口咽癌的外科治疗

目的：探讨口咽癌扩大切除一期再建的手术方法,观察并发症及术后语言、吞咽功能恢复情况。方法：30例口咽癌中软腭癌2例,扁桃体癌3例,咽侧壁癌16例,舌根癌9例;Ⅲ、Ⅳ期患者占63．3％（19／30）,颈淋巴结转移53．3％（16／30）。22例用下颌骨切开外旋或切除升支入路进行了肿块根治性切除,同期行颌下清扫术1例,肩胛舌骨肌上清扫术3例,根治性颈清扫术26例。咽部缺损用带蒂胸大肌皮瓣整复17例,胸锁乳突肌皮瓣4例,额顶部岛状皮瓣3例,斜方肌皮瓣和颈阔肌皮瓣各1例,游离前臂皮瓣＋带蒂复合瓣4例。手术＋放疗25例,单纯手术5例。结果：3年生存率为66．7％（14／21）。术后局部感染7例,涎瘘5例,皮瓣远端部分坏死4例,语言、吞咽功能基本恢复。结论：局部缺损范围和选择适宜的肌皮瓣是恢复腭咽闭合及舌可动性的主要因素,带蒂胸大肌皮瓣修复软腭、口咽侧壁及舌根大面积缺损效果良好。     

颏下皮瓣修复头颈部恶性肿瘤术后缺损29例

手术治疗作为头颈部肿瘤治疗的重要手段,在近20年得到了长足的进步,带蒂皮瓣及游离皮瓣成功率的明显提高,使头颈部肿瘤的治疗水平得到进一步提高,减少了术后并发症,使术后外形和功能恢复更加满意[1-3].现回顾分析我科2001-2009年共29例口腔癌及口咽癌切除术后选择带蒂颏下皮瓣修复颊部、口底、舌根及口咽部组织缺损的结果.     

对侧血管蒂颏瓣修复喉咽恶性肿瘤切除后缺损的研究CSCD

目的探讨在颈部增强CT指引下,制作根蒂位于肿瘤主体对侧的颏下穿支皮瓣(对侧颏瓣),同期修复喉咽恶性肿瘤术后缺损的可行性。方法回顾2021年1月~2022年9月首都医科大学附属北京同仁医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科治疗的15例喉咽恶性肿瘤病例,病变分期为T2~4N0~2M0。术前依据患者颈部增强CT预判颏瓣回流静脉。主要手术方法:预制根蒂位于肿瘤主体对侧的颏瓣,大小为(15~20)cm×(6~7)cm,肿瘤切除后,以颏瓣修复咽喉缺损。15例患者中11例鳞状细胞癌行保喉手术,4例扩大全喉切除术。结果术前依据颈部增强CT观察颏瓣回流静脉:9例回流至颈内静脉,6例回流至颈外静脉,均与手术中颏瓣实际回流情况相符合。15例颏瓣均成活,术后1例感染,保喉者均可持续堵管,发音满意。15例均拔除鼻饲;随访1~21月,无肿瘤复发转移,1年生存率为100%。结论依据颈部增强CT可较准确预判颏瓣回流静脉。采用根蒂位于肿瘤主体对侧的颏瓣修复喉咽恶性肿瘤切除术后缺损,适用于患侧有明显淋巴结转移的病例,在确保彻底清扫病变侧颈淋巴组织的同时,提高颏瓣修复的成功率。     

口咽癌的外科治疗

目的：探讨口咽癌扩大切除一期再建的手术方法，观察并发症及术后语言，吞咽功能恢复情况。方法：３０例口咽癌中软腭癌２例，扁桃体癌３例，咽侧壁癌１６例，舌根癌９例；Ⅲ，Ⅳ期患者６３．３％（１９／３０），颈淋巴结转移５３．３％（１６／３０），２２例用下颌骨切开外旋或切除切支入路进行了肿块根治性切除，同期行颌下清扫术１例，肩胛舌骨肌上清扫术３例，根治性颈清扫术２６例。咽部缺损用带蒂胸大肌皮瓣整复１７例，胸倘     

颏下皮瓣修复头颈肿瘤术后缺损的临床研究

目的 探讨颏下皮瓣在头颈肿瘤切除后组织缺损修复中的应用。方法 对口颊癌、硬腭癌、软腭癌、唇癌、舌癌及下咽癌切除后的组织缺损，用颏下皮瓣进行了一期修复。结果 18例头颈肿瘤病人中，14例皮瓣全部成活，2例腭部修复皮瓣部分裂开坏列，2例腭部修复皮瓣全部坏死。结论 颏下皮瓣在修复头颈肿瘤术后缺损中，具有操作方便，成活率高等特点，但在腭部修复中，易出现裂开坏死。     

下颌骨外旋径路切除鼻咽、口咽、咽旁间隙肿瘤——附12例报道

目的探讨鼻咽、口咽、咽旁间隙肿瘤的手术方法。方法对2002年-2006年下颌骨外旋径路手术切除肿瘤并行局部修复治疗的3例鼻咽癌（2例放疗后复发,1例下咽癌术后鼻咽、口咽部巨大重复癌）、5例口咽恶性肿瘤（3例扁桃体鳞癌,2例颊黏膜鳞癌）、4例咽旁间隙肿瘤（1例脂肪瘤,3例混合瘤恶变）进行回顾性分析。术后缺损分别用胸大肌皮瓣修补3例,用游离前臂皮瓣修补4例,组织工程补片修复2例。结果随访8个月至4年,3例鼻咽癌患者中1例术后1年远处转移死亡,2例无瘤生存;3例扁桃体癌中2例无瘤生存,1例局部复发再次手术切除;2例颊黏膜鳞癌无瘤生存;1例脂肪瘤无复发,3例混合瘤恶变患者中1例6个月后死于远处转移,1例带瘤生存,1例无瘤生存。结论下颌骨外旋径路对于暴露鼻咽、口咽、咽旁间隙肿瘤视野良好,肿瘤可直视下完整切除,应用组织工程补片、带蒂或游离组织瓣进行I期修复,手术安全、可靠。     

晚期下咽癌、喉复发癌术后颈部缺损整复组织的选择

目的:探讨以不同组织移植物Ⅰ期重建晚期下咽癌、喉复发癌术后颈部、下咽食管缺损的适应证及治疗效果。方法:喉复发癌36例, 肿瘤切除后采用胸大肌肌皮 瓣修补组织缺损18例,肩胸皮瓣修补4例,胃代食管修补2例,胸部推移皮瓣重建下颈部与上纵隔组织缺损,并消灭手术死腔12例。晚期下咽癌16例,颈段食管癌8例,以游离空肠整复1例, 健侧喉黏膜瓣修复咽部缺损8例,喉气管代食道8例,胸大肌皮瓣修复咽部缺损2例,胃代食管2例,游离前臂皮瓣修复下咽1例。 结果:术中无一例死亡,术后无修复组织坏死 ,全部组织瓣存活。采用健侧喉黏膜瓣修复者,仅 1例有术前放疗史的患者发生术后咽漏,胸大肌皮瓣 修复者发生咽漏1例,胃代食道术后发生咽漏1例。全部病例愈合后均恢复正常饮食。随访 9～84个月,14例出现吞咽梗阻,可进流质饮食。结论:下咽癌患者术后组织缺损的修复方法各有侧重。肿瘤的部位和手术后组织缺损的大小是选择修复方法的首要因素;其次,应结合患者的年龄和全身状况,考虑减少并发症。     

舌根癌的手术治疗

目的：探讨4种手术方式治疗舌根癌的疗效。方法：回顾性分析1985—1999年间49例舌根癌，采用4种手术方式治疗，即切除下颌骨升支和/或部分体部的经咽侧入路；保留下颌骨经咽侧入路；切开下颌骨入路；保留下颌骨缘的改良下颌骨部分切除入路。38例舌根缺损采用6种不同的皮瓣或肌皮瓣一期修复。结果：49例舌根癌病人3，5年生存率分别为53．1％，32．7％。手术入路各组间生存率无统计学意义(P＞0．05)；6种皮瓣或肌皮瓣修复以薄皮瓣及舌瓣术后功能恢复好；有颈淋巴结转移组较无转移组5年生存率明显下降(P＜0.05)。结论:为了提高病人的生存质量，在彻底切除肿瘤的前提下，应尽可能保持下颌骨的连续性，舌根缺损宜用较薄肌皮瓣组织修复；对N0舌根癌病人施行颈廓清术是十分必要的。     

胸肩峰动脉穿支皮瓣修复颈咽部软组织缺损

目的胸肩峰动脉穿支皮瓣（thoracoacromial artery perforator,TAAP）是近年来应用于颈部和咽部组织缺损的新技术,本文分析使用TAAP修复颈咽部缺损的经验。方法回顾分析2013年5月~2017年4月诊治20例TAAP修复咽瘘、咽部黏膜缺损和颈部皮肤缺损。本组患者年龄48~68岁,平均年龄53岁。下咽癌切除+全喉切除10例,保留喉功能的下咽癌切除7例,颈部皮肤缺损3例。咽部黏膜缺损4.5 cm×3 cm~6.5 cm×5 cm,颈部皮肤缺损5.5 cm×4 cm~8 cm×6 cm,皮瓣大小6 cm×4 cm~8 cm×6 cm。结果18例术后皮瓣成活,供区直接拉拢缝合,没有出现皮瓣坏死,其中15例行下咽黏膜修复的患者,术后2~5周恢复经口进食并行术后放疗,剂量60~67 Gy。另2例术中发现穿支血运障碍,更换成颏下皮瓣修复下咽缺损。随访3~36个月,1例术后14个月出现胸段食管癌,1例术后18个月出现纵膈淋巴结转移,均予以放化疗, 1例术后1年出现颈部淋巴结转移复发予以化疗,余病例无复发。结论胸肩峰动脉穿支皮瓣因为邻近颈部、血管相对恒定、皮瓣薄适用于修复咽部黏膜和颈段食管缺损;胸肩峰动脉为血管蒂的一蒂双岛的TAAP和胸大肌皮瓣同时修复复杂的颈部皮肤和咽部黏膜缺损。胸肩峰动脉穿支皮瓣的穿支细小,穿越锁骨下隧道时穿支区域和血管蒂不能扭曲,发现皮瓣血运异常应及时更换其他修复方法。     

晚期喉癌下咽癌术后缺损的修复

目的总结分析晚期喉癌下咽癌术后的舌部、咽喉部、颈段食管及颈部皮肤等组织缺损的修复经验。方法2005年1月~2012年12月共手术治疗喉癌、下咽癌患者177例,男147例,女30例。年龄42~75岁,中位年龄51岁。其中首次治疗的IV期喉癌49例、IV期下咽癌44例、复发喉癌55例和复发下咽癌29例。原发灶切除：全喉+全下咽切除88例,全喉+全下咽+舌根切除29例,全喉+全下咽+颈段食管切除33例,全喉+全下咽+颈段食管切除+颈部皮肤切除26例,全舌+全下咽+全喉+颈段食管切除+颈部皮肤切除1例。缺损类型及修复材料：下咽近环周缺损120例患者行单一皮瓣修复,其中颏下皮瓣25例、胸大肌肌皮瓣53例、股前外侧皮瓣42例。下咽环周缺损57例患者行单一皮瓣修复下咽环周缺损15例,包括股前外侧皮瓣9例和胸大肌肌皮瓣6例;行游离空肠瓣修复下咽环周缺损合并口咽、颈段食道缺损者21例;联合应用游离空肠瓣、胸大肌肌皮瓣或（和）股前外侧皮瓣修复下咽环周缺损合并舌、口咽、颈段食道缺损或（和）颈部皮肤组织缺损者10例;采用胃上徙管胃成形修复下咽合并全食道缺损11例。术后放疗95例,组织瓣无放射性坏死。结果一次手术成功率92.1%（163/177）;修复瓣坏死14例患者行再次修复手术成功,包括空肠4例,另一侧胸大肌皮瓣6例,另一侧游离股前外侧皮瓣4例。咽瘘经换药后愈合6例。无手术死亡病例。咽部及造瘘口复发13例（再手术7例,放化疗6例）,食管二重癌5例予以放化疗,颈部淋巴结复发17例（再手术9例,放化疗8例）。肺转移6例,肝转移2例,多个远处转移4例,局部复发并远处转移7例。局部复发死亡23例,远处转移死亡12例。全组3年生存率50.4%;5年生存率39.4%。结论①晚期和复发的喉癌及下咽癌术后软组织缺损,需根据患者的缺损范围和身体状况选择自体修复材料;②复杂的多重组织和器官的缺损需要用多种自身材料叠加修复以重建上消化道;③密切观察游离组织瓣的血运状况,及早处理坏死的组织瓣并重新修复,以确保伤口尽快愈合。     

Supraclavicular flap in head and neck reconstruction: experience in 50 consecutive patients

The supraclavicular flap (SCF) is a fasciocutaneous flap used to cover head, oral, and neck region defects after tumor resection. Its main vascular supply is the supraclavicular artery and accompanying veins and it can be harvested as a vascularised pedicled flap. The SCF serves as an excellent outer skin cover as well as a good inner mucosal lining after oral cavity and head-neck tumor resections. The flap has a wide arc of rotation and matches the skin colour and texture of the face and neck. Between March 2006 and March 2011, the pedicled supraclavicular flap was used for reconstruction in 50 consecutive patients after head and neck tumor resections and certain benign conditions in a tertiary university hospital setting. The flaps were tunnelized under the neck skin to cover the external cervicofacial defects or passed medial to the mandible to give an inner epithelial lining after the oral cavity and oropharyngeal tumor excision. Forty-four of the 50 patients had 100% flap survival with excellent wound healing. All the flaps were harvested in less than 1 h. There were four cases of distal tip desquamation and two patients had complete flap necrosis. Distal flap desquamation was observed in SCFs used for resurfacing the external skin defects after oral cavity tumor ablation and needed only conservative treatment measures. Total flap failure was encountered in two patients who had failed in previous chemoradiotherapy for squamous cell cancer of the floor of mouth and tonsil, respectively, and the SCF was used in mucosal defect closure after tumor ablation. The benefits of a pedicled fasciocutaneous supraclavicular flap are clear; it is thin, reliable, easy, and quick to harvest. In head, face and neck reconstructions, it is a good alternative to free fasciocutaneous flaps, regional pedicled myocutaneous flaps, and the deltopectoral flap.     

鼻翼恶性肿瘤切除并鼻唇沟带蒂皮瓣Ⅰ期修复11例疗效分析

目的:探讨鼻唇沟带蒂皮瓣在修复鼻翼恶性肿瘤术后缺损的临床实用性和可行性。方法:对11例鼻翼恶性肿瘤患者行手术切除肿瘤,并根据鼻唇沟面部血供特点及缺损区大小设计出需要修复区域的长度、角度和体积,设计鼻唇沟面部带蒂皮瓣。经鼻侧移至缺损区修复鼻翼缺损区。结果:所有患者术后伤口均Ⅰ期愈合,皮瓣全部成活,血液循环良好,色泽良好,供区无明显瘢痕。术后随访1～5年,肿瘤无复发,外鼻美容修复效果满意。结论:鼻唇沟带蒂皮瓣血运丰富,易成活,可提供足够的组织量用以修复较大面积鼻翼缺损,且血管蒂长,转移灵活,操作简便,供区无明显瘢痕。鼻唇沟带蒂皮瓣是修复鼻翼恶性肿瘤切除术后较大面积缺损的最佳皮瓣。     

颞浅血管为蒂的帽状腱膜瓣修复头颈肿瘤术后缺损

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the advantage and applications of pedicled galeal flap in head and neck region. METHODS: A consecutive series of 17 patients underwent surgical reconstruction with pedicled galeal flaps after head and neck tumor resection. The defects included nasopharynx, skull base, maxilla, orbital base, oropharynx and oral cavity and the size ranged from 5 cm x 5 cm to 10 cm x 10 cm. The technique for using this flap was described and application was illustrated with 3 case reports. RESULTS: Complete success of galeal flaps for the reconstruction of head and neck defects was achieved in 13 of the 17 cases (76.5%) and partial necrosis was observed in the remaining 4 cases (23.4%). Immediate wound complications occurred in four cases, which resolved spontaneously. Four delayed complications were observed in 4 of 9 survival cases that included trismus (3) and alopecia (1). CONCLUSION: Galeal flap is a thin, pliable and well vascularised reconstruction tissue and is highly reliable. The donor site morbidity is minor. We have found the flap to be useful in the reconstruction of a variety of defects in head and neck, especially in skull base, orbital base, nasopharynx and oropharynx.     

