微血管多普勒超声在颅内动脉瘤手术中的应用

目的探讨微血管多普勒(microvascular Doppler,MVD)在颅内动脉瘤手术中的作用。方法应用MVD对20例颅内动脉瘤患者(共计21个动脉瘤)进行动脉瘤夹闭前后监测,记录动脉瘤、载瘤动脉及分支的血流速度和频谱,根据MVD检查结果重新调整瘤夹。结果所有动脉瘤患者均探及瘤体内呈毛刺样、涡流样杂音频谱。15例动脉瘤夹闭的患者中,3例因载瘤动脉或分支血管狭窄而调整动脉瘤夹位置;动脉瘤夹闭术后,瘤体内均未探及血流信号,无音频和频谱显示,证实已被完全夹闭,而载瘤动脉及分支血流频谱波动性良好;8例动脉瘤患者术中运用MVD协助区分巨大动脉瘤和载瘤动脉走行。结论动脉瘤夹闭术中运用MVD同步进行动脉瘤及载瘤动脉血流动力学监测,可根据检查结果调整动脉瘤夹位置,具有无创、简单易行,安全的特点。建议MVD作为颅内动脉瘤手术的常规监测方法,尤其对瘤颈粗、甚至无明显瘤颈的巨大动脉瘤手术具有指导意义。     

造影“误判”失去介入治疗机会的颅内动脉瘤

目的对因神经影像判断失去介入治疗机会的动脉瘤,探讨是否能够栓塞治疗。方法 6例脑血管造影发现动脉瘤与分支关系显示不清,瘤颈较宽,瘤体不规则,因此判断不能介入栓塞治疗,改行开颅手术成功夹闭这些动脉瘤。在手术中通过高倍显微镜仔细观察动脉瘤的形态瘤颈宽窄及与周围分支关系,分别予以各种不同角度投照,再与术前CTA及DSA进行对比,寻找这些动脉瘤的特征。结果 6例均发现动脉瘤囊壁与相邻分支紧密相依或者粘连,并且动脉瘤壁对动脉分支压迫使之形成与瘤壁外形相似弧形走形,甚至分支动脉与瘤壁存在"分节段粘连";4例前交通动脉均发现不同程度变异。动脉瘤成功夹闭后,发现形态基本属于"标准"囊状,可以栓塞。结论动脉瘤周围血管正常解剖变异,动脉瘤壁的压迫或者分支动脉不完全粘连,容易出现造影变形,仔细观察或者动脉瘤囊腔内造影可以区别。     

后交通动脉动脉瘤瘤颈位置与分型

目的 探讨后交通动脉动脉瘤的瘤颈位置和分型,以指导手术中动脉瘤夹的选择.方法 回顾2007年1月至2012年6月北京大学第一医院单一术者开颅手术夹闭的后交通动脉动脉瘤患者的临床资料,搜集其瘤颈位置、宽窄、术中动脉瘤夹类型和型号等.瘤颈位置按时钟模式的12个钟点方向分类,根据动脉瘤颈与载瘤动脉的关系对动脉瘤进行分型.术后对患者以门诊、电话、脑血管造影进行随访.结果 55例后交通动脉动脉瘤开颅夹闭病例纳入研究.瘤颈位置和宽窄按时钟模式的12个钟点方向记录:位于1个钟点的3例,跨两个钟点的42例,跨三个钟点的10例.根据动脉瘤颈与载瘤动脉的关系分为颈内动脉、后交通动脉、分叉三种类型.其中分叉型30例、颈内动脉型20例、后交通型5例.84％(46/55,30例分叉型、13例颈内动脉型、3例后交通动脉型)动脉瘤选用弯型动脉瘤夹,11％ (6/55)直型,4％(2/55)成角度跨血管型,2％ (1/55)枪型.术后随访1个月-5年,所有患者均无动脉瘤复发及破裂的临床表现,21例行DSA检查随访患者动脉瘤颈均夹闭完全,未见动脉瘤残留.结论 后交通动脉动脉瘤瘤颈位置和宽窄对动脉瘤夹的选择至关重要,弯型动脉瘤夹在本组后交通各型动脉瘤中使用最多,建议首选.     

微血管多普勒超声和荧光造影在锁孔手术夹闭前交通动脉动脉瘤中的应用

目的 探讨微血管多普勒超声（MD）和吲哚菁绿荧光血管造影（ICGA）在锁孔手术夹闭前交通动脉动脉瘤中的应用价值。方法 回顾性分析2016年6月至2019年6月采用锁孔手术夹闭的42例前交通动脉动脉瘤的临床资料,术中采用微血管多普勒超声（MD）及吲哚菁绿荧光血管造影（ICGA）监测。结果 夹闭后,MD发现载瘤动脉血流异常7例,瘤颈夹闭不全5例;ICGA发现6例载瘤动脉及8例分支血管（A2段）狭窄,4例回返动脉不显影,经及时调整动脉瘤夹后无载瘤动脉狭窄,瘤颈夹闭完全,回返动脉显影良好。2例瘤囊未显影,切开后仍有血流,切除血栓并调整动脉瘤夹后未再出血。结论 锁孔手术夹闭前交通动脉动脉瘤中,使用MD和ICGA监测,可提高手术疗效,减少误夹重要穿支血管等严重并发症。     

颈内动脉血泡样动脉瘤的治疗进展

颈内动脉血泡样动脉瘤是一种位于颈内动脉床突上段非分叉处的动脉瘤,病理特点为瘤壁菲薄、脆弱、易破裂,破裂后出血量较大,且短期内再出血风险高,因此一旦发现即应及时治疗;治疗方法主要包括开颅手术及血管内介入治疗,如显微外科动脉瘤夹闭手术,夹闭联合包裹修补术,载瘤动脉缝合或旁路血管重建、动脉瘤孤立术;随着介入材料及技术的不断发展,支架辅助下的动脉瘤栓塞术、多重支架及覆膜支架置入术,血流导向装置等已经广泛应用;本文通过复习相关文献,综述颈内动脉血泡样动脉瘤的治疗进展。     

Y型支架辅助大脑中动脉动脉瘤栓塞治疗(附病例报告)

正大脑中动脉动脉瘤(middle cerebral artery aneurysms,MCAA)约占颅内动脉的1/5,是颅内动脉瘤发生率第三高的部位。由于MCA所在部位的解剖特点及动脉瘤颈多较宽,MCA破裂后形成颅内血肿的可能性较大,约为40%[1]。根据发生部位,MCAA可以分为3类:(1)近端动脉瘤,包括位于MCA主干Ml段、前额颞分支或颞、前分支或与豆纹动脉有关(10%~15%);(2)主干的第一分叉部(80%~85%);(3)远端动脉瘤较少见,位于主干的第一分叉部以远的部位(5%)[2]。MCAA最传统及普遍的治疗方法是开刀夹闭手术。但     

瘤颈处理困难的床突上段动脉瘤三例报告

目的 探讨罕见颈内动脉床突上段特殊类刑复杂动脉瘤某些特征,临床特点及治疗方法.方法 通过3例十分罕见颈内动脉床突上段动脉瘤的治疗经过,总结手术中所遇见的瘤颈撕裂,载瘤动脉壁薄、撕裂,血栓形成,无法夹闭等特殊情况,并且与术前的影像学资料进行对比研究,寻找这些动脉瘤的特征.结果 发现这种特殊动脉瘤,载瘤动脉局部不规则钙化、增粗畸形,甚至载瘤动脉壁菲薄;动脉瘤发生部位不规则,瘤颈及瘤体壁非薄,显微镜下见瘤体壁薄旱紫红色,手术时轻微分离瘤颈或夹闭时容易撕裂,或载瘤动脉壁撕裂,无法修补止血;2例术中由丁载瘤动脉钙化而坚硬,其近端不能予以临时阻断控制;瘤颈内有部分血栓侵犯,导致瘤夹闭合不全,调整瘤夹易撕裂瘤颈.结论 手术需谨慎,术中有可能无法夹闭或载瘤动脉壁破裂,术前造影具有明显特征,手术方法 以颅内外血管吻合+孤立为妥.     

手术证实不宜栓塞治疗的颅内动脉瘤

目的通过直接手术探讨某些形态特殊、破裂口变异及血管分支异常的颅内动脉瘤能否栓塞治疗。方法回顾总结直接开颅夹闭的174例颅内动脉瘤,发现其中15例（8.6%）形态特殊,术中均仔细观察动脉瘤形状是否分叶,测量破口大小、位置、瘤壁厚度、与载瘤动脉及重要分支关系等,并进行局部高倍镜下照相,然后与术前影像学资料进行对比研究,寻找这些动脉瘤的影像学特征。结果破口较大或瘤壁菲薄“潜在性”破口6例,其中2例先行栓塞导致弹簧圈漏出破口,1例栓塞成功后6d再次破裂出血,后经手术取出弹簧圈,夹闭治愈;呈分叶状6例;载瘤动脉重要分支从瘤壁附近不规则发出2例;双侧前交通动脉复合体膨大形成动脉瘤2例;1例后交通动脉瘤开颅后所见载瘤动脉及瘤壁、瘤颈菲薄无法夹闭而孤立载瘤动脉。结论某些具有一定造影特征的动脉瘤不适宜介入栓塞治疗。     

大脑中动脉分叉部动脉瘤的影像学特征与术式选择

目的探讨大脑中动脉分叉部动脉瘤的处理方法。方法回顾性分析46例大脑中动脉分叉部动脉瘤病人的临床资料,采用血管内治疗(血管内治疗组)26例,开颅手术夹闭(开颅夹闭组)20例;总结动脉瘤影像学特征,分析手术方式对治疗结果、临床预后、手术并发症及随访情况的影响。结果血管内治疗组:完全栓塞20例,近全栓塞6例,出院时GOS评分4~5分23例,1~3分3例;发生手术并发症14例。开颅夹闭组:完全夹闭18例,近全夹闭2例;出院时GOS评分4~5分16例,1~3分4例;发生手术并发症11例。36例随访6~24个月,均行DSA复查,动脉瘤复发3例(8.3%),均行二次栓塞并获得完全栓塞。与开颅夹闭组比较,血管内治疗组迟发性神经功能缺损发生率明显降低(P<0.05)。结论弹簧圈栓塞为大脑中动脉分叉部动脉瘤的首选治疗方法,动脉瘤偏小的宽颈动脉瘤可球囊辅助栓塞,偏大型动脉瘤趋向选择开颅夹闭术。新型solitaire-AB型支架可用于大脑中动脉分叉部大型或宽颈动脉瘤的支架辅助治疗。     

手术夹闭基底动脉顶分叉处动脉瘤

基底动脉顶分叉处动脉瘤位于深部下丘脑和脑干周围，大脑后动脉和基底动脉发出重要血管穿通动脉复杂，手术十分困难。国内文献报道不多。从2001至2005年4月作者手术夹闭108例动脉瘤，其中5例为基底动脉顶分叉处动脉瘤，手术后效果满意，报告如下。     

Recanalization of Completely Thrombosed Non-Giant Saccular Aneurysm Mimicking as De Novo Aneurysm

Partial thrombosis of giant aneurysms is not uncommon however, complete angiographic occlusion occurs less frequently. In the case of non-giant aneurysms, complete thrombosis and recanalization has been rarely reported. A 31-year-old man presented to the emergency department with sudden bursting headache. Brain computed tomography (CT) revealed diffuse subarachnoid hemorrhage on the left side. Both CT angiography (CTA) and digital subtraction angiography showed suspicion of small left anterior choroidal artery aneurysm. We performed surgical exploration. In the operation field, anterior choroidal artery aneurysm of 2 × 2 mm with broad neck and friable appearance was observed. Because we could not clip without sacrificing the anterior choroidal artery, we performed wrapping only. Follow up CTA after 7 months demonstrated 4 mm right internal carotid artery bifurcation aneurysm. The patient underwent aneurismal neck clipping. During the operation, 9 × 13 mm sized thrombosed aneurysm was detected and completely clipped. We initially thought this aneurysm to be a de novo aneurysm however, it was an aneurysm that had recanalized from a completely thrombosed aneurysm. This case report provides an insight into the potential for complete thrombosis and recanalization of non-giant aneurysms.     

显微手术治疗大脑中动脉分叉部动脉瘤

目的 探讨大脑中动脉(MCA)分叉部动脉瘤的解剖特点、临床特征、影像学表现、显微手术技巧及临床疗效.方法 回顾分析41 例MCA 分叉部动脉瘤显微外科治疗患者的临床资料,39 例有动脉瘤破裂出血的临床表现,按Hunt-Hess 分级:0～Ⅰ级5 例,Ⅱ级15 例,Ⅲ级11 例,Ⅳ级9 例,Ⅴ级1 例.64 排螺旋CT 血管造影(CTA)确诊.41 例均行显微手术治疗,手术入路为翼点入路或扩大翼点入路.对多发动脉瘤采取早期与择期、一期与分期相结合的方法处理动脉瘤,原则是先处理破裂动脉瘤,再处理未破裂动脉瘤.结果 动脉瘤夹闭38 例,动脉瘤夹闭+包裹2 例,夹闭一侧动脉瘤,另一侧动脉瘤未处理1 例.依据GOS 判断:优良31 例,轻残6 例,重残2 例,死亡2 例.结论 显微外科手术治疗MCA 分叉部动脉瘤效果显著.熟悉MCA 分叉部动脉瘤的解剖特征有助于减少术中血管损伤和术后神经功能障碍;对合并脑内血肿的MCA 分叉部动脉瘤,应急诊手术清除血肿并夹闭动脉瘤.     

吲哚菁绿荧光强度分析在颅内动脉瘤术中的应用

目的 探讨吲哚菁绿血管造影及荧光强度分析在颅内动脉瘤夹闭术中的作用.方法回顾性分析吲哚菁绿血管造影及荧光强度分析在47例颅内动脉瘤患者夹闭术中的作用.术中行吲哚菁绿荧光血管造影,观察动脉瘤、载瘤动脉及分支血管的血流情况,并通过荧光强度分析软件进行分析.结果47例中有4例通过吲哚菁绿血管造影检测到动脉瘤夹闭不全,术中荧光强度分析为3例动脉瘤的夹闭提供了重要信息.结论 吲哚菁绿血管造影能在术中对术野血流情况进行实时的分析,而通过荧光强度分析可进一步提高吲哚菁绿血管造影对血流分析的准确性.     

颞下经小脑幕入路治疗基底动脉顶分叉部动脉瘤:附三例报告

探讨基底动脉顶分叉部动脉瘤的手术适应证及手术操作技巧。回顾分析3例经颞下入路手术治疗基底动脉顶分叉部动脉瘤患者临床表现、影像学资料及手术过程。其中2例动脉瘤完全夹闭,1例因保护穿支动脉而残留部分瘤颈。术后随访6个月至2年,均恢复良好,改良Rankin量表评分分别为2分、0分、1分;日常生活活动能力量表(Barthel指数)评分为65分、100分和95分。     

Superficial Temporal Artery to Anterior Cerebral Artery Hemi-bonnet Bypass Using Radial Artery Graft for Prevention of Complications after Surgical Treatment of Partially Thrombosed Large/Giant Anterior Cerebral Artery Aneurysm

Background

Partially thrombosed large/giant aneurysm of the anterior cerebral artery is still challenging because this complex aneurysm requires arterial revascularization in the deep operation field. Therefore, direct neck clipping is often impossible. We describe our experiences with extracranial-intracranial bypass as an insurance bypass prior to clipping of partially thrombosed anterior cerebral artery aneurysms, and discuss the microsurgical technique and strategy.

手术治疗栓塞失败的颅内动脉瘤

目的总结用开颅手术方法治疗栓塞失败的颅内动脉瘤的经验.方法 1999年2月至2002年4月采用手术方法治疗栓塞失败的颅内动脉瘤8例(男性5例,女性3例),其中后交通动脉瘤3例,前交通动脉瘤2例,大脑前动脉A1段动脉瘤1例,大脑中动脉分叉部动脉瘤1例,小脑后下动脉动脉瘤1例.动脉瘤的直径平均为12 mm.结果 8例患者术后均恢复良好,脑血管造影复查,动脉瘤均完全消失,无动脉瘤残留.治疗期间均未发生动脉瘤再破裂出血,无手术合并症和术后死亡.结论栓塞治疗颅内动脉瘤应严格掌握适应证.有动脉瘤残留或再通者建议行显微手术治疗.     

Ruptured Intrameatal Aneurysm of the Anterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery Accompanying an Arteriovenous Malformation: a Case Report

The distal anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA) aneurysms located inside the internal auditory canal are rare. The association of the distal AICA aneurysms and an arteriovenous malformation (AVM) on the same arterial trunk is exceptional. Eight reports of a total of ten cases have been published and all of the reported aneurysms were located in the meatal or postmeatal segment of the AICA. Herein, we report a case of ruptured aneurysm in the intrameatal portion of the AICA accompanying an AVM fed by the same artery. A 55-year-old man suffering from subarachnoid hemorrhage due to a ruptured intrameatal aneurysm with a small AVM underwent surgical trapping of the meatal loop, resulting in uneventful recovery. Follow-up angiography demonstrated neither aneurysm nor residual AVM nidus. We propose that trapping of the meatal loop could be a safe and feasible alternative to unroofing followed by neck clipping in selected patients with an intrameatal aneurysm of the AICA. We also review here the relevant literature.     

Surgical management of aneurysms of the bifurcation of the internal carotid artery

Internal carotid artery (ICA) bifurcation aneurysms are rare and easily bleed in younger patients, but are difficult to treat surgically, due to perforators surrounding and adherent to the aneurysm. A series of 25 patients treated by clipping under the operating microscope are analyzed and compared with previous cases. Twenty-five patients, 11 men and 14 women (mean age 51 years), were treated by the same neurosurgeon. Seventeen patients presented with subarachnoid hemorrhage (Hunt & Kosnik Grade I in three, II in five, III in two, IV in seven), five with unruptured ICA bifurcation aneurysms, and three with unruptured ICA bifurcation aneurysms but another ruptured aneurysm. There were 23 small, one large, and one giant ICA bifurcation aneurysms. The projection was superior in 12, anterior in seven, and posterior in six cases. Pterional approach was employed for all cases. Outcomes were evaluated at discharge with the Glasgow Outcome Scale. Favorable outcomes (good recovery (GR) and moderate disability (MD)) were obtained in ten of 17 patients with ruptured ICA bifurcation aneurysm. Favorable outcomes were significantly greater in Grades I and II (three in I, four in II) than in Grades III and IV (one in III, two in IV; P=0.0498). Seven of eight patients with unruptured ICA bifurcation aneurysm had favorable outcomes. Temporary clipping and projection of the aneurysm did not affect the outcome. Causative factors of unfavorable outcomes were primary brain damage in cases of small and large aneurysms and perforator damage in the case of giant aneurysm. Poor clinical grade and vasospasm are the causative factors of poor outcome in patients with ruptured ICA bifurcation aneurysm. Preservation of perforators is crucial in cases of giant aneurysm. Clipping of unruptured ICA bifurcation aneurysms is recommended since they tend to bleed at a lower age than other aneurysms.     

经一侧翼点入路夹闭1例伴大脑中动脉镜像动脉瘤的多发动脉瘤

目的：总结经右侧翼点入路夹闭合并大脑中动脉镜像动脉瘤的多发动脉瘤的诊治经验。方法回顾性分析1例经右侧翼点入路夹闭双侧大脑中动脉 M1分叉部合并前交通动脉动脉瘤病人的临床资料,并复习文献。结果所有动脉瘤顺利夹闭,术后病人无任何并发症。术后2个月,病人检查发现胃癌,放弃进一步检查和治疗。结论选择合适的病例和手术器械,通过一侧翼点入路夹闭双侧大脑中动脉镜像动脉瘤是可行的。     

Surgical results and the related topographic anatomy in paraclinoid internal carotid artery aneurysms

Abstract

Paraclinoid internal carotid artery aneurysms arising between the roof of the cavernous sinus and the origin of the posterior communicating artery are of considerable interest with regard to their anatomical variations and technical surgical challenges. Twenty-seven patients with 30 paraclinoid aneurysms were treated surgically through pterional intradural approach. Neck clipping was performed in 22 (73%) of the 30 aneurysms; coating in seven, and trapping in one. The surgical outcome was excellent in 24 patients (24/27, 89%), with two patients showing ipsilateral partial visual field defect (2/27, 7%). There was one death (4%) due to infarction after unintended carotid artery trapping. The characteristic topographic anatomical features which we considered to pose technical difficulties and to be responsible for the complications or failure in neck clipping were aneurysmal dome extending into the anterior clinoid process; atheroma at the neck, multiple paraclinoid aneurysms, ophthalmic artery originating at the neck, and marked supero-medial shift of the C2 segment of the carotid artery. Pre-operative depiction of the topographical anatomy around the paraclinoid aneurysm is essential but not always possible on the basis of conventional angiography. Magnetic resonance or three-dimensional computerized tomographic angiography, and their axial source imaging, were useful in delineating the topography with unusual aneurysmal growth, overlap of aneurysm with the parent artery, and uncommon variations of the surrounding structures. [Neurol Res 1996; 18: 401-408]