A novel approach to estimate the wind uplift resistance of roofing systems

Roof wind design consist of three parts: determination of wind loads, evaluation of wind uplift resistance and correlating the resistance with the design load such that the resistance is higher than the load requirement. Wind uplift resistance of a system with its respective components is evaluated in laboratory testing. This paper presents a novel approach to estimate wind uplift resistance when components are substituted during field application. Wind dynamics, on a mechanically attached single-ply roofing assembly, lift the membrane and cause fluttering, introducing stresses at the attachment locations. In such assemblies, the fastener–deck interface is a critical design factor. First, by taking steel deck as a component this paper systematically characterizes the various steel decks that are commonly used in low slope application. Second component, namely the fasteners and its engagement strength with deck have been quantified for variations of its design, size and sources. Based on this component characterization, fastener pullout resistance (FPR) is identified as a verification factor for system wind resistance estimation. When variations occur in the fastener–deck interface between the proposed and the existing configurations, the present research through case studies has proved that: “as long as the FPR of the proposed configuration is higher than the existing configuration then wind uplift ratings can be maintained”. This is valid as long as both the configurations have all the remaining roofing components similar with comparable layout. Based on this verification, the study recommends that the testing lab should report the FPR along with the wind uplift resistance such that FPR can be used as a verification factor to accept design/field alternatives.     

扩底抗浮锚杆的抗拔承载特性试验研究

我国东南沿海地下水位普遍较高,位于该地区的筏形基础大都需要考虑基础抗浮问题。笔者研发了一种采用向底部空腔二次注浆扩孔形成扩底截面的扩底抗浮锚杆,在此基础上,就该装置的抗拔承载性状及荷载传递机理进行了现场试验研究,给出了实际应用的预期效果。测试结果表明,该装置在软土地基中扩孔效果良好,其承载性能显著优于普通锚杆。试验结果揭示了具有扩底截面的抗浮锚杆的轴向应力和剪应力分别随荷载水平和锚固深度变化的分布。相比较而言,扩底抗浮锚杆具有布置灵活,构造、受力合理等特点,可作为软土地区的基础抗浮设计的优选方案。     

张拉索膜结构锚板基础设计理论研究

系统地介绍了轻型预应力张拉索膜结构适用的一种锚固基础类型———锚板类型抗拔基础的工作机理和设计理论。讨论并比较了在不同地基情况下多种浅埋锚板极限上拔承载力的计算方法 ,给出建议了可供实际设计采用的计算公式。最后介绍了锚板的设计安全系数及其制作和施工。     

塔中隆起中-下奥陶统岩溶水文地貌条件及控储机制

塔里木盆地塔中隆起中-下奥陶统古岩溶储层是深层碳酸盐岩油气勘探的重点目标。基于地震数据分析和地震属性提取,对塔中隆起的岩溶古地貌和古水文结构进行了精细刻画;通过钻井和成像测井对比、岩心和岩石学薄片观察,揭示了古岩溶储层空间分布的差异性;探讨了水文地貌条件对储层发育的控制作用。研究结果表明：①塔中隆起的中央主垒带位于古地形平坦的岩溶高地,发育以裂隙-扩散流为代表的流场结构;北斜坡带位于地势相对陡的岩溶斜坡,有利于形成顺层-径流的水流样式。②中央主垒带储层以裂缝-孔洞系统为主,为表层岩溶带的产物,其平面分布受控于NE和NWW向断裂;北斜坡带发育规模不一的孤立洞穴和多层溶蚀孔洞,其岩溶垂向结构相对完整。③由于水文地貌条件的差异,中央主垒带和北斜坡带分别形成了"裂隙-渗流"和"顺层-径流"表生岩溶储层发育模式,为储层预测提供了理论依据。     

塔里木盆地中央隆起带：新元古代造山型基底拼合带——来自深钻孔的碎屑记录证据

在塔里木盆地巴楚隆起,新近有同1井、夏河1井和巴探5井在寒武系碳酸盐岩之下钻遇碎屑沉积岩。在对碎屑岩进行详细岩相学观测、碎屑组分统计和地球化学分析的基础上,深入探讨了碎屑岩源区及其形成的构造环境。砾岩和砂岩碎屑组成与泥岩地球化学特征共同表明,这3口井寒武系碳酸盐岩之下的碎屑岩物源区包括沉积岩、火成岩和变质岩,以中酸性火山岩和侵入岩为主。砾石及砂岩中碎屑颗粒棱角状-次圆状的外貌、砾石中易磨蚀风化组分（碳酸盐岩和片岩）的存在以及泥岩较低的Th/U比值都反映这些碎屑岩为成熟度较低的近源堆积物。通过碎屑成分、地球化学特征和碎屑锆石年龄结构对比,确定这些碎屑岩的碎屑组分主要源自其下伏基底。砾岩和砂岩碎屑模式、泥岩地球化学特征及碎屑锆石原位微量元素分析结果表明,碎屑源区（即下伏基底）在新元古代（峰期约790~730 Ma）处于大陆边缘弧构造环境。本文新获取的碎屑记录证据与前人对同1井底安山岩、英安岩及卡塔克隆起上塔参1井底闪长岩、花岗闪长岩形成时代及构造环境的研究结论完全一致,表明横亘塔里木盆地中部的中央隆起带是一条新元古代大陆边缘弧,塔里木盆地的基底是由新元古代造山作用形成的拼合基底。     

渤海海域石臼坨凸起东北缘沙河街组一段+二段砂砾岩储层差异定量表征

为了探究砂砾岩储层物性差异的成因,以石臼坨凸起东北缘秦皇岛19-A构造和秦皇岛29-B构造沙河街组一段（沙一段）+沙河街组二段（沙二段）为例,通过岩心、铸体薄片、岩石物性、全岩分析、流体包裹体等资料,定量分析了砂砾岩储层的差异、控制因素以及孔隙演化过程。研究结果表明：①沉积作用控制了不同构造的岩性差异和原始物性差异,是其主要因素。秦皇岛29-A构造沙一段+沙二段主要发育扇三角洲中砂岩、粗砂岩夹薄层砾岩储层,粒度相对较细,砾岩比例小（约为2%）,粒间以少量泥质为主,物性好,原生孔隙为主。秦皇岛29-B构造沙一段+沙二段主要发育扇三角洲含生物碎屑的砾岩与中砂岩、粗砂岩互层的储层,粒度较粗,砾岩比例高（约为57%）,粒间以大量方解石、白云石等胶结物为主,物性差,次生孔隙发育。受控于沉积作用的差异,秦皇岛29-A构造沙一段+沙二段储层原始孔隙度为32.7%,秦皇岛29-B构造储层原始孔隙度为29.6%。②不同沉积作用影响下,砂砾岩储层经历了差异成岩演化。在长期碱性→酸性→短暂碱性的流体演化过程中,秦皇岛29-A构造经历了较强的压实作用（损失孔隙度为16.2%,孔隙度损失率为47.1%）和较弱的胶结作用（损失孔隙度为5.5%,孔隙度损失率为15.5%）;秦皇岛29-B构造经历了较弱的压实作用（损失孔隙度为10.1%,孔隙度损失率为35.6%）和较强的胶结作用（损失孔隙度为14.9%,孔隙度损失率为53.2%）。2个构造均经历了相近的强烈溶解作用（秦皇岛29-A构造增加孔隙度为8.3%,增孔率为24.7%;秦皇岛29-B构造增加孔隙度为7.2%,增孔率为25.8%）。③孔隙定量演化揭示,不同构造的储层孔隙演化过程具有明显的差异性。     

