Identification of vulnerable lines in power grids with wind power integration based on a weighted entropy analysis method

Vulnerable overhead electricity lines are a cause of serious risk to power distribution grids as damage can be the cause of large scale blackouts and cascading failures. With the integration of large scale wind power into generating capacity, both the topology structure and the distribution characteristics of power flow in distribution grid have undergone various changes that have increased line vulnerability. A novel approach to identify vulnerable lines based on the weighted entropy analysis method is proposed in this paper. In this approach, an assessment index, named the incremental power flow entropy, is first developed, which is used to describe influences caused by variation of the lines' capability of carrying power flow transfers on the vulnerability of the lines themselves at the same aggregation level. A second assessment index, named structural importance, describes the structural changes of a power grid that are caused by the integration of wind-generated electric power. The two assessment indices then are merged into one index by using the entropy weight analysis method, which can assess the vulnerability of the lines from the two aspects of power flow transmission and structural links. Vulnerability analysis under different situations, such as with and without the integration of the wind farm, and sharp fluctuations in wind speed at the wind farm, were carried out on an IEEE 39-bus system integrated with a 75 MW wind farm. Simulation results verified that the proposed assessment index not only can identify the vulnerable lines in a power grid with wind farm integration but also accurately reflected the vulnerability of the internal lines of the wind farm itself.     

增量式光栅编码器与绝对式编码器性能比较和分析

大型天文望远镜对恒星跟踪时,其跟踪低速性能要求比较高,要达到此速度控制精度,需选取合适的编码器,恒星速度为0.004°/s,伺服系统速度回路采样频率800Hz时,编码器分辨率为26位才能达到测速要求。而国产绝对式轴角编码器的分辨率只能达到24位,不能满足系统测速要求,因此我们采用雷尼绍公司的26位增量式光栅编码器。由于对26位编码器直接测试存在技术难度,因此我们采用与绝对式编码器进行比对的方式对其性能进行说明。通过实验,我们断定其测速性能优于目前国产的绝对式编码器。     

Experimental and numerical study of an AlMgSc sheet formed by an incremental process

A recently developed AlMgSc alloy is studied since this material, which is well adapted to the aeronautic domain, is poorly known.The first objective is to reach a better knowledge of this alloy to provide the missing useful information to the aeronautic industry and to help research institutes who want to simulate sheet forming processes by Finite Element (FE) simulations. A set of experimental tests has been performed on the as-received sheets, material laws have been chosen and the corresponding material parameters have been adjusted to correctly describe the material behaviour.The second objective is to study the applicability of the Single Point Incremental Forming process (SPIF) on this material. Truncated cones with different geometries were formed and the maximum forming angle was determined. A numerical model was developed and proved to be able to predict both the force evolution during the process and the final geometrical shape. Moreover, the model helps reaching a better understanding of the process.The characterisation method described in this research and applied on the AlMgSc alloy can be extended to other alloys. In addition, the numerical simplified model, able to accurately describe the SPIF process with a reduced computation time, can be used to study more complex geometries.     

光伏并网系统MPPT控制和实现方法的研究

太阳能电池阵列输出特性具有强烈的非线性,为了提高系统的整体效率,一个重要的途径就是实时调整光伏电池的工作点,进行最大功率点跟踪（maximum power pointtracker,MPPT）,使之始终工作在最大功率点附近。最大功率点跟踪方法是一个提高光伏组件效率的很有效的方法。     

A high dynamic range analog-front-end IC for electrochemical amperometric and voltammetric sensors

A wide input range, compliant with electrochemical amperometric and voltammetric sensors analog-front-end (AFE) integrated circuit (IC) is proposed. The AFE employs current integrator (CI) and trans-impedance amplifier (TIA) to deal with the input current in the order of nA and μA separately, achieving the advantage of high dynamic range and high resolution. Input voltage is converted to current through a series of precise resistances, and detected by CI or TIA, which making the input voltage range is not limited by the power supply. An incremental sigma-delta ADC is employed to digitize the transferring signal, reducing the complexity and power dissipation. Compared to other alternatives, the AFE could handle current and voltage signals simultaneously, and input voltage range is not limited by power supply, showing high dynamic range and resolution. The AFE IC is fabricated in 0.18 μm 1P5M mixed-signal CMOS process, occupies an area of 3.2 mm×2 mm, the readout circuit has a dynamic range of 120 dB, consumes 4.2 mA.     

应用精细积分法的结构MBC状态方程求解

基于市场机制控制(Market-Based Control,MBC)属于分散控制,以往求解状态方程都采用差分类的近似,有时由于计算存在较大误差,不能得到结构真实状态的精确响应。精细积分法以其高精度、无条件稳定等优点被广泛的应用。文中引入两种精细积分方法,将精细积分的思想运用到基于市场机制(MBC)控制算法的求解中,推导了两种基于MBC控制状态方程的精细递推格式,大大提高了计算的精度及算法的稳定性,并且比较了两种精细积分方法的优缺点。最后通过算例,说明了采用精细积分方法计算MBC控制的必要性及有效性。     

Incremental Sheet Metal Forming: Numerical Simulation and Rapid Prototyping Process to make an Automobile White‐Body

In order to make an automobile body structure, incremental sheet metal forming is introduced as a rapid prototyping process. Numerical modeling of the process is initially used to predict the deformation of the sheet metal to avoid failure during the incremental forming process using ABAQUS/Explicit finite element code and OYANE's ductile fracture criterion via a VUMAT user material. An automobile CAD model is then designed, and segmented into several parts in order to accommodate the working space of the CNC machine and formability of sheet metal. After that, CAM software is used to generate a tool‐path for making wooden‐dies and all small parts. Finally, a welding process is applied to join all parts which were cut by laser cutting after incremental sheet forming process.     

基于LabVIEW的双液压缸同步控制系统的开发

针对液压缸同步要求,构建了基于Lab VIEW的实时采集控制系统。该系统利用采集卡实现了对主、从液压缸位移的实时检测,通过增量式PID结合控制卡实现了对从液压缸位移的闭环控制,从而保证了从液压缸对主液压缸的实时跟踪,达到同步控制的目的。测试结果表明:该控制系统能够很好地控制主、从液压缸的位移,同步精度高,完全符合实际使用需求。     

智能阀门定位器控制方法的研究

针对采用直行程气缸控制的阀门设计了智能阀门定位器。为研究其控制方法,采用AMESim/Simulink联合仿真,在AMESim中建立气动伺服阀控非对称缸的系统模型,以S函数的形式导入到模糊自整定增量式PID控制系统的Simulink模块中,得到气动伺服系统的响应特性。将有、无PID系统的响应特性进行对比分析,结果表明:模糊自整定增量式PID控制器可以改善气动伺服系统的响应性能,达到了调节精度高、调节速度快的目的。     

基于NC代码的数控渐进成形有限元分析轨迹点提取研究

针对数控渐进成形有限元分析中非线性运动加载问题,提出了一种基于NC代码的数控渐进成形有限元分析轨迹点的提取方法。首先通过VC++编程对NC代码文件进行读取,识别出NC代码中刀具轨迹的插补形式;然后分别按照直线插补和圆弧插补两种插补形式,将刀具轨迹按给定的精度离散成点群,并将点的坐标连同设定的时间分别存储为有限元分析软件可读入的文本格式文件。基于ANSYS/LS-DYNA的应用实例表明,利用该方法从NC代码中获取的有限元分析所需轨迹点,可保证数控渐进成形有限元分析仿真稳定可靠地进行。