河流渗滤系统对硝态氮污水的净化作用研究

河流渗滤系统对入渗的地表水有一定的净化作用,过去人们很少从理论上研究河流渗滤系统对污染河水的净化作用。本文采用室内土柱实验装置来模拟渭河渗滤系统,研究了硝态氮污染的河水在该系统中的环境行为及净化机制,其环境行为主要为反硝化作用。其净化程度与该渗滤系统的渗滤介质有关,如果渗滤介质为粘土,其净化率达到100%。若介质为粗砂粒物质,其净化程度较低。     

汉江下游河流渗滤系统原生劣质地下水分布特征及影响因素研究

江汉平原原生劣质地下水问题日趋严重,地下水中砷、亚铁、锰、铵态氮含量严重超标,对居民生产生活和饮用水安全造成了不利影响,但相关研究仍较为薄弱。以汉江下游典型河流渗滤系统为研究对象,对研究区内距离汉江5 km及主要支流2 km范围内的地下水样品的水化学成分及原生劣质组分进行测试分析,旨在查明江汉下游河流渗滤系统原生劣质地下水的分布特征,并探讨其主要影响因素。结果显示:平面上,地下水原生劣质组分呈高度空间异质性,相邻的采样点浓度可能相差很大,极大值点多出现在河流拐弯处;垂向上,地下水中As、Fe²⁺、Mn、NH₄-N高值多出现在20 m左右的深度;强烈的还原环境、中性pH值和富含有机质是该层地下水富集原生劣质组分的主要原因;河流渗滤通过改变地下水的氧化还原条件、酸碱条件和有机质含量影响河流渗滤系统原生劣质地下水的分布。     

土壤-含水层侧渗系统在净化河水中的应用——以郑州市索须河工程为例

由于降水较少以及地下水超采,北方地区大部分河流基流匮乏,河水主要来自未经深度处理的城市生活污水和工业废水,河水水质难以达标.在这些地区,利用河流漫滩土壤和含水层的天然净化能力,建立近自然土壤-含水层侧渗系统是净化河水的有效途径之一.在介绍侧渗系统净化机理及适用条件的基础上,通过室内试验和野外示范工程研究索须河土壤-含水层对河水中氨氮的去除效果.室内试验表明该处土壤及浅部含水层对氨氮的去除主要通过稀释、吸附和微生物等作用;通过对示范工程典型剖面上的监测井观测表明该系统对氨氮的去除效果良好,受降水补给的土壤和含水层使得河水中的氨氮硝化为亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐.硝酸盐在地下水中很难被去除,只有少部分通过反硝化作用转化成N2.土壤-含水层侧渗系统行之有效,可应用于类似索须河的北方河流.     

河道沿岸芦苇带对氨氮的削减特性研究

氨氮污染已成为我国江河湖库水质下降和水生态系统退化的重要因素之一.借助现场对比观测试验和理论分析的方法,研究不同季节氨氮对河流水质的影响规律,得到了雨洪初期汇流河流水质污染最为严重的结论.系统地研究了沿河岸芦苇带对氨氮的削减净化效应,得到了芦苇带吸附氨氮的主要影响因素为:芦苇生长期、水体污染物浓度、河道流速及气象条件.运用数值模拟和参数优化估算技术,确定氨氮在河道两岸有、无芦苇等植物条件下的衰减系数和削减量,分析了衰减系数的变化规律和削减量大小的影响因素,为河流水生态系统修复和水质预测预报提供科学依据.     

从尾矿中回收利用矿物材料的可行性研究

<正>随着环境科学研究的不断深入,环境科学的重要组成部分——环境矿物学应运而生。过去人们在认识、研究、开发和利用大自然的天然自净化功能时,重点放在有机物对各类污染物的净化功能上,忽略了对天然矿物净化功能的研究,环境矿物学和环境矿物材料的产生弥补了这方     

天然河床渗滤取水工艺的原理与特点研究——以浠水南城水厂为例

渗滤取水净水机理主要是利用砂砾石层表面的泥膜及砂砾石层本身过滤作用、吸附作用,微生物的降解作用达到去除水中的悬浮物质、降低水的浊度、除菌的效果。以湖北浠水南城水厂渗滤取水工程为例,通过对渗滤工程特点和水质监测数据的研究,分析天然河床渗滤水水质及水源水水质的差异,以及渗滤水水质的可靠度。     

