广西晚二叠世成煤模式探讨

广西晚二叠世成煤模式划分为“两类三型”，即泥岩沼泽成煤模式和泥炭坪成煤模式两类，沼泽型、潮坪型和泥炭坪型等三型。文章阐述了这些成煤模式在吴家坪期和长兴期形成的特征，分布状况，以及代表煤层，措出潮坪型是广西晚二叠世时期最主要的成煤模式。     

关于煤成油形成演化阶段及有关问题的讨论

煤成油形成演化阶段问题是关系到煤系地层油气勘探的重大理论课题。本文综合研究提出了煤成油的形成演化阶段与模式,并就低成熟阶段后期可溶有机质的热缩聚作用,吐哈盆地侏罗系煤成油形成阶段,轻质油形成机理及第三纪煤系地层低熟油形成条件等问题进行了讨论。     

吐哈盆地煤成油形成的地质条件

吐哈盆地是典型的煤成油气盆地。通过对该盆地煤成油形成的地质条件分析，认为煤成油藏的形成是特定地质条件下的产物。（１）盆地构造演化控制了煤系生储油岩系发育；（２０存在低成熟成烃母质以利于烃类排出：（３）成煤沼泽氧化还原环境与成煤植物差异造成了煤原始怪程度的不同。下三角洲平原沼泽及分流间湾沼泽是煤成烃发育的有利场所，流水沼泽相是煤成烃最有利的相带；（４）适合古地温梯度及后续盆地继承发展以保持源岩熟化，     

论“沉煤环境—成煤类型—煤质特征”概略成因模型—煤的性质研究

作者对所划分出的“三种四类”煤型的煤质特征进行了深入研究，论述了由不同煤相决定的不同煤型制约着不同煤质的观点。通过揭示不同为在型所和持有的煤质特征，阐明了煤型与煤质之间的成困联系，进一步论证了“沉煤环境（煤相）－成煤类型（煤型）煤质特征－（煤质）”这一概况成因模型的客观存在。     

中国侏罗系煤成油若干问题

在阐述了煤成油的概念，总结和评述了煤生油显微组分，生油门限，生油范围和生油高峰等问题后，本文通过吐哈等盆地侏罗系煤生油显微组分组成特征，可溶有机质演化，成熟度和有机质丰度，油源及原油成熟度对比；含煤岩系中煤层和泥岩的厚度及总量和煤及泥岩最高沥青和总烃转化率的对比； 其族组成和煤成原油的族组成特征的对比，提出了中国侏罗系煤成油盆地中泥岩比煤层对煤成油田形成有大的贡献看法。     

成煤作用理论(模式)研究进展

讨论了几种成煤作用观点或理论,运用突变或灾变的思路对海侵事件成煤作用进行了分析,指出由于我国华北晚古生代陆表海盆地的特殊古地理背景(如极为低平的盆地基底等),海侵过程常具快速侵进的特点,与普通的海侵过程相比具有"事件"性质,在沉积记录上表现为水体深度截然不同的沉积组合直接接触,其间具明显的相序缺失(非侵蚀间断缺失),海侵层在时空上具有较好的稳定性和等时性.同时提出不同成煤作用形成的煤在煤岩、煤质、煤的生烃能力上具有差异性.     

煤中游离沥青运移机制与“煤成油”

对内蒙扎赉诺尔等硬褐煤煤田的煤岩学研究,发现腐殖组最大反射率(R_max)小于0.5％的煤中,稳定组分就已经开始产生低分子的类石油物质,而这时煤中水分含量(M_ad)仍在20％以上。当煤进入沥青化阶段以后,这些水分的80％以上将被推出。这时,已产生的类石油物质就可以随之一起运移。前沥青化阶段和沥青化早期阶段是“煤成油”的运移最佳时期。而在生油岩产油率最高峰时期,煤中大量生成的低分子油类物质反而大部分被煤自身所吸附。地质过程中的抽提现象使煤成为石油生油母岩的一部分。     

陕北三叠纪煤田子长矿区瓦窑堡组特高焦油产率煤富集规律分析

特高焦油产率煤的富集受煤变质程度、成煤环境等因素的制约。子长矿区瓦窑堡组可采煤层为5号煤层和3号煤层,通过对煤岩样品进行低温干馏试验,得到瓦窑堡组焦油产率平均为13.4%,其中5号煤焦油产率为12.55%,3号煤焦油产率为13.7%,属于特高焦油产率煤层。在空间分布上,高油煤占比达到77%,富油煤占比为23%,零星发育含油煤。研究表明,煤层焦油产率高的原因有3个,一是以低—中等变质程度的气煤为主,高挥发分、高含氢、高含氧;二是显微煤岩组成中有机含量、活性组分平均含量高;三是本区成煤环境以陆相沼泽、湖泊沉积为主,还原程度高。     

