近年来青海省黄河流域泥沙变化趋势及成因分析

依据青海省黄河流域1956-2012年57年实测泥沙资料,采用Kendall秩次检验法、Spearman秩次检验法、线性趋势回归检验法进行泥沙变化趋势检验分析。结果表明:除黄河上游玛曲、唐乃亥站泥沙没有明显增减趋势外,其他各站含沙量、输沙量均呈明显减小趋势,总体上河流泥沙从20世纪80年代至2012年呈明显减小趋势。其泥沙变化的突变年份黄河干流主要出现在1987年、2000年、2005年,湟水出现在1980年、2002年,突变年份河流含沙量、输沙量呈跳跃式减小,近期2000-2012年含沙量、输沙量最小。分析其泥沙减小的原因,水库拦沙对黄河干流来沙量减小起主导作用。水土保持、退耕还林还草等工程实施,以及流域天然来水量增加,使流域生态植被覆盖条件好转,对流域来沙量减小起了重要作用。     

高速磨粒流动辅助电解复合加工方法

针对难加工材料表面抛光难、工具损耗严重、加工效率低的问题,提出了一种高速磨粒流动辅助电解加工的方法,通过在电解液中添加微小磨粒,伴随电解液高速流动实现电化学溶解与钝化膜微量磨削的复合加工。针对该方法的加工参数进行了分析,研究了加工时间、加工电压、加工间隙、电解液浓度、电源种类、磨粒粒径对实验结果的影响。结果表明:采用5 V电压的直流电源,以质量分数10%的NaNO3作为电解液,设定加工间隙1 mm,用1200目的磨粒加工5 min,可得到表面质量较好的工件,表面粗糙度Ra<0.1μm。     

肉类预制菜的安全与控制研究进展

随着我国“宅经济”的兴起以及生活节奏的加快,大众的消费观念和方式正发生着深刻的转变。传统的菜肴、简单的方便食品、净菜配菜产品等都无法满足当代人对高质量生活的追求,预制菜应运而生,进一步丰富了预制食品体系。现如今,预制菜已成为国内外食品行业中发展最快的品类之一,其加工工艺、市场愈发成熟。但是我国的预制菜产品还处于发展阶段,存在技术落后、标准不匹配、安全隐患突出等多方面问题。农兽药残留、非法添加、产地卫生条件等问题是食品行业常见的安全隐患,该研究针对预制菜安全隐患这一突出问题,对我国预制菜食品（尤其是肉类预制菜）的安全现状进行深入了解,分析形成风险的原因,讨论风险因子的识别检测方法,并针对潜在的食品安全问题提出切实可行的管控措施,为预制菜行业的生产发展提供参考。     

Tunable Dry Adhesion of Soft Hollow Pillars through Sidewall Buckling under Low Pressure

Controlling adhesion on demand is essential for many manufacturing and assembly processes such as microtransfer printing. Among various strategies, pneumatics-controlled switchable adhesion is efficient and robust but currently still suffers from challenges in miniaturization and high energy cost. In this paper, a novel way to achieve tunable adhesion using low pressure by inducing sidewall buckling in soft hollow pillars (SHPs) is introduced. It is shown that the dry adhesion of these SHPs can be changed by more than two orders of magnitude (up to 151×) using low activating pressure (≈−10 or ≈20 kPa). Large enough negative pressure triggers sidewall buckling while positive pressure induces sidewall bulging, both of which can significantly change stress distribution at the bottom surface to facilitate crack initiation and reduce adhesion therein. It is shown that a single SHP can be activated by a micropump to manipulate various lightweight objects with different curvatures and surface textures. Here, it is also demonstrated that an array of SHPs can realize selective pick-and-place of an array of objects. These demonstrations illustrate the robustness, simplicity, and versatility of these SHPs with highly tunable dry adhesion.     

Enhanced oxidation resistance of low-carbon MgO–C refractories with Al3BC3–Al antioxidants: A synergistic effect

The synergistic effects of Al₃BC₃–Al antioxidants on optimizing the oxidation resistance of low-carbon MgO–C refractories were investigated. The results indicated that the oxidation index and rate constant of low-carbon MgO–C refractories with optimized Al₃BC₃–Al additions were 13% and 1.10 × 10⁻⁴ cm² min⁻¹ at 1400°C for 3 h, respectively, which is much lower than that of Al or Al₃BC₃ containing ones. Single Al₃BC₃ is not a suitable antioxidant for low-carbon MgO–C refractories; however, if Al₃BC₃ was initially protected and Al reacted as the antioxidant, enhanced oxidation resistance at high temperature can be achieved. The formation of dense MgO–MgAl₂O₄–Mg₃B₂O₆ layer contributed to superior oxidation resistance, and the temperature for the generation of this layer was as low as 1100°C due to liquid and vapor phase–assisted reactions with Al₃BC₃–Al. Furthermore, a self-repairing function was achieved at 1600°C with the combination of Al₃BC₃–Al additions in spite of the faster oxidation rate.     

