污水土地处理技术与污水资源化

土地处理作为一种生态处理技术以其设备简单、投资少、操作管理方便、能耗低 ,以及净化效果良好而具有广阔的发展前景。文中系统总结了污水土地处理系统国内外研究现状 ,结合当前中国城市供、排水以及用水的特点 ,提出了在城市水循环中应用土地处理技术 ,实现污水资源化的三个方向 :城镇居民区生活污水资源化、城市污水土地处理资源化、微污染原水给水预处理。其中 ,城镇居民区生活污水资源化所采用的砂滤系统及湿地系统 ,存在的主要问题是水力负荷低、处理能力低。如何解决这一问题是一个具有实用意义的研究方向。城市污水集中土地处理所采用的技术目前已经比较成熟 ,存在的问题是占地面积太大。因此必须根据各地区的实际情况 ,因地制宜地选用。应用土地处理技术进行微污染给水预处理是一个新的研究方向 ,它为解决生物预处理技术所不能解决的Ames试验阳性提供了可能 ,同时也不失为一种廉价有效的方法。     

人工快渗系统处理洗浴污水的试验研究

用人工快渗系统模拟地下环境，进行了5个月处理洗浴污水的室内试验研究，重点探讨了渗滤介质、滤层厚度、布水方式及进水浓度对系统去污效果的影响，为人工快渗系统处理洗浴污水的工艺设计提供了依据。     

人工快速渗滤复合系统处理洗浴污水的试验研究

针对传统污水快速渗滤土地处理系统水力负荷低，占地面积大的弱点，提出了采用人工砂和天然砂作为渗滤介质建立复合系统的试验方案，并以洗浴污水为研究对象进行了5个月的室内试验研究。结果表明，复合系统具有较高的水力负荷和较好的去污效果，其COD，BOD5，SS和阴离子洗涤剂（以MBAS代表）的平均去除率分别为86.25%,86.75%,98.95%和90.86%。处理出水中COD，BOD5，SS和阴离子洗涤剂的平均浓度分别为17.30,5.84,0.3和0.18mg/l。     

贴砾滤水管成井若干技术问题探讨

贴砾滤水管(简称贴砾管是近年研制成的一种新型滤水管。是以钢管做衬管,用合成树脂将一定粒径的石英砂粘到打眼衬管上制成的。具有良好的透水性和可靠的滤砂性。适用于粗砂、中砂、细砂、粉砂等含水地层,较好的解决了粉、细砂地层成井涌砂问题和深孔填砾不均匀、不准确甚至壅塞架桥等技术难     

山西运城水井建设中无棕滤水井管的设计与应用

通过运城地区水井的开凿,表明无棕结构的滤水管具有拦砂、滤水、增大出水量、提高成井率和延长水井寿命等优点。无棕滤水管的设计应当考虑多种影响因素:如滤料的选择、滤水管的孔隙率、滤水管的井径和缠丝间距等。对无棕滤水管工艺施工的水井的观测,井龄已满20年、井深140米的水井,其单位涌水量仍达6.14吨/小时·米,比采用有棕滤水管工艺施工的水井水量增大了93%,而且水质符合要求。     

河道污染治理技术-- 生物接触氧化填料研究

选择不同填料对生物接触氧化法处理生活污水进行了进一步的研究与应用,探讨了温度、接触氧化停留时间等因素对其处理效果的影响。实验研究结果表明,在水温为18℃~20℃,水力负荷为70m l/m in时,采用鹅卵石和沸石的复合填料挂膜,进行生物接触氧化法处理生活污水,在降解NH3-N和氨氮等方面取得良好效果,COD、NH3-N去除率都高达80%以上。     

小型人工湖富营养化水体的生态修复技术研究

小型人工湖水体发生富营养化时,将造成景观和环境效益的双重破坏。为解决该问题,构建了基于火山岩砂、生物炭、海绵铁滤料复配的改良生物砂滤(BSF)系统,考察了其对富营养化湖水的生态修复功能。研究结果表明：(1)改良BSF系统可在更短的时间内完成启动,且对富营养化水体中的有机物、氮、磷及叶绿素a表现出更高的去除性能;(2)滤料吸附、截留功能及生物膜上微生物作用的增强,是改良BSF系统高效净化富营养化湖水的有效保障;(3)BSF生态修复技术不仅可以处理富营养化湖水,还可预防和减缓富营养化现象的发生。BSF技术可作为富营养化湖水生态修复的可行方法,并为小型人工湖富营养化现象的防治提供技术借鉴。     

浅层低渗透性含水层水平井开采技术研究与示范（二）

通过不同厚度石英砂、塑料颗粒和陶粒等滤料的阻砂效果研究与试验证明,滤层厚度在30—50mm时,阻砂效果最佳。通过横、竖条缝PVC—U塑料滤水管抗拉、抗压对比试验研究证明,横条缝PVC—U塑料滤水管更适合于水文水并成井。     

第二松花江水质与主要城市取排水量、径流关系研究

本文选取第二松花江沿岸三个主要城市即吉林市、长春市、松原市周边具有代表性的9个监测断面.选取总磷、总氮、CODmn、BOD5等监测数据,运用基于因子分析定权的水质评价模型和零维河流完全水质模型评价总体水质状况.分析其取排水量和径流变化对河流水质的影响.研究结果表明,虽然位于第二松花江干流的吉林市、松原市取、排水量较大.但因河流径流量大,白净能力强,故本质良好,而位于二松支流-伊通河的长春市,因取、排水量大和河流径流量小等原因.水质较差,并影响汇入二松干流后的下游水质.生活污水和工业废水的排放,特别是部分未经处理的污水排放.对二松水质影响很大.长春市伊通河段是二松治污的重点河段.     

新型人工快滤组合技术处理氨氮废水的研究

针对南方地区有些小河(溪)地表水氨氮超标严重,通过新型人工快滤组合技术研究,得出新型人工快滤组合最佳处理技术方案。研究结果表明:氨氮的除去率可达80%,处理后出水水质达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB18918-2002)一级B标准要求。该技术可推广应用于氨氮超标严重的小河(溪)或分散式农村生活污水处理。     

Hybrid anaerobic baffled reactor for treatment of desizing wastewater

Polyvinyl alcohol-containing desizing wastewater discharged within final textile wastewater has a great impact to the environment due to its poor biodegradability. An improved lab-scale hybrid anaerobic baffled reactor was developed to treat desizing wastewater. The modification was achieved by increasing the height of hybrid anaerobic baffled reactor and application of proper effluent recycle enabled to increase the ability of entrapping microbe-rich small particles in the reactor and prompted the formation of granules. The significant difficulty in hybrid anaerobic baffled reactor operation is the slow start-up procedure, which is crucial to the overall polyvinyl alcohol-containing desizing wastewater treatment. Therefore, the ability of a hybrid anaerobic baffled reactor, treating desizing wastewater, to achieve a prompt start-up was studied at lab-scale. Results showed that inoculated with anaerobic granular sludge and adoption of effluent recycle during start-up, the system demonstrated a good performance of polyvinyl alcohol removal efficiency (above 17.2 %) and satisfactory stability of pH and alkalinity in effluent (range around 7.4–8.0 and 700–920 mg/L, respectively) and the sludge appeared obviously granulation. Thus, the prompt start-up was achieved after 60 days. The start-up strategy used for this process has achieved its goals by creating an active microbial population. The improved lab-scale hybrid anaerobic baffled reactor proved to be an efficient reactor configuration for the treatment of desizing wastewater, which favored the prompt start-up of hybrid anaerobic baffled reactor. The results also provide evidence to modify the design of anaerobic baffled reactor to improve reactor performance.     

河流渗滤系统对地表污水的净化作用综述

河流渗滤系统可充分利用水环境的净化功能,提高污水处理效率,避免地下水遭受污染.河流渗滤对地表污水的净化是一种自然过程,它作为天然的过滤器及生物地球化学反应器,可以除去河水中多种污染物,包括天然有机物、合成有机物、无机物、颗粒物、细菌及病原体等.文章分析了影响河流渗滤系统自净作用的影响因素,包括河流沉积物的组成、河流渗滤系统的结构、季节等.最后提出了今后研究河流渗滤系统的方向.     

污水粉煤灰-土地处理及地下水环境影响研究

工业污水排放不仅污染水环境，而且加剧了水资源的紧缺，利用热电厂煤灰在储灰场与污水混合，吸附，絮凝，生化降解以及土层截污降解综合处理污水，为探索以废治废和土地处理污水找到了一种可行的方法，同时，分析了下渗水对地下水的影响程度。，范围及防治解决措施。     

陕西榆林侏罗纪煤系基底古侵蚀面的地貌特征及其对富县组沉积作用的控制

基底古侵蚀面特征是盆地分析的基本参数之-。本文讨论了鄂尔多斯盆地内榆林地区煤系基底古侵蚀面的地貌特征、富县组的沉积特征及二者的关系。研究表明:基底古侵蚀面在工作区东部为潜谷,西部呈潜山,其形态控制着区内沉积相间的配置关系和地层厚度的变化;而潜山、潜谷在盆地中的配置关系则决定着潜谷中总的沉积面貌。     

Isolation and application of a wild strain photosynthetic bacterium to environmental waste management

A new photosynthetic bacterium isolate was morphologically identified as a non-motile rod-shape gram-negative bacterium. It produced a dark red culture under phototrophic condition, reproduced by budding and formed a lamellar intracytoplasmic membrane system parallel to cytoplasmic membrane, which contained bacteriochlorophyll a and caratenoids. It’s physiological and nutrient requirement tests gave indication that the isolate thrived and multiplied in varied environmental conditions. It was consequently named Z08 and identified as Rhodobacter sphaeroides by 16SrDNA. Adaptation of Z08 to biodegradation of two environmentally concerned wastewaters, i.e. soybean and pharmaceutical wastewaters, attested its potential in wastewater bioremediation. Z08 adaptation in a suspended batch photobioreactor treating pharmaceutical wastewater at 3500lx radiation recorded best result after wastewater dilution of 1:4 with concomitant chemical oxygen demand reduction, biomass yield and specific growth of 50 %, 780 mg/L and 0.015/h, respectively at the lowest hydraulic retention time of three days. Furthermore, gas chromatography mass spectra analyses of treated and raw pharmaceutical wastewater indicated that high molecular weight recalcitrant compounds found in the pharmaceutical wastewater were transformed to less toxic and acceptable lower molecular weight substances through biodegradation. Whilst Z08 treatment of soybean wastewater under natural light intensity radiation recorded 80 % reduction, 1540 mg/L and 0.025/h for chemical oxygen demand, biomass and specific growth rate respectively regardless of the food to microorganism ratio. This preliminary investigation showed that isolate Z08 has some toxic tolerance level which could detoxify refractory substances with great potential for cell protein recovery in high organic strength wastewater. Therefore, strain Z08 could be employed in biodegradation of contaminated wastewater streams.     

Life cycle assessment of small-scale constructed wetland and extended aeration activated sludge wastewater treatment system

Wastewater treatment plants help to reduce negative impact on the environment by improving the quality of effluent. Different technologies are used in wastewater treatment, and one of the tasks is to find the most environmentally sound option, taking into account the use of resources and energy during construction and operation of the treatment system. The aim of the study is to assess environmental impacts from two different types of small-scale wastewater treatment systems, a constructed wetland and extended aeration activated sludge treatment system using Life Cycle Assessment method. The system boundaries include construction and operation phases. Assessment has been carried out using SimaPro software and Impact 2002+ and ReCiPe assessment methods with characterisation and normalisation stages. The results show that the main negative impact of constructed wetland is caused by the construction phase and use of lightweight expanded clay aggregate to construct the hybrid filter. Impacts from extended aeration activated sludge treatment system are mainly caused from the use of electricity and the quality of the effluent, therefore, the use phase has a larger impact on the life cycle. Since a large amount of energy is used to produce lightweight expanded clay aggregate, the impact of 1 population equivalent of constructed wetland is larger than the impact of extended aeration activated sludge treatment system. Constructed wetland dominates in human toxicity, acidification, land use, ozone layer depletion and the use of non-renewable resources categories. Extended aeration activated sludge treatment system dominates in categories associated with eutrophication and ecotoxicity.     

壳聚糖和PDMDAAC改性膨润土用于处理含油废水的研究

含油废水污染范围广,对人类和生态环境危害大。采用常规方法(如浮选法、絮凝法、电化学法、膜分离法和生物法)处理的除油率不高于91%,成本较高,因此急需开发一种高效低廉的吸附剂。膨润土是一种优良的吸附剂,但用其直接处理含油废水的效果较低。本文选用壳聚糖和PDMDAAC两种有机物作为改性剂,对钠基膨润土改性,使膨润土能有效地处理含油废水。通过实验比较了两种有机改性膨润土处理含油废水的最佳去除条件,探讨了表征对其吸附性能的影响。去油效果结果表明:壳聚糖改性膨润土的除油率可达87.8%,PDMDAAC改性膨润土的除油率可达89.3%,处理所需时间少于15 min;除油效率和处理时间都优于常规方法。吸附性能表征结果显示,两种改性剂均以负载的方式和钠基膨润土颗粒结合,吸附性能良好;相比而言,PDMDAAC改性膨润土的处理效果比壳聚糖改性膨润土更好。PDMDAAC应用于含油废水的处理,具有成本低、效率高、操作简单的特点,在含油废水处理领域具有较好的应用前景。     

Reservoir Characteristics and Genetic Mechanisms of the Mesozoic Granite Buried Hills in the Deep‐water of the Qiongdongnan Basin,Northern South China Sea

Due to its structure,rock and mineral composition,fluid and other factors,the granite Buried Hill Reservoir is highly heterogeneous with a complex longitudinal structure and a reservoir space made up of a combination of dissolution pores and fractures.This paper is based on current understanding of tectonic evolution in the northern part of the South China Sea,in conjunction with the seismic phase characteristics.It is determined that the meshed fault system was formed by three stages of movement-tectonic compression orogeny during the Indochinese epoch,strike-slip compression-tension during the Yanshanian Period,early fracture extension activation during the Himalayan-which controlled the distribution of the Buried Hill Reservoir.Drilling revealed two types of buried hills,faulted anticline and fault horst,their longitudinal structure and the reservoir space type being significantly different.The mineral composition,reservoir space and diagenetic characteristics of the reservoir rocks and minerals were analyzed by lithogeochemistry,micro section and logging etc.,it thus being determined that the Mesozoic rocks of the Songnan Low Uplift in the Qiongdongnan Basin are mainly composed of syenogranite,granodiorite,monzogranite,which is the material basis for the development of the Buried Hill Reservoir.The content of felsic and other brittle minerals is more than 70%,making it easy for it to be transformed into fractures.At the same time,the weathering resistance of granodiorite and monzogranite is weaker than that of syenogranite,which is easily weathered and destroyed,forming a thick sand gravel weathering zone.With increasing depth of burial,weathering and dissolution gradually weaken,the deep acidic fluid improving the reservoir property of internal fractures and expanding the vertical distribution range of the reservoirs.The research results lay a foundation for the exploration of Buried Hill in the deep-water area of the Qiongdongnan Basin.     

Characteristics of airborne bacteria and fungi in some Polish wastewater treatment plants

The aim of this study was to characterize both the viable airborne bacteria and fungi collected in different types of wastewater treatment plants in Poland. Bacterial and fungal aerosols in five different wastewater treatment plants in Poland were studied, including the pioneering antibiotic resistance testing of airborne bacteria. Concentration level was measured using the six-stage Andersen impactor. After incubation, bioaerosol particles captured on nutrient media on Petri dishes were quantitatively evaluated and qualitatively identified. It was found that the concentration levels of both airborne bacteria and fungi ranged from 10² to 10³ colony-forming units/m³, in all stages of the wastewater treatment plants. The patterns of size distributions of airborne bacteria and fungi were very similar, showing dominant peaks typically in the size range between 3.3 and 4.7 μm. The majority fraction of small bacterial and fungal particles (less than 4.7 μm) in the studied areas indicates that the bioaerosol is relatively fresh, and mostly of local origin. The Gram-positive cocci and nonsporing Gram-positive rods were the dominating forms in the studied wastewater treatment plants environment. The existing differences in the concentration levels between sampling sites enabled identification of the main bioaerosol sources. The highest concentration of bacterial aerosol appeared in sections, where activated sludge post-processing and mechanical purifying are conducted. The most frequently occurring species in the sampled bacterial aerosol were Gram-positive cocci and nonsporing Gram-positive rods. Multi-antibiotic resistance testing showed that among the isolated airborne bacteria, the most antibiotic-resistant features were present among Bacillus species (especially Bacillus mycoides).