豫西二叠系煤成气的运移和紫斑岩的形成

成煤作用可生成大量气体和液体。这些气体和液体在岩层中运移时,可使岩石中的高价氧化物还原成低价氧化物,生成次生矿物如菱铁矿鲕粒或结核,同时使岩石的颜色改变,由红色变为灰色,或者变为紫斑岩。由于上述改变属于煤成气运移过程留下的遗迹,可以用来追索煤成气的运移,寻找浅层煤成气藏。      

我国高阶煤煤层气疏导式高效开发理论基础

我国高阶煤煤层气资源储量丰富,目前产量已占到我国煤层气总产量的90%以上,高阶煤煤层气资源的高效开发利用对于保障国家能源战略安全、助力实现“碳达峰、碳中和”战略目标具有重要的现实意义。我国煤层气产业总体呈现出勘探开发程度低、主体技术适应性低、投资回报率低、发展规模小的“三低一小”的不足,煤层气的规模化高效开发面临着巨大挑战。通过深度解剖勘探开发中出现的问题,认为制约煤层气产业高效开发的核心问题均源于对煤储层特征,特别是原始气水赋存、运移、产出规律认识不清,未形成与之相匹配的开发理论和配套工程技术。针对这一问题,开展煤层气水赋存–产出规律研究,将室内试验与现场实践相结合,形成煤层气疏导式高效开发理论及配套工程技术。结果表明:(1) 我国煤层气储层成藏过程复杂、气藏类型多样、非均质性强的客观条件与顶层设计支撑不足、主体技术工艺适应性不明确的主观因素是影响煤层气高效开发的重要原因;(2) 煤层孔隙–裂隙复杂双重孔隙结构及固有的气水赋存和产出运移规律决定了必须以“疏通”和“引导”为主导思想,以实现储层与井筒的充分沟通和流体的高效率产出;(3) 以沁水盆地高阶煤为例,运用疏导式开发理论形成的配套开发技术,实现高效规模建产,显著提升煤层气开发效果。      

瓦窑堡煤系有机岩石学特征及煤成烃潜力研究

瓦窑堡煤系是我国重要的含煤岩系之一,陆相生油的观点最早可能源于瓦窑堡煤系含油性特征。通过对瓦窑堡煤系煤和暗色泥岩有机质的显微岩石学和宏观煤岩学特征的分析,提出了瓦窑堡煤系煤主要形成于深覆水森林泥炭沼泽相,类脂组含量高,且镜质组的主要类型为富氢的基质镜质体,有机地球化学结果表明瓦窑堡煤系煤具有Ⅱ型有机质的特征,处于低熟-成熟阶段,热模拟实验证明其具有良好的油气生成潜力。但由于瓦窑堡煤系规模小,煤层厚度薄,煤系泥岩有机质类型偏差,且煤中主要生油显微组分尚末进入大量生油期,因此难以形成油藏。     

