阔叶树种为水曲柳。针叶树种对SO2的清除能力普遍低于阔叶树种。随着树木的生长其清除能力有逐步增强的趋势,其清除量增加的强度在生长旺期最大,以后其强度逐渐渐弱。     

论成都市城市绿化与城市生态安全

通过分析城市绿化与城市生态安全的关系,并结合成都市绿化现存的问题,提出加强城市绿化建设,确保城市生态安全的建议与对策,为成都市生态安全建设提供科学依据。     

中国台湾地区城市园林绿化经验点滴

中国台湾地区园林植物和绿地类型多样,设计人性化,城市园林绿化管理科学严谨,值得中国大陆地区借鉴。