温度效应及环空条件对井口抬升影响规律研究

为预测深水高温井生产过程中的井口抬升量,基于套管热膨胀效应及热力学基本原理,建立了不同温升条件下单层自由套管及多层套管耦合井口系统抬升量预测模型,设计了3层同心钢管柱为主体的试验装置,开展了不同工况下井口抬升模拟试验,得到了温度效应、环空上端部约束状态和环空压力等因素对井口抬升量的影响规律,提出了解决深水水下井口抬升的主要工程措施。研究结果表明:以试验模型为例,当最内层管柱温度从45℃升高至150℃的过程中,在模拟传热条件下,3层管柱环空上端部敞开时,各层管柱抬升量与其温升呈线性增长规律;环空上端部焊接为整体时,73.0和114.3 mm管柱最终抬升量相对上端部敞开状态分别减小26.50%和21.80%,177.8 mm管柱最终抬升量增加4.06%;环空密闭并加压20 MPa时,73.0、114.3和177.8 mm管柱最终抬升量相对无压力时分别增加了23.84%、26.79%和25.36%;温度及环空条件对井口抬升量影响显著,理论预测值与试验值误差为1.59%~8.93%。研究结果可为深水高温井井口抬升控制措施的制定提供技术支持。     

渤海湾盆地沙垒田地区新近纪走滑断裂发育特征及其对油气富集的控制作用

沙垒田凸起地区是渤海海域西部新近系油气最为富集的区域，为了明确新近系走滑断裂发育特征及对油气富集的控制作用，依托连片高精度三维地震、钻井取心等资料，对走滑断裂类型及发育特征进行了详细刻画，并对走滑断裂与成藏要素之间的关系进行了探讨。综合研究表明：研究区发育断穿基底走滑断裂、盖层走滑断裂及伸展-走滑断裂三种不同类型走滑断裂；走滑断裂对圈闭的控制作用表现为在不同类型走滑断裂控制下，断裂带内及断裂带间形成了多种类型圈闭，其中大型披覆背斜圈闭、断鼻、断背斜圈闭为有利圈闭，小型断块圈闭为不利圈闭；走滑断裂对输导体系的控制作用体现在断裂活动控制了骨架砂体输导体系及断裂输导体系的形成发育，有利于周边凹陷成熟烃源岩排烃及运移输导；走滑断裂对储层的控制作用表现为走滑作用形成的高角度裂缝提高了储层渗透率，改善了储层物性。新近纪普遍发育的走滑断裂是研究区油气富集的主控因素。     

向家坝水电站左岸近坝边坡抬升变形数值模拟

为深入认识向家坝水电站左岸近坝边坡的抬升变形现象,利用流固耦合数值试验研究了岩体的扩容变形机理,在此基础上采用流固耦合数值分析方法对向家坝水电站左岸近坝边坡的抬升变形过程进行了数值模拟,得到了近坝边坡抬升变形的空间分布,并对泄压孔泄压对抬升变形的控制效果进行了评价。结果表明:岩体扩容体积应变随岩体渗透系数增大而增大,随变形模量增大而减小,岩体初始应力对抬升变形的影响微弱;渗流场改变是引起近坝边坡抬升变形的直接诱因,边坡抬升变形是岩土体内渗流场和应力场相互作用的结果,采用流固耦合理论揭示近坝边坡的抬升变形机制是合理的;深层泄压孔可以有效控制近坝边坡的抬升变形量。     

Uncertainty quantification of offshore anchoring systems in spatially variable soil using sparse polynomial chaos expansions

The trend toward deep water energy production has led to a growing use of plate anchors to moor floating production facilities. The effect on anchor uplift behaviour of the inherent spatial variability of soil deposits has so far been little considered, despite having important implications for anchor design. Spatial variability problems are commonly analysed by Monte Carlo simulation but it is difficult to establish the probabilities of failure that are of interest in practice. In this paper, sparse polynomial chaos expansions (SPCEs) are used for moment and reliability analysis of plate anchors in spatially variable undrained clay. A novel two-stage methodology is proposed: in the first stage, an SPCE is constructed to meet a target global error, allowing statistical moments of the uplift capacity to be obtained; in the second stage, an active learning method is used to refine the SPCE for reliability analysis. Anchor uplift capacity is obtained by a finite element method, which is coupled with a random field representation of spatial variability. The effect of embedment depth and the soil-anchor interface is investigated. The failure mechanism of the anchor is shown to have a significant effect on the statistical moments of the uplift capacity and the probability of failure in relation to current design guidelines. To inform future design, factors of safety are presented for a range of failure probabilities.