Coal as a source rock for oil: a review

The geological debate about whether, and to what extent, humic coals have sourced oil is likely to continue for some time, despite some important advances in our knowledge of the processes involved. It is clear that not only liptinites, but also perhydrous vitrinites have the potential to generate hydrocarbon liquids in the course of natural coalification. Some liptinites, especially alginite, cutinite, and suberinite, contain a higher proportion of aliphatic moieties in their structure than other liptinites such as sporinite and resinite and are, therefore, more oil-prone. It is of potential value to be able to predict the several environments of deposition in which coals with high liptinite contents or containing perhydrous vitrinites may have been formed. Review of the distribution of oil-prone coals in time and space reveals that most are Jurassic–Tertiary with key examples from Australia, New Zealand, and Indonesia. Methods based both on experimental simulations and the examination of naturally matured samples have been used to determine the order of generation of hydrocarbons from different macerals. Results are not entirely consistent among the different approaches, and there is much overlap in the ranges of degradation, but it seems probable that in the natural environment vitrinites begin to generate early, followed by labile liptinites such as suberinite, then cutinite, sporinite, and, finally, alginite.Petroleum potential may be determined by experimental simulation of natural coalification or inferred through various micro-techniques, especially fluorescence and infrared (IR) spectroscopy, or bulk techniques such as elemental analysis and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy. The latter three techniques enable a measure of the polymethylene component of the coal, which now appears to be one of the best available approaches for determining petroleum potential. No method of experimental simulation of petroleum generation from coals is without criticism, and comparative results are highly variable. However, hydrous pyrolysis, confined pyrolysis, and forms of open-system hydrous pyrolysis approach acceptable simulations.Whether, and to what degree generated liquid hydrocarbons are expelled, has long been the central problem in ‘oil from coal’ studies. The structure of vitrinite was believed until recently to contain an interconnected microporous network in which generated oil would be contained until an expulsion threshold was attained. Recent studies show the pores are not interconnected. Combined with a dynamic model of pore generation, it now seems that expulsion of hydrocarbons is best explained by activated diffusion of molecules to maceral boundaries and ultimately by cleats and fractures to coal seam boundaries. The main reason for poor expulsion is the adsorption of oil on the organic macromolecule, which may be overcome (1) if coals are thin and interbedded with clastic sediments, or (2) if the coals are very hydrogen-rich and generate large quantities of oil.The existence of oil in vitrinite is attested to by solvent extractions, fluorescence properties, and by microscopic observations of oil and bitumen. Experimental simulation of expulsion of oil from coals has only recently been attempted. The relative timing of release of generated CO₂ and CH₄ could have considerable importance in promoting the expulsion of liquid hydrocarbons but the mechanism is unclear. As it is universally agreed that dispersed organic matter (DOM) in some shales readily generates and expels petroleum, it is curious that few consistent geochemical differences have been found between coal macerals and DOM in interbedded shales.Unambiguous evidence of expulsion from coals is limited, and in particular only a few commercial oil discoveries can be confidently correlated to coals. These include Upper Cretaceous Fruitland Formation coals in the USA, from which oil is produced; New Zealand Tertiary coals; and Middle Jurassic coals from the Danish North Sea. It is likely that coals have at least contributed to significant oil discoveries in the Gippsland Basin, Australia; in the Turpan Basin, China; and in the Kutei and Ardjuna basins in Indonesia, but this remains unproven. Early reports that early Jurassic coals in mid-Norway were a major source of the reservoired oils have been shown to be inaccurate.None of the proposed ‘rules of thumb’ for generation or expulsion of petroleum from coals seem particularly robust. Decisions on whether a particular coal is likely to have been an active source for oil should consider all available geological and geochemical information. The assumptions made in computational models should be well understood as it is likely with new understandings of processes involved that some of these assumptions will be difficult to sustain.     

生油煤形成的环境制约

通过对不同沉积环境下形成煤系源岩生烃潜力的对比研究，揭示出成煤古环境对煤成烃生成具有控制作用，并根据煤系源岩中赋存大分子有机质裂解产物分子的组成特征，提出了识别有利成烃煤相的分子有机地球化学方法——氢指数-苯酚/辛烷图解判识法。结果表明，沼泽环境覆水越深，煤中有机质富氢程度越高，生油气性能越好，裂解产物表现为正构烷烃和正构烯烃相对含量增加，以低本酚/辛烷值和高氢指数为特征；反之，沼泽环境覆水越浅，煤中有机质氢含量越低，裂解产物以高含量酚类化合物和芳香烃为特征，生油气性能关。由此表明，覆水型沼泽应是煤在烃，特别是煤成油生成的有利相带。     

煤成油地球化学研究现状与展望

重点评述与煤成油理论及勘探实践有密切关系、并在近几年取得重要进展的煤成烃演化模式、煤的生油能力及排油研究3方面的问题。指出：石油地质化学家已更深刻地认识到了煤成烃模式、阶段因地而异的复杂性;建立判别煤系源岩生油能力的标准是煤成油研究中最为重要的进展之一,其中以依据总生烃潜量（S1+S2）、氯仿沥青“A”和总烃含量与有机碳的相关关系建立的判别方案比较实用和有效;比较系统地评述了（与工业性煤成油气聚集有重要关系的）煤成烃排出问题的4种主要研究方法。进展、存在的问题和分歧。在此基础上,展望了对指导煤成油勘探有重要意义的煤系源岩的分布预测、倾油性的进一步判识及排出问题定量研究的发展趋势。     