Histidine-Mediated Synthesis of Chiral Cobalt Oxide Nanoparticles for Enantiomeric Discrimination and Quantification

Chiral transition metal oxide nanoparticles (CTMOs) are attracting a lot of attention due to their fascinating properties. Nevertheless, elucidating the chirality induction mechanism often remains a major challenge. Herein, the synthesis of chiral cobalt oxide nanoparticles mediated by histidine (Co₃O₄@L-His and Co₃O₄@D-His for nanoparticles synthesized in the presence of L- and D-histidine, respectively) is investigated. Interestingly, these CTMOs exhibit remarkable and tunable chiroptical properties. Their analysis by x-ray photoelectron, Fourier transform infrared, and ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy indicates that the ratio of Co²⁺/Co³⁺ and their interactions with the imidazole groups of histidine are behind their chiral properties. In addition, the use of chiral Co₃O₄ nanoparticles for the development of sensitive, rapid, and enantioselective circular dichroism-based sensors is demonstrated, allowing direct molecular detection and discrimination between cysteine or penicillamine enantiomers. The circular dichroism response of the chiral Co₃O₄ exhibits a limit of detection and discrimination of cysteine and penicillamine enantiomers as low as 10 µm . Theoretical calculations suggest that the ligand exchange and the coexistence of both species adsorbed on the oxide surface are responsible for the enantiomeric discrimination. This research will enrich the synthetic approaches to obtain CTMOs and enable the extension of the applications and the discovery of new chiroptical properties.     

CIP-I智能仿生人工腿手持控制系统研究与设计

CIP-I Leg是国内首个智能仿生人工腿原型机;首先介绍了CIP-I Leg的基本结构,然后介绍了该人工腿步速测控系统的设计方案,包括步速调整原理、控制系统结构、针阀开度值的设置方法;最后重点详细地介绍了手持控制系统这一人机界面的软硬件设计;与国外同类产品相比在诸多方面进行了改进,使系统运行更可靠,功耗更低,操作更容易;并可使使用者了解到更多关于腿运行状况的即时信息,使用结果表明能够很好地实现预期的功能。     

Chiral Seeded Growth of Gold Nanorods Into Fourfold Twisted Nanoparticles with Plasmonic Optical Activity

A robust and reproducible methodology to prepare stable inorganic nanoparticles with chiral morphology may hold the key to the practical utilization of these materials. An optimized chiral growth method to prepare fourfold twisted gold nanorods is described herein, where the amino acid cysteine is used as a dissymmetry inducer. Four tilted ridges are found to develop on the surface of single-crystal nanorods upon repeated reduction of HAuCl₄, in the presence of cysteine as the chiral inducer and ascorbic acid as a reducing agent. From detailed electron microscopy analysis of the crystallographic structures, it is proposed that the dissymmetry results from the development of chiral facets in the form of protrusions (tilted ridges) on the initial nanorods, eventually leading to a twisted shape. The role of cysteine is attributed to assisting enantioselective facet evolution, which is supported by density functional theory simulations of the surface energies, modified upon adsorption of the chiral molecule. The development of R-type and S-type chiral structures (small facets, terraces, or kinks) would thus be non-equal, removing the mirror symmetry of the Au NR and in turn resulting in a markedly chiral morphology with high plasmonic optical activity.     

Detection of Glucose Based on Noble Metal Nanozymes: Mechanism,Activity Regulation,and Enantioselective Recognition

Glucose monitoring is essential to evaluate the degree of glucose metabolism disorders. The enzymatic determination has been the most widely used method in glucose detection because of its high efficiency, accuracy, and sensitivity. Noble metal nanomaterials (NMs, i.e., Au, Ag, Pt, and Pd), inheriting their excellent electronic, optical, and enzyme-like properties, are classified as noble metal nanozymes (NMNZs). As the NMNZs are often involved in two series of reactions, the oxidation of glucose and the chromogenic reaction of peroxide, here the chemical mechanism by employing NMNZs with glucose oxidase (GOx) and peroxidase (POD) mimicking activities is briefly summarized first. Subsequently, the regulation strategies of the GOx-like, POD-like and tandem enzyme-like activities of NMNZs are presented in detail, including the materials, size, morphology, composition, and the reaction condition of the representative NMs. In addition, in order to further mimic the enantioselectivity of enzyme, the design of NMNZs with enantioselective recognition of d -glucose and l -glucose by using different chiral compounds (DNA, amino acids, and cyclodextrins) and molecular imprinting is further described in this review. Finally, the feasible solutions to the existing challenges and a vision for future development possibilities are discussed.