太阳系生命信息探测

寻找地外生命是人类开展太阳系探测的根本出发点。火星是太阳系中最可能存在生命的天体之一。尽管海盗号开展的生物科学实验没有获得存在生命的确凿证据,但是近二十年的探测利用高分辨成像、光谱、质谱、雷达、中子分析等多方面的探测手段,获得了河流侵蚀地貌、古湖泊河流沉积物、水成矿物、极地冰盖、大气中水蒸气组分等一系列反映火星上有水的证据。这些发现暗示了火星过去或现在存在适宜生命繁衍的环境特征。大气甲烷、火星样品中有机物是下一步火星生命探测的重点。木星和土星的天然卫星,包括木卫二、土卫二和土卫六等在地外生命的研究中引起极大关注。木卫二上的盐水海洋环境被认为可能孕育生命,海洋中可能存在类似地球上的水热地质作用。土卫二南极存在细粒冰晶的喷射,且喷射物含有对于生命非常关键的液态水、氨气和其他碳氢化合物等。碳质球粒陨石存在大量可溶性有机物,其中包括多种构成蛋白质的氨基酸。星尘号和深度撞击任务的探测结果证实彗星所代表原始物质中含有大量的有机化合物,部分类型的氨基酸在碳质陨石和星际尘埃IDP颗粒相同,进一步支持了彗星与地球生命的起源之间存在联系。文中分析了太阳系生命探测中亟须解决的关键问题,包括系统建立地外生物标志化合物、发展适合太阳系探测的有机物分析技术、开展地球极端生命研究。最后呼吁我国在未来火星等天体探测任务中能增加有机物探测的相关载荷,及时介入太阳系生命探测,开拓深空领域。     

水库对河流径流过程的影响分析——以故县水库为例

水流情势是河流生境的主要定因素之一,影响水生生物群落的组成和多样性.水利工程会改变河流的天然水流情势.本文基于Richter提出的生态水文指标体系,分析了洛河流域长水站的生态水文特征变化.结果显示总体上故县水利枢纽对河流天然径流的影响程度较大.     

渗滤取水河床淤塞机理分析

研究天然滤床是否会淤塞,关系到渗滤取水工程的使用寿命.本文深入研究了滤床淤塞的三种机理,即悬浮物沉淀、吸附和水动力条件引起的物理淤塞;腐蚀、结垢引起的化学淤塞和微生物大量繁殖淤塞.提出了滤床的结构特征、河水水质、水动力条件及取水工艺是影响淤塞的主要因素,总结了防治淤塞的建议.     

定量表征河流砂颗粒的形状——在西藏帕隆藏布的尝试

河流搬运体系中,颗粒的形状属性可以反映其来源、搬运、沉积的过程。长期以来沉积学界缺乏相对统一的定量的、多维的颗粒形状参数。本研究以西藏雅鲁藏布江支流帕隆藏布为例,运用图像分析、软件分析等计算机辅助技术,对8个天然河流砂样品中的2276个颗粒开展碎屑成分鉴定和形状参数量化等工作。重点评估了11个颗粒形状参数,通过因子分析等统计方法提取并定义了3个形状信号,包括圆形度因子、规则度因子和平滑度因子。这些参数可用于表征颗粒宏观形状上接近圆形的程度、中观尺度上轮廓规则的程度及轮廓平滑的程度。挖掘天然河流砂的重要形状特征后,进一步探索了这些形状参数与颗粒成分、粒度的关系。本研究成果为解释河流系统中颗粒的形状信号、理解颗粒自身微观属性和外部物理过程等提供重要借鉴。     

Experiment simulation study on removal mechanism of BTEX in using river filtration system

River filtration system is a natural purification process to remove the pollutants in river water and make use of surface water. In this study, a series of experiments were set up with soil column test and static adsorption experiments to simulate the environmental behaviors of BTEX in the river filtration system. It was found that the environmental behaviors of BTEX in the river filtration system included adsorption and microbial degradation. Among the four components of BTEX used in the experiments, the removal rate of xylene was the highest, ethyl-benzene was second, toluene was third, and that of benzene was the lowest. The stability of the structure of benzene was the major contributor for the relatively lower degradation efficiency, and the low removal rate of toluene was due to the impact of adsorption on degradation. By comparison of the results of soil column test and static adsorption experiments, it was found that the soil–water partition coefficient K _d of each component of BTEX was higher, the degradation ratio was lower. Compared with the previous study, the results of this experiment showed that when the initial concentration of the each component of BTEX reached 80 mg/L, the mixed pollution of BTEX could be removed by the river filtration system efficiently, and the average removal rate could be over 65 %. As a natural purification, river filtration system could efficiently remove the BTEX mixed pollution in a quite high concentration and protect the ground water from being contaminated. However, its purification efficiency was limited in a certain time range and concentration. It was shown in the later stage of the leaching experiment that the exudation concentration of BTEX increased, at the same time both the concentrations of the two electron acceptors increased to about the initial concentration and kept stable state until the end of the experiment, which revealed that due to accumulation of the concentration of BTEX in the soil column, the microbial activity was inhibited and then the denitrification and sulfate reduction terminated. When the adsorption saturation was achieved and microbial activity was inhibited, BTEX contamination would penetrate through the unsaturated zone and threaten the security of the ground water.     

Organic Contamination of Soil and Goundwater in the Piedimont Plain of the Taihang Mountains

The risk of groundwater contamination following the infiltration of waste surface water, is of great interest, particularly in areas experiencing water shortage. In this study, the distribution characteristics of contaminants along the Cihe River, in the piedimont plain of the Taihang Mountains, China, was investigated by measuring the soil and water samples. The main organic contaminants detected in different media include hydrocarbons, chlorinated hydrocarbons, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and pesticides. The main contaminants found in different media are mostly derived from the river water, which can be seen from the results of waste water from the river and groundwater, from the soil samples from different depth and distance of the profiles along the river. The distribution characteristics showed that there has been a natural attenuation of the contaminants from the river during their transportation through the soils and groundwater. The sorption of organic compounds to soil organic matter is thought to be a main mechanism of natural attenuation.     

Results of a study of co-migration of trace elements and organic matter in a river flow in a boreal zone

This work describes the evolution of migration forms of true dissolved compounds and colloidal entities using an integrated approach with molecular mass distribution and differences in the association of trace elements with organic matter and Fe-oxide colloids in the soil water-bog-river-lake system. One major problem is obtaining reliable information on the processes of redistribution deposited forms and trace element complexes during the phase transformation of organic humic compounds in a series of high-molecular-weight organic matter of bog soils to colloidal and truly dissolved forms, as well as to the river and lake fine sediment (suspension) as a transit zone and deposit region.     

Geochemical behaviour of major and trace elements in suspended particulate material of the Irtysh river,the main tributary of the Ob river,Siberia

In July 2001, samples of surface suspended particulate material (SPM) of the Irtysh river in its middle and lower reaches (from Omsk City to the confluence with the Ob river) and its main tributaries were collected (18 stations along 1834 km). The SPM samples were analyzed for major and trace element composition. The results show that the geochemistry of Irtysh river SPM is related to landscape and geochemical peculiarities of the river basin on one hand and to industrial activities within the drainage area on the other hand. In the upper basin polymetallic and cinnabar deposits and phosphorite deposits with high As content are widespread. The open-cut mining and developed oil-refining, power plants and other industries lead to the contamination of the environment by heavy metals and other contaminants. The territory of the West Siberian lowland, especially the Ob-Irtysh interfluve, is characterized by the occurrence of swamps and peat-bogs. Tributaries of the Irtysh river originating in this region, have a brown color and the chemical composition of the SPM is specific for stagnant water. In the first 500–700 km downstream from Omsk City the Irtysh river has the typical Al–Si-rich suspended matter composition. After the inflow of the tributaries with brown water the SPM composition is significantly changed: an increase of POC, Fe, P, Ca, Sr, Ba and As concentrations and a strong decrease of the lithogenic elements Al, Mg, K, Na, Ti, Zr can be observed. The data show that Fe-organic components (Fe-humic amorphous compounds, which contribute ca. 75–85% to the total Fe) play a very important role in SPM of the tributaries with brown water and in the Irtysh river in its lower reaches. Among the trace metals significant enrichments relative to the average for global river SPM could only be observed for As and Cd (coefficient of enrichment up to 16 for As and 3–3.5 for Cd). It can be shown that the enrichment of As in the SPM is related to natural processes, i.e. the weathering of phosphate containing deposits with high As concentrations in the upper Irtysh basin and the high As–P affinity in the swamp peaty soil. Dissolved P and As are absorbed by amorphous organic C/Fe oxyhydroxide components which act as carriers during the transport to the main stream of the Irtysh river. The role of anthropogenic factors is probably insignificant for As. In contrast, the enrichment of Cd is mainly related to anthropogenic input. The threefold enrichment of Cd in the SPM just below Omsk City and its continuous decrease down to background level at a distance of 500–700 km downstream points quite definitely to the municipal and industrial sewage of Omsk City as the main source of Cd in the SPM of the Irtysh river.     

Geochemical factors controlling free Cu ion concentrations in river water

Copper speciation was determined monthly at seven sites on four rivers in southern New England to understand which geochemical factors control free metal ion concentrations in river water. Samples were conventionally filtered (<0.45 μm) and then ultrafiltered (3.000 molecular weight cut-off) to determine Cu speciation in the truly dissolved size fraction. Differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV) was used to quantify natural organic complexation and cathodic stripping square wave voltammetry (CSSWV) to measure directly both Cu sulfide complexes and total EDTA concentrations. The results showed both dissolved organic matter (DOM) and sulfide complexation dominate Cu speciation and control the concentrations of free ion. Free Cu²⁺ was calculated to be in the subnanomolar range for the majority of the year. Only in the winter months, when concentrations of DOM and metal sulfides complexes were at a minimum were free metal ions directly measurable by DPASV at low nanomolar concentrations. The extent of sulfide complexation appears to be dominated by the size of headwater marshes (upstream sampling sites) and by the amount of sewage treatment plant effluent (downstream sites). DOM complexation was related to the organic matter composition and followed model organic ligands. Indirect evidence suggests variations in river water pH and Ca²⁺ (metal competition) has only a minor role in Cu complexation. Measured concentrations of total EDTA suggest this synthetic ligand can control Cu speciation in some highly developed watersheds; however, competition from Ni (and possibly Fe) limits the extent of this complexation.     

现场抽滤法在悬浮物浊度分析中的应用探讨

以悬浮物浊度标定为研究对象,通过对不同分析方法得到的浓度结果与浊度仪之间相关性的分析,探索悬浮物浓度测量的较佳方案。根据实测数据的对比分析,发现现场抽滤法相较于自然焚烧法、室内抽滤法和沉淀烘干法,具有省时间、低费用、高效率和可靠性高的特点。主要原因为室内各类分析方法相较于现场抽滤会出现较多不确定的影响因素,包括运输存储过程中容器瓶壁的吸附作用、水样微生物的滋长以及方法本身的系统误差,如焚烧法操作过程,有机物在高温环境下挥发,致使分析处理的研究对象与观测仪器所测不同,导致产生比较大的误差。现场抽滤法不但适合在水流比较平稳的内河使用,而且在流态复杂,泥沙浓度变化较大的河口地区的泥沙浓度测量中也具有的较强实用性。     

Spatial patterns of the evolution of the chemical composition and discharge of river water in the Ob River basin

The discharge of major cations and dissolved organic carbon (C_org) with water of the Ob River and its tributaries along the natural zones within the Ob River basin was calculated, and the contribution of the underground component to the volumes of total discharge of the Ob River basin was estimated. It was demonstrated that the total chemical composition of river water and the geochemical discharge in the Ob River basin were consistent with the zoned hydroclimatic conditions controlling the character and duration of interaction in the water–rock system. It was established that the average ionic discharge of the Ob River increased from 6–7 × 10⁶ t/year near Barnaul to 46–47 × 10⁶ t/year near Salekhard; the discharge of dissolved C_org increased from 0.1 × 10⁶ to 3.8 × 10⁶ t/year. Multiple enrichment of underground waters of the Ob River in dissolved organic matter from the upper to the lower reaches was revealed.     

有机质对软土次固结特性的影响机制研究

利用洞庭湖软土、高有机质含量泥炭土重塑有机质含量不同的试样,进行一维固结蠕变试验,测定其吸附结合水含量和有机质含量,确定吸附结合水含量与有机质含量的关系,研究有机质含量对软土次固结特性的影响机制.研究结果表明,土中的有机质含量越高,其吸附结合水含量越大,两者呈线性递增关系,并提出了相应的关系计算式;次固结系数与固结压力...