中国煤中有机硫的分布及其成因

对来自全国26个省、市、自治区的290个煤样中有机硫的质量分数测试及研究,发现煤中有机硫质量分数基本分布在0%1.0%范围内。在低硫煤中硫分以有机硫为主,在高硫煤中以无机硫为主。中、高硫煤中,广西、湖南等地区很大一部分煤中硫分以有机硫为主。在所采集的样品中,高有机硫煤(有机硫>1%)均分布在华南、华北两大聚煤区,属于石炭、二叠纪煤。高有机硫煤中有机硫质量分数的变化与变质程度无明显关系。煤炭形成过程中海水作用的影响,是导致煤中有机硫含量偏高的最主要原因。      

焉耆盆地侏罗纪煤系源岩显微组分组合与生油潜力

焉耆盆地为我国西部含煤、含油气盆地, 侏罗系含煤地层是最重要的潜在源岩.对侏罗纪煤系中的暗色泥岩、碳质泥岩和煤层分别进行了有机岩石学、Rock-Eval热解分析和核磁共振分析.泥岩、碳质泥岩和煤层具有不同的有机岩石学和有机地球化学特征, 其中煤层具有3种有机显微组分组合类型, 不同显微组分组合类型的煤层具有不同的生油、生气潜力或倾油、倾气性.基质镜质体、角质体、孢子体等显微组分是煤中的主要生烃组分.侏罗系泥岩、碳质泥岩和煤层具有不同的生物标志物分布特征, 生物标志物组合分析表明焉耆盆地已发现原油是泥岩、碳质泥岩和煤层生成原油的混合产物.含煤地层的地球化学生烃潜力分析和已发现原油的油源对比均表明, 含煤地层不仅是重要的气源岩, 而且可成为有效的油源岩.      

煤和含煤岩系成油理论研究和演变历史

运用系统的历史和现实类比分析方法,对世界含煤岩系煤成油田的源岩成熟度、烃源岩类型和煤成油田形成条件进行了综合研究。结果表明,煤虽能生油,但难以形成有商业意义的油田;含煤岩系中泥岩是煤成油田形成的主要贡献组分,在含煤盆地中,难以形成低熟煤成油田。      

Organic Geochemical and Petrographic Characteristics of the Coal Measure Source Rocks of Pinghu Formation in the Xihu Sag of the East China Sea Shelf Basin: Implications for Coal Measure Gas Potential

Coal measure source rocks, located in the Xihu Sag of the East China Sea Shelf Basin, were analyzed to define the hydrocarbon generation potential, organic geochemistry/petrology characteristics, and coal preservation conditions. The Pinghu source rocks in the Xihu Sag are mainly gas-prone accompany with condensate oil generation. The coals and shales of the Pinghu Formation are classified from "fair" to "excellent" source rocks with total organic carbon(TOC) contents ranging from 25.2% to 77.2% and 1.29% to 20.9%, respectively. The coals are richer in TOC and S1+S2 than the shales, indicating that the coals have more generation potential per unit mass. Moreover, the kerogen type of the organic matter consists of types Ⅱ-Ⅲ and Ⅲ, which the maturity Ro ranges from 0.59% to 0.83%. Petrographically, the coals and shales are dominated by vitrinite macerals(69.1%–96.8%) with minor proportions of liptinite(2.5%–17.55%) and inertinite(0.2%–6.2%). The correlation between maceral composition and S1+S2 indicates that the main contributor to the generation potential is vitrinite. Therefore, the coals and shales of the Pinghu Formation has good hydrocarbon generation potential, which provided a good foundation for coal measure gas accumulation. Furthermore, coal facies models indicates that the Pinghu coal was deposited in limno-telmatic environment under high water levels, with low tree density(mainly herbaceous) and with low-moderate nutrient supply. Fluctuating water levels and intermittent flooding during the deposition of peat resulted in the inter-layering of coal, shale and sandstone, which potentially providing favorable preservation conditions for coal measure gas.     

原油族组分在煤中留存能力的研究

研究了煤及其干酪根对不同组分油气的留烃能力.将原油分成5个组分,引入溶胀理论,对低、中、高成熟度的煤及其干酪根在不同溶解度参数的溶剂中进行了溶胀实验,获得不同成熟度的煤及其干酪根的溶胀特征,进而得到不同成熟度的煤及其干酪根对5个组分的留烃能力.R°在0.4%～1.25%范围内的煤及其干酪根,其溶胀比随着煤的成熟度增加而降低;而R°大于1.25%的干酪根,其溶胀度则随着Ⅲ型干酪根的成熟度的增加而升高.在"油窗"范围内,随着成熟度的变化,煤和Ⅲ型干酪根的溶胀比降低,表明其留烃能力在下降.对于具有中等溶解度参数的组分,其留烃能力下降约20%.