中国西南地区干湿年份水汽来源个例对比分析

中国西南地区常年气候湿润,但近年来该地频繁发生的干旱灾害造成了诸如农作物减产、森林火灾等巨大经济损失。为了深入探索西南地区干旱年份水汽输送的异常,并为今后西南地区干旱灾害的预警提供参考,本文利用TRMM和APHRODITE两种降水数据,分析了1998-2019年西南地区降水的年际变化及各季节降水量的年际变化,选出夏季干旱年(2011年)和秋季干旱年(2009年)以及夏季秋季都较为湿润的2008年,通过拉格朗日输送模型FLEXPART追踪了两个极端干旱季节(2009年秋季和2011年夏季)的水汽输送路径及水汽源地,并分别与湿润年份(2008年)的夏季和秋季做了对比分析。结果表明：(1)干湿年份的水汽输送路径一致,夏季西南地区的水汽输送路径主要可分为3条：西南路径、东南路径和西北路径,其中最主要的是西南路径,故主要的水汽源地为阿拉伯海-孟加拉湾一带;秋季西南地区的水汽输送的主要路径可分为两条：东南路径和西北路径,其中最主要的是东南路径,故主要的水汽源地为我国南海-太平洋西北部一带。(2)干湿年份水汽输送强弱存在差异,夏季西南地区干旱的原因是西南路径对水汽的输送较弱,而秋季西南地区干旱的原因...     

二代粘虫发生区一代成虫迁入量中长期预测模式的探讨

粘虫(Mythimna separata Walker)是我国粮食作物上的重要害虫。 它具有远距离迁飞的习性。一年中,粘虫春夏季从南向北,秋季又从北向南,逐世代逐地区地往返迁飞危害。根据这一迁飞规律,通过虫源及发生条件调查所作的粘虫预测,基本正确。为了推动病虫测报工作从定性进入定量,向数学模式化发展,作者曾对建立一代粘虫发生区越冬代成虫迁入量和迁入期、二代粘虫发生区一代成虫迁入期、二代粘虫     

甘肃省空中水汽含量、水汽输送的时空分布特征

利用甘肃省各探空站历年的高空资料,通过计算空中水汽含量和水汽通量,对其气候特征、水汽的来源或输送进行分析。结果表明,空中水汽含量和水汽输送夏季较多,冬季较少,南部较多,北部较少;2～7月是水汽含量的增长期,8月至次年1月是递减期;输送水汽的源地主要有孟加拉湾及周边海域、南海和东海海域、青藏高原、四川盆地及周边地区;输送水汽的路径主要有中层西南路径、中低层偏南路径以及东南路径。     

2005年江西晚稻飞虱大发生气象成因初步分析

介绍了江西省稻飞虱历年发生概况,以及2005年江西稻飞虱发生特点,并从2005年副高脊线位置与飞虱早迁、汛期降雨峰值与飞虱多迁、台风环流与飞虱秋季回迁、夏秋季温湿条件与飞虱生长繁殖的关系等方面,进行了稻飞虱大发生的气象成因分析,力图为今后建立稻飞虱发生发展气象预测模型,开展灾害监测与预报提供依据.分析结果表明,2005年江西省晚稻飞虱具有发生时间早、面积广、为害重等特点,为历史罕见大爆发;稻飞虱主要来源于外地迁入,有春季迁入及秋季回迁2种;副高脊线位置偏南,西南气流强盛,导致春季气候适宜,暖湿气流活跃,强降水多,有利春季稻飞虱早迁、多迁、大量迁,早稻发生后的残留虫量是晚稻飞虱大发生的虫源基础;7～10月台风频频影响江西,特别是后期台风的影响,加速了秋季稻飞虱随东北气流的回迁,为晚稻飞虱大爆发起到促进作用;盛夏不热且秋季不凉的气象条件,有利于当地稻飞虱的生长繁殖,导致飞虱代数多.     

基于ERA-interim再分析资料的近30年九龙低涡气候特征

利用ERA-interim再分析资料,统计分析了1986年1月1日—2015年12月31日不同生命史九龙涡的时空分布特征和活动规律。结果表明:持续1—2个时次的九龙涡（T_1-2JLV）和3—4个时次的九龙涡（T_3-4JLV）初生高频中心位于27°—28.5°N,100°—101.5°E,持续5—6个时次的九龙涡（T_5-6JLV）初生高频中心位于29°—30.5°N,102°—103.5°E,持续时间大于7个时次的九龙涡（T_≥7JLV）初生高频中心位于28°—29.5°N,101.5°—103.5°E,生命史越长越易生成于四川盆地的西南部;九龙涡生成频数30年呈增长趋势,但近几年呈下降趋势;九龙涡生成频数随月份大致呈先增加后减少的变化趋势,1—5月随月份增加,5—12月随月份减少,5月最大,9月最小,3月T_1-2JLV生成最多,9月最少,4月T_3-4JLV生成最多,12月最少,6月T_5-6JLV、T_≥7JLV生成最多,1—4月无T_5-6JLV生成,12月T_≥7JLV生成最少,夏季九龙涡频数虽不是最高,但最易生成长生命史九龙涡,且最易移出源地;生命史低于24 h的九龙涡（T_1-2JLV、T_3-4JLV）夜发性不突出,生命史超过24 h的九龙涡（T_5-6JLV、T_≥7JLV）具有显著的夜发性特征;移出源地的九龙涡频数随月份表现出先增加后减少的变化趋势,1—6月随月份增加,6—12月随月份减少,6月移出源地的频数最多。T_≥7JLV的移动路径以偏东路径为主,6月后有东南路径和东北路径,T_5-6JLV移出路径只有偏东路径和东北路径,生命史小于24 h的九龙涡由于靠近统计区边缘地区也有可能移出源地。      

影响云南的西南低涡统计特征

利用1980—2008年逐日08:00(北京时,下同)和20:00 700hPa高空图和云南125个测站的逐日降水量资料,对影响云南的西南低涡移动路径、时间变化、维持时间和对应的降水特征进行了统计分析。结果表明,约1/8～1/7的西南低涡能够移出四川并影响到云南,但过去30年来其总趋势是减少的。影响云南的西南低涡初生涡源区主要集中在九龙和四川盆地,东南路径最多,西南和偏南路径次之,受地形影响西南低涡一般影响不到滇西边缘和滇西南地区。春末和夏季西南低涡移出影响云南的频数最多,秋末和冬季最少。西南低涡开始影响云南的时间表现出日变化特征,在白天的影响几率为61.54%,其生命史呈指数衰减,大多不超过1天。西南低涡移出源地后,约有13.5%的低涡会影响云南并出现全省性强降水过程。其中,偏南路径西南低涡造成的强降水主要分布在哀牢山以西地区,东南路径的主要暴雨中心位于滇中和滇东南,西南路径的强降水主要分布在滇东地区。西南路径大到暴雨的出现频率最高、强度最强,应引起足够的重视;东南路径虽然最多,但大到暴雨的出现频率和强度均低于平均值。     

云南两次局地暴雨过程水汽输送特征分析

采用常规观测资料、NCEP再分析资料,结合数值试验,对2012年5月24日和2015年9月27日云南两次局地暴雨过程水汽输送特征进行分析。结果表明：（1）两次过程主要受副热带高压影响,强降雨及其水汽输送伴随副热带高压西伸而中断,“5.24”过程动力条件主要由天气尺度系统提供,“9.27”过程动力条件主要为地形抬升作用;（2）两次过程水汽源地均为孟加拉湾、南海、西太平洋,“5.24”过程以西南路径水汽输送为主,输送距离较远,“9.27”过程以东南路径水汽输送为主,输送距离较短,局地特征更显著;（3）“9.27”过程水汽通量及最大雨量值均高于“5.24”过程,水汽通量与强降雨相关性较好,对强降雨具有一定指示意义;（4）两次过程水汽输送均集中在600hPa以下层,以经向偏南水汽输送为主,水汽输送增强时间较强降雨开始时间提前48～72h;（5）数值模拟结果与常规分析一致,同时可显示水汽垂直输送特征,低层以偏南路径为主,中层西南路径增多,中层以上出现偏西路径,存在沿西风带来自印度半岛及青藏高原的水汽贡献。     

华南前汛期低频降水的水汽输送特征

利用华南地区65站气象观测资料和2.5°×2.5°NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,结合NOAA Hysplit v4.9轨迹模式,对1961—2012年华南前汛期(4—6月)低频降水的水汽输送特征进行定量分析。结果表明,华南前汛期低频降水主要表现为30—60 d的季节内振荡(intraseasonal oscillation,ISO)和10—20 d的准双周振荡(quasi-biweekly oscillation,BWO)特征。其主要水汽输送路径分别是西南路径、东南路径以及西北路径;源地分别为印度洋(IO)、南海—西太平洋(SCS—WP)和欧亚大陆(EA)。华南前汛期降水ISO和BWO强年,低频振荡周期显著,振幅较大;弱年周期不显著,振幅较小。来自IO的水汽输送贡献率,ISO降水强年(43.63%)高于ISO降水弱年(38.36%);来自SCS—WP的水汽贡献率,BWO降水强年(52.68%)高于BWO降水弱年(47.12%);来自EA的水汽贡献率年际变化不大。典型年分析发现,降水ISO和BWO两种周期叠加增强的年份,华南地区处于水汽辐合中心;反之,则处于水汽辐散中心。     

荆门市冬季PM2.5传输轨迹及潜在源分析

对2015年3月至2018年2月共36个月荆门市PM2.5浓度值按月和季节作特征分析，利用HYSPLIT轨迹模型对污染最为严重的冬季进行后向48h气团轨迹模拟。结果表明：PM2.5月均浓度表现为1月最高，达到107μg/m3，7月最低，为30μg/m3，冬季平均值为92μg/m3，显著高于其它季节，并且冬季高浓度PM2.5主要与本地地面5—11m/s的偏北（N、NNE）大风伴随出现；气团轨迹分为西南、东北、西北三个路径，近地面传输的东北路径和高空传输的西南路径气团均引起PM2.5浓度升高，而西北路径气团整体上对污染物具有一定清除作用；东北路径方向的河南以及靠近荆门市的西北、西南向地区为48h的潜在源贡献大值区。在通过气象条件定性判断荆门未来的PM2.5浓度变化时，因东北路径近地面传输的特性，应关注上游潜在源区内地面站点PM2.5的浓度值；对于高空传输的西南路径，应关注高空水汽的输送情况，以及轨迹高度下降地区即水汽的沉降区是否在潜在源区；西北路径为干冷空气的高空传输，在较接近荆门时轨迹高度才开始明显下降，应关注西北方向近距离潜在源区的地面站点PM2.5的浓度值。     

2012年7月21日北京特大暴雨过程的水汽输送特征

利用NCEP再分析资料,根据水汽收支方程计算2012年7月21日北京特大暴雨时期华北东北部暴雨区域的水汽收支情况并分析水汽输送特征。得到以下结论:经向水汽输送在此次暴雨过程中起主要作用,暴雨区内水汽主要来源于中、低层(500 hPa以下)的南边界。暴雨区内水汽的辐合与暴雨发生的时间和空间具有较好一致性,在低层水汽的辐合起主要作用,中高层水汽垂直输送作用更为显著。HYSPLIT后向轨迹模拟得到的结果显示根据水汽源地划分影响此次暴雨过程水汽输送路径主要有:从孟加拉湾、南海地区处于中低层直接北上的西南路径,以及中层以下从我国东部海域(黄海、东海为主)进入内陆之后北折向东北偏北方向运动的L形高湿路径;同时高层沿着西风带西北路径的干空气输送也对此次强降水有重要影响。三者中从东部海域到达暴雨区的水汽贡献率最大,而孟加拉湾、南海的水汽输送对于此次强降水起到了明显的增强作用。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Information for Authors

正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.