台风"杜鹃"的AMSU卫星微波探测资料分析

由于微波具有穿透云的能力,AMSU卫星探测资料得到了越来越广泛的应用。利用AMSU多个通道的资料,对2003年台风“杜鹃”过程进行了分析。通过比较AMSU-B（89GHz和150GHz）与GOES-9的台风结构图像可以发现微波具有较强的垂直探测能力;在AMSU-B的5个通道中,通道2（Ch2）亮温值的大小能够最好地反映热带气旋螺旋雨带冰晶层的深厚程度,从而判定螺旋雨带的强度;Ch2的亮温分布与雷达的强降水回波有较好的对应关系;利用AMSU-A温度反演资料能够清晰地揭示热带气旋的暖心结构、地面风速和中心气压与250hPa温度距平的关系,以及强降水的落区等。结果表明：AMSU资料作为一种新的卫星微波探测资料,在热带气旋的结构、螺旋雨带的强度及其降水强度的分析预报中具有一定的应用价值。     

利用AMSU分析热带气旋结构特征

搭载在美国新一代极轨业务系列气象卫星上的先进的微波探测器 (Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit , AMSU) 提供了对于大气中温度、湿度以及云雨分布特征的探测能力。 研究选择 2003 年发生在西北太平洋上的多个热带气旋个例, 利用 NOAA16/17 卫星的 AMSU 数据分析热带气旋热力及云雨结构特征, 结果显示: 热带气旋中心的增暖在 AMSU-A 微波温度观测表现显著, 特别是在对流层上层通道尤其明显; AMSU 观测热带气旋中心增暖与强度相关性统计分析显示, 两者相关性达 0.778; AMSU-B 高频通道可以揭示热带气旋的云雨结构分布和对流发展旺盛情况, 分析显示热带气旋云雨结构变化与气旋强度密切相关, 气旋强度滞后于系统对流过程的发展 。     

七通道微波辐射计遥感大气温度廓线的性能分析

文中首先分析了大气参数分布的垂直分辨率对模拟七通道微波温度探测器各通道亮温的影响,通过对比计算表明,大气参数的垂直分辨率对微波测温通道亮温计算的影响为0．2K～0．7K;随后分析了各通道亮温测量误差对温度廓线反演性能的影响,当测量误差在0．2K～2．0K范围内变化时,反演结果的总体均方根误差为2．1K～3．1K;同时还分析了单通道缺损、单通道发生漂移及所有通道发生漂移等情况对温度廓线反演性能的影响。当仪器缺损一个通道时,对所缺通道权重函数峰值附近高度上的大气温度反演有不同程度的影响,对其他高度上的大气温度反演的影响可忽略;单通道漂移0．5K时,对反演结果的影响较小;各通道整体漂移达到1．0K时,对温度廓线反演有明显影响;最后,考虑了云雾对微波测温通道亮温的影响,数值计算表明,雾层、浓霾和卷云对各通道亮温几乎没有影响,层云和积云对50．50GHz通道亮温有明显的影响。     

基于FY-3C/MWTS-II数据估计西北太平洋热带气旋强度

文章利用FY-3C新型微波温度计(MWTS-Ⅱ)数据估计发生在西北太平洋的热带气旋强度。首先对与热带气旋最强暖核位置相重合的通道5~8进行临边订正,取得了较好的效果,订正偏差均小于各通道的探测灵敏度;之后利用热带气旋微波亮温距平分布分析了热带气旋在对流层中、上层的增暖特征,发现热带气旋中心的增暖强度、形状特征与热带气旋的强度相关,强度较强的气旋中心增温较强,其暖核结构清楚而完整;最后利用通道6和通道7最强亮温距平中的最大值建立了热带气旋强度估计模型,独立样本检验的标准偏差为13.0 hPa,进行扫描角度修正后的标准偏差为12.0 hPa,引入纬度因子后的标准偏差为11.1 hPa,估计精度得到一定程度的改善。     

海南热带气旋的球谐分析及其预报

利用球坐标系的正交函数族展开北半球500hPa高度场，再用其展开系数与海南热带气旋长期预报六要素求相关，建立同期相关模型，并利用上年1～12月500hPa球谐系数及同年1～4月500hPa球谐系数分别建立了海南省热带气旋长期预报六要素的预报模型，经使用检验，效果较好。     

大气温度分布的地面微波遥感数值实验

本文介绍一次地面微波遥感数值实验。选取1984年南京无线电探空的部分资料,利用较精确的吸收系数计算公式和辐射传输方程,模拟微皮辐射计测量大气在5毫米O_2吸收带内4个通道的辐射亮温度,然后利用物理迭代法由辐射亮温度反演大气温度分布。根据120次反演结果的误差统计,400hPa高度以下反演值的均方根误差不大于3K,700hPa高度以下小于2K,贴地层的逆温可被探测。     

基于风云三号微波成像仪的热带气旋强度的多元统计估计方法研究

利用中国风云三号微波成像仪数据开展西北太平洋热带气旋强度多元统计估计方法研究。⑴ 分析各通道以热带气旋中心为圆心,不同半径的同心圆和同心圆环内的亮温参数与热带气旋最大风速之间的定量关系,结果表明:低频通道1.0 °和1.5 °以内亮温的最小值、大于某亮温阈值的象元百分比和平均值与最大风速之间的相关性最高。⑵ 利用主分量分析和多元回归方法建立适合于西北太平洋上的热带气旋强度估计模型,其独立样本检验的均方根误差为13 kt。此模型在热带气旋发展的初始阶段会出现最大风速的高估,而在热带气旋发展的成熟阶段会出现最大风速的低估,正负偏差的分界点出现在70 kt左右,偏差较大的个例大多是未形成规则的热带气旋云系结构,且具有非常明显的不对称性。因此估计热带气旋强度时考虑热带气旋的云系结构特征将有助于进一步提高估计精度,且随着热带气旋样本数的增多,精度也有望进一步提高。      

TRMM/TMI资料在热带气旋强度估计中的应用研究

利用2007—2009年热带降雨测量卫星（TRMM）的微波成像仪（TMI）观测到的亮温资料,计算9个通道（10、19、37、85 GHz的水平和垂直极化通道及21 GHz的垂直极化通道）的亮温和极化修正温度（PCT）在不同范围内的最大值、最小值、平均值和区域阈值与热带气旋强度之间的关系。结果表明：亮温信息可较好地反映热带气旋的强度,单个参数与热带气旋最大风速的相关性最好可达到0.83,线性拟合的均方根误差接近业务误差;低频通道的亮温相对于高频通道可更好地估计海上热带气旋强度;位于台风中心0.5°～1.5°度范围之间的亮温与气旋强度的相关性较好,圆形区域的相关性好于圆环区域;对于位于海上的热带气旋,区域亮温的最小值与热带气旋强度的关系最好;低频通道（除10 GHz外）,阈值位于260～280 K区间的亮温与热带气旋强度的相关性较好。     

NOAA／AMSU温度反演在强热带风暴“碧利斯”研究中的应用

基于中国海洋大学卫星地面站提供的数据,通过NOAA／AMSU温度反演资料对2006年第4号强热带风暴“碧利斯”进行路径估算、结构再现、强度分析。结果表明,采用250hPa温度场信息进行强热带风暴中心定位,可以较准确地估算台风路径;在利用卫星数据反演的AMSU—B150GHz通道亮温图像上叠加风场信息,可以清晰地反映台风的螺旋结构,同时利用AMSU数据反演得到的亮温距平剖面图能够很好地反映台风强度。     

预估临边探测大气温度和水汽廓线的反演精度

针对在研仪器——大气辐射超高光谱探测仪的临边探测模式,模拟计算了大气温度和水汽的权重函数。以此为基础,利用信息量和权重函数线性化方法,结合仪器的可探测亮温阈值0.3 K,计算并分析6种大气状态下,大气温度和水汽混合比廓线在不同反演精度条件下可获得的光谱通道数,在满足最佳光谱通道数200的要求下,理论上预估其反演精度。温度廓线整体反演精度为0.6 K,水汽混合比廓线反演精度可达到5%,但热带大气在16~20 km高度的水汽廓线反演精度仅为10%。反演精度预估,仅提供了一种全面认识仪器性能的方法,精度的确定还有赖于真实探测数据的获取和反演方法。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on