甘肃省空中水汽含量、水汽输送的时空分布特征

利用甘肃省各探空站历年的高空资料，通过计算空中水汽含量和水汽通量，对其气候特征、水汽的来源或输送进行分析。结果表明，空中水汽含量和水汽输送夏季较多，冬季较少，南部较多，北部较少；2～7月是水汽含量的增长期，8月至次年1月是递减期；输送水汽的源地主要有孟加拉湾及周边海域、南海和东海海域、青藏高原、四川盆地及周边地区；输送水汽的路径主要有中层西南路径、中低层偏南路径以及东南路径。     

武汉异常强降水水汽来源、输送路径分析

采用百分位法挑选出武汉站63次强降水事件,使用Hysplit模型模拟强降水事件不同高度上后向168 h的运动轨迹并进行空间聚类分析,结果发现:武汉强降水发生时底层暖湿气流主要来自南海,自南方路径输送;中层水汽主要来源于孟加拉湾,以西南路径输送,其中青藏高原东南侧和南海充当水汽输送通道;较高层水汽输送路径以偏西路径为主,源地位于青藏高原。此外,稳定、持续的大尺度环流配置有利于强降水的发生,如副高南侧的暖湿气流沿着南支槽前向北影响长江中游。850 hPa上,马斯克林高压西侧的西南气流,汇入亚洲地区低涡南侧的偏西气流中,越过印度半岛、孟加拉湾和中南半岛,与来自澳大利亚越赤道后转向的偏南气流自我国南端北上抵达长江中游。     

伊犁河谷一次极端强降水事件水汽特征分析

2016年7月31日至8月1日,新疆伊犁河谷发生了一次极端强降水事件,多站突破降水极值。利用NCEP/NCAR 1°×1°和2.5°×2.5°再分析资料、中国地面卫星雷达三源融合逐小时降水产品、新疆地区常规观测资料、基于地基GPS观测的大气可降水量资料及基于拉格朗日方法的HYSPLIT轨迹模式结果,通过对水汽输送流函数、势函数、水汽输送轨迹和暴雨区水汽收支计算,结合伊犁河谷GPS观测分析,揭示了此次强降水期间的大尺度水汽输送、辐合特征及伊犁河谷局地水汽变化特点。结果表明:（1）强降水期间大西洋及红海均对伊犁河谷的水汽供应具有贡献,河谷处于水汽通量辐合区,向西开口的地形辐合和抬升为局地暴雨的发生提供有利的动力辐合条件。低纬度印度夏季风环流和中纬度大西洋向东输送的气流共同构成伊犁河谷极端降水天气的水汽输送通道,其中印度夏季风西南水汽输送主要集中在对流层低层,对流层中层水汽的输送以大西洋向东气流和低槽自身水汽输送为主。（2）HYSPLIT模拟结果表明暴雨区3000 m中纬度偏西路径的水汽输送最为强盛,偏南路径水汽源于阿拉伯海,对流层底层偏西、偏东路径和中层偏北路径水汽通过垂直运动补充对流层低层的水汽;5000 m水汽输送轨迹以偏西路径和低槽自身携带的水汽为主。（3）降水期间水汽集中在对流层低层,通过垂直输送项向高层输送;强降水时段暴雨区对流层低层南边界水汽流入量迅速增强,中高层水汽流入主要集中在西边界。（4）降水前槽前西南气流造成伊犁河谷测站GPS-PWV明显跃升,强降水时段受印度西南季风影响,测站PWV快速增高并维持,局地GPS-PWV的增加与大尺度水汽输送辐合增强有关。     

2013年南疆西部暴雨天气的水汽特征

应用南疆西部（35°～42°N,73°～80°E）15个气象站及200个区域自动气象站2013年逐日降水量资料和NCEP/NCAR每日4次1°×1°再分析资料,分析2013年南疆西部4次典型暴雨天气过程的水汽源地、水汽输送及水汽收支特征。结果表明,2013年4场暴雨天气水汽主源地主要分布在阿拉伯海和孟加拉湾,其次是波斯湾,低层东风急流（LLEJ）在南疆西部暴雨过程中作用显著。过程Ⅰ水汽输送路径主要为偏东和西南气流,在南疆西部沿山及偏东平原强烈辐合引发暴雨,偏东路径水汽输送明显大于西南路径,水汽输送的大值区域持续时间为24 h。过程Ⅱ水汽输送有西方、西南和偏东路径,3支水汽输送在南疆西部东—西、南—北产生剧烈的辐合造成大范围、强度强的暴雨天气,东边界水汽输入量接近南边界,水汽输送的大值区域持续时间为60 h。 过程Ⅲ水汽输送为西方、偏南和偏东路径,LLEJ引导的水汽在西风、东风气流的交汇下沿山堆积产生强的辐合,造成暴雨天气。水汽输送的大值区域持续时间为24 h。过程水汽输送主要有西方、偏南和偏东路径,西方路径的输送量远远大于偏东和偏南水汽,水汽输送出现2次高低空大值区域叠置现象,暴雨过程中大值区域持续时间48 h。     

“05．6”华南特大暴雨过程大尺度水汽输送特征

利用NCEP／NCAR再分析资料、FY-2C卫星逐时云顶亮温TBB资料（0．05°×0．05°分辨率）、自动气象站逐时降水资料、实时地面加密观测资料和实况探空资料等,对“05．6”华南持续性暴雨过程期间大尺度水汽输送特征进行了深入分析。结果表明：南海夏季风的活动与本次暴雨过程水汽输送有密切关系。南亚季风在经过中南半岛后与伸入南海的副高西侧气流汇合,使得西南气流发生“S”形转换,从而演变为副热带季风并持续向华南地区输送水汽。暴雨期间,来自南海中北部和孟加拉湾的水汽输送带一直稳定在18°-27°N,水汽通量大值输送带和水汽通量辐合大值带均随高度向北明显倾斜,显示偏南方向的水汽输送特征,来自南海中北部的水汽是最主要源地,而来自孟加拉湾的输送通道仅对本次过程起到补充作用。过程期间,由于南北向净流入明显大于东西向净流出,故华南地区水汽总收支为净流入,水汽净流入量以低层横向（南北）为主,以行星边界层的水汽输入为最大。     

两次西行热带气旋影响云南的诊断分析

运用中央气象台台风实时业务定位数据、云南省124个国家气象站降水实况和NCEP再分析资料(水平分辨率1°×1°,时间分辨率逐6 h),对比分析了1213号台风启德和1309号强热带风暴飞燕影响云南的路径、环流场、云图、水汽条件、动力条件等特征。结果表明：“启德”影响云南期间青藏高压位置偏西,副热带高压呈带状,热带气旋（TC）位于副热带高压西南侧的东南风到偏东风中,引导气流有利于台风取偏西路径影响云南。而“飞燕”影响时青藏高压位置偏东,副热带高压呈块状,TC位于副热带高压西侧的偏南风中,引导气流有利于热带低压取西北路径影响云南,从而使得“飞燕”影响时云南中部处于气旋性风场中,西南气流和副热带高压外围偏南气流两支气流汇集在此,在云南中部也产生了较强降水。两个TC影响云南时对流层中低层保持了较大的水汽输送。水汽主要来自于其本身、南海洋面和孟加拉湾。水汽辐合中心处于低压倒槽的槽前,随着系统自东向西影响云南的中部及以南地区。强降水区低层辐合、高层辐散,强上升运动为降水提供了有利的动力机制,释放了不稳定能量。因此,做好青藏高压和副热带高压的形态、位置的预报有利于把握登陆后热带低压的移动路径,从而准确预报降水强度和落区。     

2021年“7.20”河南暴雨水汽输送特征及其关键天气尺度系统

本文重点分析了2021年“7.20”河南暴雨水汽输送特征、水汽来源以及关键天气尺度系统。双台风“烟花”和“查帕卡”以及西太平洋副热带高压共同为“7.20”河南暴雨提供了充足的水汽条件。然而,就暴雨的水汽供应而言,仅以台风和西太平洋副热带高压的作用难以解释2021年7月20日发生的日降水量663.9 mm和1小时最大降水量201.9 mm的极端暴雨事实。水汽通量分析和LAGRANTO模式轨迹分析结果表明,20日在河南南侧形成了一个很强的经向水汽通量带（850 hPa以上）,它与台风和西太平洋副热带高压引起的低层水汽通量带在河南附近汇合,为暴雨提供了最为充沛的水汽条件。我们强调,20日在河南以西地区上空发生了对流层顶反气旋式波破碎事件,它与台风协同作用,引发了河南南侧的强经向水汽通量,从而导致此次极端暴雨事件。     

相似路径台风“摩羯”（1814）和“温比亚”（1818）影响南通降水差异成因分析

为探讨相似路径台风“摩羯”（1814）和“温比亚”（1818）影响南通降水的差异原因,从天气形势、物理量场等方面进行分析,利用水汽通量、假相当位温、湿位涡、垂直螺旋度等物理量对降水进行诊断,得到以下主要结论：1）两台风移动路径主要受副热带高压和冷空气的影响,副热带高压边缘气流为主要引导气流。两台风均有追随200 hPa辐散中心移动的趋势。2）较强冷空气的侵入、鞍形场中的缓慢移动、强正涡度和强盛上升运动、强水汽输送且低空长时间水汽辐合、大气斜压性增强和风垂直切变增大均是台风“温比亚”造成南通更强降水的原因。3）水汽通量辐合增强,低层正涡度中心、强上升运动,低层假相当位温大值区叠加上空假相当位温梯度带,垂直螺旋度增大与正值发展高度均与台风强降水有明显对应。     

1998年夏季长江上游暴雨过程的水汽输送特征

应用ECMWF再分析资料,分析了1998年夏季长江上游9次暴雨过程的水汽输送特征.结果表明:长江上游暴雨的水汽主要来源于孟加拉湾、南海和西太平洋,也存在由阿拉伯海北部经印度半岛北部再经青藏高原东南部进入长江上游的水汽路径;不同暴雨过程其水汽来源差别较大;长江上游的复杂地形和水汽输送形式的共同作用是决定长江上游暴雨发生的一个重要因素;当西太平洋副热带高压偏南、偏西、偏强,印度季风低压偏弱时,有利于长江上游暴雨的水汽输送;长江上游水汽输送的特征决定了其暴雨过程发生发展的复杂性.     

惠州市2008年“龙舟水”强降水特征分析

利用地面观测资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,结合天气学原理和物理量诊断,对2008年惠州市“龙舟水”强降水特征及成因进行诊断分析.结果表明:西太平洋副热带高压位置偏南且稳定少动,是这次强降水过程持续发生的有利天气形势;南亚高压偏西北气流为惠州强降水提供良好的高空辐散条件;南海夏季风全面爆发,对流云团发展旺盛,低层湿度、水汽通量及水汽的输送偏强且与暴雨落区对应一致;充沛的水汽输送,是强降水持续发生的必要条件.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

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正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted     

A Brief Introduction to Marine Meteorological Science Experiment Base at Bohe Town,Maoming City,Guangdong Province

<正>With the support of specialized funds for national science institutions,the Guangzhou Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology,China Meteorological Administration set up in October 2008 an experiment base for marine meteorology and a number of observation systems for the coastal boundary layer,air-sea flux,marine environmental elements,and basic meteorological elements at Bohe town,Maoming city,Guangdong province,in the northern part of the South China Sea.     

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AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences