台风"杜鹃"的 AMSU卫星微波探测资料分析

由于微波具有穿透云的能力,AMSU卫星探测资料得到了越来越广泛的应用。利用AMSU多个通道的资料,对2003年台风“杜鹃”过程进行了分析。通过比较AMSU-B（89GHz和150GHz）与GOES-9的台风结构图像可以发现微波具有较强的垂直探测能力;在AMSU-B的5个通道中,通道2（Ch2）亮温值的大小能够最好地反映热带气旋螺旋雨带冰晶层的深厚程度,从而判定螺旋雨带的强度;Ch2的亮温分布与雷达的强降水回波有较好的对应关系;利用AMSU-A温度反演资料能够清晰地揭示热带气旋的暖心结构、地面风速和中心气压与250hPa温度距平的关系,以及强降水的落区等。结果表明：AMSU资料作为一种新的卫星微波探测资料,在热带气旋的结构、螺旋雨带的强度及其降水强度的分析预报中具有一定的应用价值。     

TRMM/TMI资料在热带气旋强度估计中的应用研究

利用2007—2009年热带降雨测量卫星（TRMM）的微波成像仪（TMI）观测到的亮温资料,计算9个通道（10、19、37、85 GHz的水平和垂直极化通道及21 GHz的垂直极化通道）的亮温和极化修正温度（PCT）在不同范围内的最大值、最小值、平均值和区域阈值与热带气旋强度之间的关系。结果表明：亮温信息可较好地反映热带气旋的强度,单个参数与热带气旋最大风速的相关性最好可达到0.83,线性拟合的均方根误差接近业务误差;低频通道的亮温相对于高频通道可更好地估计海上热带气旋强度;位于台风中心0.5°～1.5°度范围之间的亮温与气旋强度的相关性较好,圆形区域的相关性好于圆环区域;对于位于海上的热带气旋,区域亮温的最小值与热带气旋强度的关系最好;低频通道（除10 GHz外）,阈值位于260～280 K区间的亮温与热带气旋强度的相关性较好。     

基于风云三号微波成像仪的热带气旋强度的多元统计估计方法研究

利用中国风云三号微波成像仪数据开展西北太平洋热带气旋强度多元统计估计方法研究。⑴ 分析各通道以热带气旋中心为圆心,不同半径的同心圆和同心圆环内的亮温参数与热带气旋最大风速之间的定量关系,结果表明:低频通道1.0 °和1.5 °以内亮温的最小值、大于某亮温阈值的象元百分比和平均值与最大风速之间的相关性最高。⑵ 利用主分量分析和多元回归方法建立适合于西北太平洋上的热带气旋强度估计模型,其独立样本检验的均方根误差为13 kt。此模型在热带气旋发展的初始阶段会出现最大风速的高估,而在热带气旋发展的成熟阶段会出现最大风速的低估,正负偏差的分界点出现在70 kt左右,偏差较大的个例大多是未形成规则的热带气旋云系结构,且具有非常明显的不对称性。因此估计热带气旋强度时考虑热带气旋的云系结构特征将有助于进一步提高估计精度,且随着热带气旋样本数的增多,精度也有望进一步提高。      

利用AMSU分析热带气旋结构特征

搭载在美国新一代极轨业务系列气象卫星上的先进的微波探测器 (Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit , AMSU) 提供了对于大气中温度、湿度以及云雨分布特征的探测能力。 研究选择 2003 年发生在西北太平洋上的多个热带气旋个例, 利用 NOAA16/17 卫星的 AMSU 数据分析热带气旋热力及云雨结构特征, 结果显示: 热带气旋中心的增暖在 AMSU-A 微波温度观测表现显著, 特别是在对流层上层通道尤其明显; AMSU 观测热带气旋中心增暖与强度相关性统计分析显示, 两者相关性达 0.778; AMSU-B 高频通道可以揭示热带气旋的云雨结构分布和对流发展旺盛情况, 分析显示热带气旋云雨结构变化与气旋强度密切相关, 气旋强度滞后于系统对流过程的发展 。     

AMSU温度反演及其在台风研究中的应用

利用物理统计综合方法，建立了统计回归模型，作AMSU（Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit）温度反演。采用Liebe模式计算了AMSU3～14通道微波波段的权重函数，利用计算得到的归一化权重函数作为统计回归模型的约束夸件，并适当调整约束因子求得方程的最佳解。结果表明，当采用近星下点的AMSU—A亮温资料样本时，该算法模型具有较高的反演精度，在100hPa以下，温度均方根偏差为0．4K，100hPa及以上的均方根偏差为1．0K。用同样的约束回归算法对AMSU偏离星下点的观测视场作了临边订正，对于通道4～14（频率52．8～57．29GHz）的大气探测通道，使其最大偏差由-15～5K减小为4-0．9K。利用反演的温度，对2002-2003年登陆和影响我国的15个热带气旋的暖心结构作了分析，发现AMSU温度不仅能够清晰地反映热带气旋的暖核结构，而且其温度距平值与热带气旋中心风速和最低海平面气压有较好的相关关系，对实际分析预报有一定的参考价值：     

利用FY-3星载微波资料对热带气旋云系和暖核特征的分析

介绍了中国FY-3系列卫星搭载的微波遥感仪器性能特点,以“1109”超强台风“梅花”为研究个例.通过微波湿度计单通道微波图像和微波成像仪双极化通道散点图,分析了台风云系中云雨粒子对遥感通道辐射的吸收和散射效应,揭示了台风在微波图像上表现形式的内在物理原因.利用微波向量辐射传输模式的模拟表明:微波温度计各氧气吸收通道对热带气旋系统水汽和水凝物含量变化的敏感性不大.因此,可利用权重函数峰值位于对流层中上层的通道3,探测出台风暖核辐射信息.根据两者相匹配的5个较理想时次数据,选取距“梅花”中心400 km范围为研究区域,并提出用于修正扫描点分辨率不均匀所带来取样偏差的方法,分别计算出订正临边效应后的暖核强度,发现它同表征台风强度的中心海平面气压变化趋势相一致.     

利用AMSU-B和GOES-9卫星资料对热带气旋“蒲公英”的分析

利用NOAA-16/AMSU-B三水汽通道微波亮温差和GOES-9红外亮温阈值对热带气旋深厚对流云进行检测,同时利用GOES-9可见光、红外、水汽多光谱通道特征对热带气旋云系进行识别,通过一次台风“蒲公英”个例,对热带气旋在微波和光学遥感图像上的深厚对流云进行分析。结果表明,微波和光学遥感资料均能对热带气旋深厚对流云进行有效识别,检测结果基本一致,但识别出的对流云,微波范围较小,光学遥感范围较大,这可能是由于光学遥感仅能获得云顶信息,将对流云顶部覆盖的卷云错判造成的;即使采用较低亮温阈值,光学遥感也很难将这部分卷云完全分离,而微波对云更具穿透性,在深厚对流云的识别方面具有独特优势;三水汽通道间微波亮温差反映了深厚对流云的发展强度,可间接揭示热带气旋的发展情况。     

基于卫星资料进行热带气旋强度客观估算

利用日本MTSAT (multi-functional transport satellite) 红外亮温资料,提取热带气旋云团中云顶较高、对流较旺盛的深对流信息,根据提取的对流核数量、对流核距热带气旋中心距离、对流核亮温极值等信息表征热带气旋强弱,初步建立了热带气旋强度估测模型;并根据该估算模型的误差分布对强度 (用最大风速表示) 大于40 m·s-1和小于18 m·s-1的样本结果进行了线性修正,修正后的结果与中国气象局《热带气旋年鉴》热带气旋最佳路径资料比较得到非独立样本和独立样本的强度平均绝对误差分别为5.5 m·s-1和5.9 m·s-1, 均方根误差分别为6.9 m·s-1和7.7 m·s-1;对于热带低压、强台风及以上的估计平均绝对误差分别降至4.9,4.7 m·s-1,准确度较好。试验表明:利用热带气旋云团中的对流核数量、分布、冷暖与其强度建立的统计关系模型是可行的,该算法的估算精度与Dvorak方法、AMSU (advanced microwave sounding unit) 定强算法相当。     

热带气旋温湿非对称结构的比较研究

利用NCEP的CFSR 0.5 °再分析资料和日本东京台风中心的最佳路径集,对西北太平洋和南海海域1979—2010年间的热带气旋温湿水平非对称和垂直非均匀结构等进行了合成和对比分析。(1) 热带气旋流场的非对称随着气旋增强逐渐趋于轴对称化,而外包区及外围区比湿场的非对称性逐渐增强。(2) 热带气旋普遍具有“双暖心”的垂直非均匀分布结构特征;弱热带气旋的低层暖心相对较强而TY及以上强度的热带气旋高层暖心相对较强。(3) “暖心”的水平范围和形态随气旋的增强而扩大并更趋于轴对称,200 hPa高度场上较弱的热带气旋暖心附近为弱高压中心、较强热带气旋暖心附近为一低压中心。(4) 热带气旋的“湿心”主要位于700～850 hPa的低层,湿心强度随着气旋强度等级增加而增强,0.8 g/kg的比湿距平范围随TC强度增强而不断向高层延伸。(5) 气旋不同区域的各个层次假相当位温随气旋增强而增加,且各个强度级别的气旋不同区域增温速率均为内核区最大、外包区次之和外围区最小。      

热带气旋强度的卫星探测客观估计方法研究

运用2001～2002年6月10日到8月10日西北太平洋上15个热带气旋的日本静止气象卫星（GMS-5）高分辨率红外辐射亮温（TBB）资料，从代表热带气旋强度的热带气旋云系特征中选取多个TBB因子及热带气旋中心所在纬度等因子，结合《热带气旋年鉴》资料，采用逐步回归方法，经多次试验求得热带气旋强度的客观估计算式，复相关系数达到0.80以上。由此式估计的热带气旋中心气压，经24 h滑动平均后的结果与年鉴气压的复相关系数提高到0.89，且两者之间的气压差在±10 hPa之内的占整个样本数的83%以上，与美国新近展示的相关研究结果十分接近。用2000年两个热带气旋作检验，结果很好。该客观方法有望替代目前的Dvorak主观估计方法，成为一种新的业务方法。     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

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正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted     

A Brief Introduction to Marine Meteorological Science Experiment Base at Bohe Town,Maoming City,Guangdong Province

<正>With the support of specialized funds for national science institutions,the Guangzhou Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology,China Meteorological Administration set up in October 2008 an experiment base for marine meteorology and a number of observation systems for the coastal boundary layer,air-sea flux,marine environmental elements,and basic meteorological elements at Bohe town,Maoming city,Guangdong province,in the northern part of the South China Sea.     

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AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences