互助站迁站前后气温序列均一性检验及订正

气象台站的迁移常导致气候序列的非均一性。本文对互助站迁站前后气温序列作均一性检验及订正。采用t检验和SNHT法,对互助站迁站前后的气温序列进行均一性检验,结果表明站址迁移对互助站温度序列均一性的影响非常显著。对差值法、一元线性回归、逐步多元线性回归以及确立订正方程式的参考站平行资料年限对互助站气温序列订正效果进行分析,结果表明用参考站15年平行观测资料建立的逐步多元线性回归订正效果较好。用逐步多元线性回归法对互助站迁站前的气温序列进行订正,经订正后互助站气候倾向率为0.31℃/10a,消除了序列的不均一现象。     

乌鲁木齐逐月气温资料均一化检验和订正

选用1951-2008年乌鲁木齐市气象站逐月最高、最低及平均气温资料,用标准正态检验（SNHT）方法对逐月气温资料序列进行均一化检验,并选用差值法对因迁站引起的断点资料进行订正,检验结果显示,月气温序列断点所在的年份与年序列中检验出的断点基本相对应,即气温资料均在迁站距离较远的1975年产生了断点;各月的检验结果存在一定的差异,5-9月气温较高的月份资料受迁站的影响较大,而且产生了断点,并通过了0.05的显著性水平。用不同的权重比例对月序列进行订正,并选择累积距平方法对5-9月气温序列订正前后的变化趋势作了比较分析,发现订正前后趋势确有较显著的变化。     

重庆地区降水序列的均一性检验及其对气候变化分析的影响

本文利用最新发布的RHtest软件包中的惩罚最大T检验(PMT)方法并结合各个台站的历史沿革信息对重庆地区所属的34个气象观测台站从建站到2010年的月降水序列进行了均一性检测,并用RHtest软件包中的惩罚最大F检验(PMFT)方法对其进行了验证,结果表明该方法能很好的应用于月降水序列的均一性检验,在被检测的34个台站中,仅3个台站被检测出了间断点,表明重庆大部分台站降水资料均一性情况良好,台站远距离迁移是引起月降水序列非均一性的主要原因。对检验出存在断点的降水序列采用最新发布的RHtest软件包提供的均值订正方法进行了订正,并对订正前后的降水序列进行气候趋势分析,分析发现,订正前后降水序列的年变化趋势具有明显的改变。     

新疆太阳总辐射资料的均一性检验与气候学估算式的再探讨

参照新疆105个气象台站＂元数据＂,在对12个辐射站逐月日照百分率与月总辐射资料序列进行质量控制检验的基础上,对无效值与缺测值进行了插补订正,继而以Potter非均一性客观检验方法对资料序列进行了非均一性检测,同时以SNTH方法对产生间断的序列进行了相应的非均一化订正。在均一化的月总辐射与月日照百分率资料序列基础上,探...     

RHtest方法对我国降水资料的均一性检验试验

应用RHtest方法结合台站元数据信息对我国1725个气象台站1961-2009年月降水资料进行了均一性检验试验和订正,并以波密站、元阳站和巢湖站为例介绍了检验过程.结果表明:该方法能够适用于对我国降水资料均一性检验且具有较高的应用前景.2400台站高密度月降水资料的使用更加有益于参考序列的选取,采用数理统计分析和结合元数据主观判断的方式来对序列进行均一性检验更加合理.检验出存在非均一性断点的台站仅占2.1％,表明我国降水资料序列均一性情况良好,台站较大距离的迁移是造成部分降水序列非均一的重要原因之一.对检验出存在断点的降水序列采用RHtest提供的订正方法进行了订正和趋势分析,发现订正后降水序列的年变化趋势具有明显的改变,均一性也有很大改善.     

自动观测替代人工观测对气象要素资料均一性的影响分析及订正

利用t检验法对青海省海西所属7个站气温、气压、相对湿度、平均风速、0~320cm地温年平均值序列进行显著性检验;在人工与自动观测资料对比差值分析的基础上,建立人工与自动观测要素间的回归方程,对年序列差异显著的要素进行回归订正和效果对比分析。结果表明,自动替换人工观测对海西7个站各气象要素年平均值序列均一性产生了不同程度的影响,多个站多个要素不连续;统计人工与自动观测要素资料月平均对比差值,用一元线性回归法进行订正,订正后的序列基本消除了自动观测替换人工观测的差异,实现了观测资料的均一性和延续性。      

地面气候资料序列均一性检验与订正系统

采用国内外常用的几种气候序列均一性检验与订正方法,研制了气候序列均一性检验与订正系统,用于检验地面测站由于迁站、仪器变更、环境恶化等因素造成气候序列的非均一性,并进行订正.使用该系统对浙江省地面36个测站的年平均温度、年平均风速及年降水量序列进行了均一性检验,效果较好.     

中国825个基准、基本站地面气压系统误差的检验与订正

使用RHtest均一化方法结合元数据信息对中国825个基准、基本站的地面气压月值数据进行均一性检验与订正,结果发现有400个站的气压数据均一,425个站存在系统误差。对于后者,使用静力模式订正可消除255个站的系统误差,另外170个站采用均值订正,均值订正的断点共245个。对气候趋势和个例的分析表明,上述方法对气压数据均一化订正效果明显。均一化之后站点气压长期趋势的空间一致性更好,中国东南沿海和西北部的新疆地区气压表现出下降趋势,中部地区主要表现出上升趋势。     

长江三角洲地区降水资料的均一性检验与订正试验

该文对1961—2002年我国长江三角洲地区36个地面观测站的年、月降水资料序列作均一性检验和订正试验, 以探讨我国年、月降水气候观测序列的均一化方法和思路。该文首先从与待检台站序列相关性较好、台站距离较近的台站中选取了若干站点作为待检台站的参考台站建立参考序列, 采用传统的标准正态检验 (SNHT) 方法, 对所研究的地区年降水的均一性进行了检验。检验结果显示, 该地区降水序列中存在非均一性现象。考虑到所选地区站点密度仍然不够, 文中还采用了一种不依赖于参考台站的思路, 对上述检验结果进行了进一步确认后, 最后对不连续序列进行了逐月订正调整。对比分析表明, 对序列的订正较为合理。在已有的研究基础上, 结合我国台站网络实际特点, 提出结合不同思路来研究我国降水量数据均一性是必要的和可行的, 应用该思路对于我国降水序列进行均一性研究具有一定的合理性和应用前景。     

徐闻气象站迁站前后气候资料序列的均一性检验

采用1957～2008年徐闻气象站的地面气象要素资料,使用U检验法和T检验法对其迁站前后的气候资料序列进行均一性检验,结果表明,U检验法和丁检验法适用于单站气候资料序列均一性的检验,徐闻气象站的地面气象要素观测资料除年平均气压和年雨日外,其余在迁站前后无显著差异。     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

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正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted     

A Brief Introduction to Marine Meteorological Science Experiment Base at Bohe Town,Maoming City,Guangdong Province

<正>With the support of specialized funds for national science institutions,the Guangzhou Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology,China Meteorological Administration set up in October 2008 an experiment base for marine meteorology and a number of observation systems for the coastal boundary layer,air-sea flux,marine environmental elements,and basic meteorological elements at Bohe town,Maoming city,Guangdong province,in the northern part of the South China Sea.     

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AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences