重复经颅磁刺激治疗帕金森病2年随访

目的随访观察重复经颅磁刺激(r TMS)治疗帕金森病(PD)患者的疗效。方法应用统一PD评分量表第Ⅲ部分(UPDRSⅢ)、Hoehn-Yahr(H-Y)分级、PD非运动症状(NMS)筛查问卷(NMSQ)、PD睡眠量表(PDSS)、汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)、汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)和简易智能量表(MMSE)对37例应用药物和r TMS治疗的PD患者(r TMS+药物组)及45例单纯药物治疗的PD患者(药物组)在基线和2年随访末的运动症状(MS)和非运动症状(NMS)进行评估,对比分析两组患者病情进展。结果 r TMS+药物组2年随访末H-Y分级较基线显著升高(P 0.05);药物组2年随访末UPDRSⅢ、H-Y分级、HAMD、HAMA评分及左旋多巴等效剂量(LED)较基线均显著升高(P 0.05);对两组2年随访末的症状进行比较,药物组的UPDRSⅢ、H-Y分级、HAMD评分及LED较r TMS+药物组升高显著(P 0.05)。结论规律的r TMS辅助常规抗PD药物治疗可减缓PD进展,优于单纯抗PD药物治疗。     

不同性别帕金森病患者血尿酸水平的相关性研究

目的研究不同性别帕金森病(PD)患者血尿酸水平的相关影响因素。方法收集72例男性PD患者及56例女性PD患者的临床资料。采取高效液相色谱法检测患者血尿酸水平,分析血尿酸水平与临床资料的相关性。结果相关性分析显示,女性PD患者血尿酸水平与患者年龄、起病年龄呈正相关(r=0.283,P=0.034;r=0.295,P=0.027),与病程、Hoehn-Yahr(H-Y)分级、统一帕金森病评分量表(UPDRS)评分,以及汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)、汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)、MMSE、非运动症状问卷(NMS-Quest)评分间无明显相关性(均P0.05);男性PD患者血尿酸水平与UPDRSⅣ评分、HAMD呈负相关(r=-0.249,P=0.035;r=-0.279,P=0.017),与年龄、起病年龄、病程、H-Y分级、UPDRSⅡ、UPDRSⅢ、UPDRS总分,以及HAMA、MMSE、NMS-Quest评分无明显相关性(均P0.05)。男性和女性患者血尿酸水平与左旋多巴等效剂量(LED)及左旋多巴剂量均呈负相关(均P0.05),与多巴胺受体激动剂剂量无关(均P0.05)。结论女性PD患者年龄越大、起病越晚,血尿酸水平越高;男性PD患者治疗并发症越多、抑郁越重,血尿酸水平越低。PD患者血尿酸水平与患者左旋多巴服用剂量呈反比。     

帕金森病患者快速眼球运动睡眠行为障碍临床特征及相关因素

目的分析伴快速眼球运动睡眠行为障碍(REM sleep behavior disorder,RBD)帕金森病(Parkinson’s disease,PD)患者的临床特征,探讨RBD的相关因素。方法连续入组PD患者63例,根据REM睡眠行为异常问卷-香港版(RBDQ-HK)分为PD+RBD组(n=28)和PD-RBD组(n=35)。采用统一帕金森病评定量表(UPDRS)、HoehnYahr(H-Y)分级比较两组运动症状严重程度;采用非运动症状问卷(NMS±quest)比较非运动症状发生情况;采用蒙特利尔认知评估(MOCA)、贝克焦虑量表(BAI)、贝克抑郁量表(BDI)、Epworth嗜睡评分量表(ESS)比较认知、焦虑、抑郁和日间思睡等情况。结果 PD患者中RBD发生率为44.4%(28/63),PD+RBD组病程显著长于PD-RBD组(χ~2=12.733,P=0.002),年龄更大(t=-2.292,P=0.025),H-Y分级更高(χ~2=7.014,P=0.008),但在性别、发病年龄、起病类型、左旋多巴等效剂量上两组差异无统计学意义;在运动症状方面,PD+RBD组UPDRSⅡ、Ⅲ评分更高(t=-2.734,P=0.008;U=3.329,P=0.001);在非运动症状方面,PD+RBD组胃肠道功能及睡眠障碍、精神相关症状等方面发生率均显著高于PD-RBD组(P0.05),焦虑及抑郁在PD+RBD组中更常见(χ~2=3.958,P=0.047;χ~2=10.338,P=0.001),但在认知功能、日间思睡上两组差异无统计学意义。此外,便秘(OR=7.257)、长病程(OR=5.389)、高UPDRSⅢ评分(OR=1.060)与PD患者RBD相关。结论病程更长、年龄更大、运动症状及非运动症状受累更严重的PD患者易伴发RBD。便秘、长病程、高UPDRSⅢ评分可能是RBD的危险因素。     

帕金森病和便秘的关系

目的探讨帕金森病(PD)与便秘的关系。方法收集164例便秘PD患者及69例无便秘PD患者的一般资料,采用PD统一评价量表(UPDRS)、Hoehn-Yahr(H-Y)分期、汉密顿抑郁量表(HAMD)评分、克里夫兰量表(CCS)对患者进行评估,根据CCS将便秘患者分为重度便秘亚组和轻度便秘亚组。对结果进行比较。结果便秘组病程显著长于,HAMD评分、左旋多巴等效剂量(LED)、UPDRSⅢ评分及H-Y分期显著高于无便秘组(P0.05~0.01)。非条件Logistic回归显示,PD病程、UPDRSⅢ评分、H-Y分期、LED与PD患者便秘呈正相关(均P0.05)。UPDRSⅢ评分及LED是PD便秘发生的独立危险因素(OR=1.070,95%CI:1.012~1.131,P0.05;OR=1.002,95%CI:1.000~1.004,P0.05)。重度便秘亚组患者PD及便秘病程明显长于,HAMD评分、LED、UPDRSⅢ评分、H-Y分期显著高于轻度便秘亚组(P0.05~0.01)。非条件Logistic回归分析显示,PD病程、便秘病程、HAMD评分、UPDRSⅢ评分、H-Y分期、LED与便秘严重程度呈正相关(OR=1.237,1.564,1.055,1.071,1.776,1.002;P0.05~0.01)。HAMD评分是重度便秘的独立危险因素(OR=1.056,95%CI:1.001~1.115,P0.05)。结论 PD患者运动症状重、服用抗PD药物剂量大是PD便秘发生的独立危险因素,抑郁是PD患者重度便秘的独立危险因素。     

帕金森病患者运动症状进展及运动并发症危险因素纵向分析

目的 观察帕金森病(Prkinson’s disease,PD)患者运动症状的进展及运动并发症的发生情况,探讨运动症状的进展速度及运动并发症发生的危险因素.方法 随访2007年在新华医院神经内科确诊的PD患者130例,随访时间为3年.采用统一PD评分量表(UPDRS)和H-Y分级评估及随访130例患者运动症状进展及运动并发症发生情况,统计并分析运动症状的进展速度及运动并发症发生的危险因素.结果 (1)PD患者H-Y分级平均年增长2.5％,UPDRSⅢ分数平均年增长3.1％;随访末患者吞咽困难发生率较基线增加23.0％;跌倒发生率增加16.7％;(2)异动症的独立危险因素为:随访末左旋多巴的剂量(OR=1.004,95％ CI 1.001 -1.006,P=0.008);症状波动的独立危险因素为:病程(OR=1.637,95％ CI l.083 -2.473,P=0.019),左旋多巴用药时间(OR =0.698,95％ CI0.494～0.987,P =0.042),入组时(OR=1.005,95％ CI 1.001～1.010,P=0.016)及随访末左旋多巴剂量( OR=1.014,95％ CI1.001～ 1.027,P =0.032).结论 随病程进展,PD患者的运动症状逐渐加重,吞咽困难和跌倒的发生率上升,运动并发症的发生率增加.左旋多巴的暴露总量是PD患者出现运动并发症的预测因素.     

帕金森病患者快速眼动睡眠行为障碍的临床特征

目的探讨帕金森病(PD)患者快速眼动睡眠行为障碍(RBD)的临床特征。方法连续收集2013年2月~2016年8月就诊于河北医科大学第一医院神经内科的61例PD患者,记录一般资料。对患者进行多导睡眠监测(PSG)和RBD筛查量表(RBDSQ)评估,根据结果将患者分为临床RBD组、亚临床RBD组和无RBD组。应用统一PD评定量表第三部分(UPDRSⅢ)、Hoehn-Yahr(H-Y)分级、汉密尔顿焦虑抑郁量表(HAMA14、HAMD24)、匹兹堡睡眠指数量表(PSQI)、MMSE、蒙特利尔认知评估量表(Mo CA)评估患者的运动及非运动症状,应用TCD检测患者黑质回声强度,对患者服用抗PD药物进行左旋多巴等效剂量(LDE)换算。结果最终入组56例患者,根据PSG和RBDSQ结果分为临床RBD组25例,亚临床RBD组22例,无RBD组9例。临床RBD组及亚临床RBD组病程明显短于无RBD组,两组患者所需的左旋多巴等效剂量(LDE)均多于无RBD组(均P0.05)。临床RBD组的H-Y分级和PSQI评分均显著高于亚临床RBD组及无RBD组,亚临床RBD组的H-Y分级和PSQI评分显著高于无RBD组(均P0.05)。临床RBD组TCD阳性检出率高于无RBD组(P0.05)。RBDSQ评分与病程呈负相关,与H-Y分级、LDE、PSQI评分呈正相关(均P0.05)。结论 PD患者RBD发生率高,伴RBD的患者病程短,RBD的严重程度与患者H-Y分级、LDE和总体睡眠质量显著相关。伴有临床RBD的PD患者黑质强回声的发生率高。     

左旋多巴诱导的帕金森病患者剂末现象发生的预测因素

目的研究左旋多巴(LD)诱导的帕金森病(PD)患者剂末现象(WO)发生的预测因素。方法收集使用LD治疗的原发性PD患者113例,记录性别、年龄、起病年龄、病程、LD日剂量、LD疗程、使用的其他抗PD药物、WO的发生时间等资料,H-Y分级和UPDRS运动部分(UPDRS PartⅢ)评分用于评估疾病的严重程度。结果 113例PD患者中出现WO患者43例(38.3%),与未发生WO的患者相比,发生WO的患者起病年龄早(P<0.042),病程长(P<0.001),LD起始剂量较高(P<0.001),起病至首次使用DA治疗的间隔时间较长(P<0.001),UPDRS运动部分评分及H-Y分级较高(P<0.001),以DA启动治疗的患者较LD启动治疗后再添加DA的患者WO发生率低(P=0.002)。起病年龄、病程、LD起始剂量、UPDRS运动部分(UPDRS PartⅢ)评分是WO发展的独立影响因素。结论较早的起病年龄、较长的病程、较高的LD起始剂量、较长的LD使用时间、较晚的DA起始治疗时间、较高的UPDRS PartⅢ评分及H-Y分级是WO发展的预测因素。     

帕金森病患者运动并发症的调查分析

目的 调查帕金森病(PD)患者中异动症及症状波动的发生率、分布情况以及影响因素.方法 详细记录患者资料,并进行统一帕会森病评分量表(UPDRS)、Hoehn＆Yahn(H-Y)分级评分.根据UPDRS Ⅳ记录患者有无异动症及症状波动.结果 122例患者接受左旋多巴治疗,疗程至少6个月.其中15例(12.3%)合并异动症,41例(33.6%)合并症状波动.异动症的独立影响因素为:发病年龄(OR=0.907,P<0.01)和左旋多巴总量(95%C/1.000～1.004,OR=1.002,P<0.05);症状波动的独立影响因素为:发病年龄(OR=0.922,P<0.05),接受左旋多巴治疗的时间(OR=1.234,P<0.05),左旋多巴总量(95%CI 1.002～1.008,OR=1.005,P<0.01)和H-Y分级(OR=1.869,P<0.05).结论 本组患者异动症及症状波动的发生率均低于欧洲调查结果,每日左旋多巴总最是异动症及症状波动的独立影响因素.添加其他药物辅助治疗而减少左旋多巴用量,可以减少运动并发症的发生.     

帕金森病患者疲劳的临床特点及其影响因素研究

目的探讨帕金森病(PD)患者疲劳的临床特点、影响因素及其对其生活质量的影响。方法入组PD患者75例,记录患者的年龄、性别、起病年龄,受教育程度,采用疲劳严重程度量表(FSS)评估PD患者疲劳程度,并对所有患者进行统一帕金森病评分表(UPDRS),Hoehn-Yahr(H-Y)分级,汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HMDS),简易精神状态检查量表(MMSE)和匹兹堡睡眠量表(PSQI)等评定。比较疲劳与非疲劳PD患者各量表评价的差异,并对疲劳评分与其他各量表评分进行多因素相关分析。结果 75例PD患者中,有52例(69.3%)患者存在疲劳,患者的疲劳与性别、年龄、起病年龄无相关性;Spearman相关性分析示PD患者UPDRSⅠ~Ⅲ、H-Y评分、HMDS、PSQI和左旋多巴服用剂量与疲劳呈显著相关性;Logistic回归分析显示,UPDRSⅡ评分及PSQI是疲劳的独立危险因素。结论疲劳是PD患者常见的非运动症状,明显影响PD患者的生存质量,并与多个运动及非运动症状相关。     

帕金森病相关性疼痛的相关因素及其对生活质量的影响

目的探讨帕金森病(PD)相关性疼痛的相关因素及其对生活质量的影响。方法根据是否伴有疼痛将120例PD患者分为疼痛组(49例)和非疼痛组(71例)。采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)和Hoehn-Yahr(H-Y)分级评估患者的严重程度,采用PD生活质量量表-39(PDQ-39)测评其生活质量,用数字评分法(NRS)评估疼痛组患者疼痛程度。采用汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)、汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)和MMSE评价患者的焦虑、抑郁及认知情况。结果与无疼痛组比较,疼痛组H-Y分期及UPDRSⅠ、UPDRSⅢ服药后(med-on)、UPDRSⅢ服药前(med-off)、PDQ-39、HAMA、HAMD评分均显著升高(P0.05～0.01)。Spearman相关分析显示,NRS评分与H-Y分级及UPDRSⅠ、UPDRSⅢmed-off、UPDRSⅢmed-on、PDQ-39、HAMA、HAMD评分呈正相关(P0.05～0.01),与年龄、发病年龄、病程、受教育年限及UPDRSⅡ、MMSE评分无相关性(均P0.05)。线性回归分析显示,UPDRSⅡ、HAMA、NRS评分对PDQ-39有显著性影响(均P0.01)。结论 PD相关性疼痛可能与精神活动、运动症状、焦虑抑郁相关。PD相关性疼痛是影响PD患者生活质量的独立预测因子。     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

Frequency of accumulation of filaments in adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells of myelinated fibers of rat spinal roots

Summary The frequency of accumulation of 6-nm filaments in the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells in the 6th lumbar dorsal and ventral roots was evaluated in 4-, 8-, 26- and 45-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The frequency was higher in 4- and 8-week-old (growing) rats than in 26- and 45-week old (mature) rats, and also higher in ventral than in dorsal roots in 4-, 8- and 26-week old rats. There were no clusters on certain groups of myelinated fibers according to the size of transverse axonal area, in both the ventral and dorsal roots. Therefore, this accumulation may reflect certain functions of the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cell during natural growth and maturation of the axon and myelin sheath.     

Function of circle of Willis

Nearly 400 years ago, Thomas Willis described the arterial ring at the base of the brain (the circle of Willis, CW) and recognized it as a compensatory system in the case of arterial occlusion. This theory is still accepted. We present several arguments that via negativa should discard the compensatory theory. (1) Current theory is anthropocentric; it ignores other species and their analog structures. (2) Arterial pathologies are diseases of old age, appearing after gene propagation. (3) According to the current theory, evolution has foresight. (4) Its commonness among animals indicates that it is probably a convergent evolutionary structure. (5) It was observed that communicating arteries are too small for effective blood flow, and (6) missing or hypoplastic in the majority of the population. We infer that CW, under physiologic conditions, serves as a passive pressure dissipating system; without considerable blood flow, pressure is transferred from the high to low pressure end, the latter being another arterial component of CW. Pressure gradient exists because pulse wave and blood flow arrive into the skull through different cerebral arteries asynchronously, due to arterial tree asymmetry. Therefore, CW and its communicating arteries protect cerebral artery and blood–brain barrier from hemodynamic stress.     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

Modelling of movement of the lamprey: Control of oscillators

This article discusses the control methods of the central pattern generator (CPG). First a control model of the CPG is presented using 2 oscillators, and we suggest that phasic modulation to the CPG by means of phasic information is effective for controlling the phase difference between oscillators. Next, two models for controlling the CPG of a lamprey are proposed. One model describes a control system from the brain stem, in which the reticulospinal neurons control the CPG by receiving feedback signals and sending control signals to the neck region of the CPG. The other is a model for learning an localized control system to generate a desired motor pattern. By means of these models, a role of the efference copy is suggested.     

利培酮对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响

目的：比较利培酮与氟哌啶醇对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响。方法：对门诊72例服用氟哌啶醇及74例服用利培酮的精神分裂症患者用生活质量综合评定问卷（GQOLI）、阳性与阴性症状量表（PANSS）、副反应量表（TESS）进行评定。结果：利培酮组患者治疗后生活质量有所提高,而氟哌啶醇组患者生活质量有所下降。结论：利培酮治疗有利于患者提高生活质量。     

腺垂体功能减退症临床特征变化分析

目的探讨腺垂体功能减退症患者的病因结构变化及临床表现。方法回顾性分析我院2013-01—2016-12住院及门诊78例腺垂体功能减退症患者的临床资料。结果男32例(41.03%),女46例(58.97%);诊断时年龄11~89岁,平均62.5岁;鞍区占位(包括术前及术后)52例(66.67%),席汉综合征8例(10.26%),空泡蝶鞍9例(11.65%),病因不明8例(10.26%),垂体-下丘脑发育不良1例(1.28%)。首次就诊科室:纳差厌食、恶心呕吐就诊于消化内科36例(46.15%)最常见。ACTH+TSH+Gn+G激素缺乏为19例最多,占24.36%,ACTH+TSH+Gn缺乏15例,占19.23%。结论腺垂体功能减退症病因结构发生变化,发病人群、首发症状及受累激素也不同,患者女性多于男性,发病年龄偏高,症状不典型,分布于临床多个科室,其中以低钠血症为首发临床表现就诊消化内科最多。     

Standards of instrumentation of EMG

Standardization of Electromyography (EMG) instrumentation is of particular importance to ensure high quality recordings. This consensus report on “Standards of Instrumentation of EMG” is an update and extension of the earlier IFCN Guidelines published in 1999. First, a panel of experts in different fields from different geographical distributions was invited to submit a section on their particular interest and expertise. Then, the merged document was circulated for comments and edits until a consensus emerged.The first sections in this document cover technical aspects such as instrumentation, EMG hardware and software including amplifiers and filters, digital signal analysis and instrumentation settings. Other sections cover the topics such as temporary storage, trigger and delay line, averaging, electrode types, stimulation techniques for optimal and standardised EMG examinations, and the artefacts electromyographers may face and safety rules they should follow. Finally, storage of data and databases, report generators and external communication are summarized.     

Effect of high simple dose of cisplatinum and of radiation on the brain of rabbit

Abstract

In former studies of intracarotid and intravenous administration of cisplatinum, separate and combined with brain irradiation, we found no cerebral damage. In this study! gradually increasing high doses (above the therapeutic ones) of cisplatinum were administered intravenously to one series of rabbits arid increasing high amounts of irradiation (above the therapeutic amounts) were given to another series. Although the rabbits that received highest doses of irradiation developed areas of alopecia and skin ulcers on the head! the general clinical and histopathologic examination of the rabbits brains in both series was normal. The purpose of this study was to establish the effects of high doses of intravenous cisplatinum and irradiation on the rabbits brains. [Neural Res 1997; 19: 216–218]