Applied anatomy of the submental island flap and its clinical application in the repair of defects following hypopharyngeal carcinoma resection

ObjectiveTo explore the feasibility of the submental island flap in the repair of hypopharyngeal defects.MethodsWe collected wet specimens of fresh cadaveric heads from the Han Chinese adult population for applied anatomy of the submental island flap, and followed five patients with pyriform sinus carcinoma after reconstruction surgery using submental island flaps.ResultsWe found that the average length and width of the submental island flaps were (65.20 ± 11.69) mm and (46.70 ± 6.59) mm, respectively. The skin flap in all five patients survived after surgery, and tracheal tubes and gastric tubes were removed 7–36 days after surgery. Patients were followed up for 24–42 months, pharyngeal flaps grew well, and speech and swallowing functions were satisfactory.ConclusionThe submental island flap is a preferred material for the repair of hypopharyngeal defects after hypopharyngeal carcinoma resection, because of good blood supply, easy harvesting, and high survival rate.     

The Platysma Myocutaneous Flap: Underused Alternative for Head and Neck Reconstruction

Objectives The use, advantages, and disadvantages of the platysma flap were assessed. Study Design Retrospective review of the medical records of patients undergoing platysma flap reconstruction of the upper aerodigestive tract from 1987 to 2001. Methods Information regarding the tumor, surgical procedure, flap design, and outcome emphasizing complications and function was extracted. Associations between putative risk factors for flap failure and outcome were assessed using the χ² test. Results Thirty‐four patients underwent reconstruction with platysma flaps. Surgical defects included the oropharynx, oral cavity, and hypopharynx. Nine patients had had prior radiation therapy and all had some dissection of the ipsilateral neck. There were 5 postoperative fistulas (15%), flap desquamation was noted in 6 cases (18%), and 2 patients experienced loss of the distal skin closing the donor site. Complications were not associated with prior radiation. Hospital stay ranged from 5 to 21 days (mean, 10 d). There were no returns to the operating room or need for additional reconstruction. All but 1 patient resumed a normal diet within 3 months of surgery. There were no recurrences of cancer in the dissected neck regions. Conclusions The platysma flap is simple and versatile with properties similar to the radial forearm free flap. The rate of complications is similar to other published series, and problems encountered were manageable using conservative methods with excellent functional and cosmetic outcomes. These facts support the contention that the platysma myocutaneous flap can serve as a viable alternative to free tissue transfer and has advantages over pectoralis major pedicled flaps for reconstruction of many head and neck defects.     

Pectoralis major myocutaneous pedicled flap in head and neck reconstruction: retrospective review of indications and results in 244 consecutive cases at the Toronto General Hospital.

The pectoralis major myocutaneous pedicled flap (PMMPF) has been considered to be the "workhorse" of pedicled flaps for head and neck reconstruction, and several series of PMMPF procedures have been reported in the literature. Between 1983 and 1997, 244 reconstruction procedures using the PMMPF were carried out on 229 patients by the Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Department at the Toronto General Hospital. Pectoralis major myocutaneous pedicled flap reconstructions were completed after ablation of cancer in the following sites: oral cavity, 113; oropharynx/hypopharynx, 50; larynx, 59; and other, 21. The locations of reconstruction were oral cavity, 121; pharynx, 74; and neck or face, 50. Of the 244 cases, 202 were carried out as primary reconstructive procedures, whereas 42 flaps were "salvage" procedures (reconstruction after fistula, flap failure, osteoradionecrosis, and internal jugular vein rupture). Eighty-five cases (35%) were affected by complications such as dehiscence, infection, hematoma, seroma, partial flap failure, total flap failure, fistula, and donor site complications. The duration of admission for cases with complications was longer, and higher complication rates were associated with salvage procedures, number of comorbidities, number of pack-years of cigarettes smoked, and oral cavity reconstructions. This series of consecutive PMMPF procedures is the largest reported to date.     

Myomucosal flaps of the tongue for covering defects in the mouth area

The extraordinarily rich blood supply of the tongue makes it possible to use a variety of pedicled tongue flaps: 1. Defects of the dorsum of the tongue can be covered either with island flaps from the margin or with flaps crossing the midline. 2. Medial defects can be covered by flaps taken from both sides or from the centre of the dorsum. 3. Defects of the tip of the tongue or the front of the floor of the mouth can be filled by island flaps taken from one or both sides of the tongue. Large defects can be crossed by a triangular island flap pulled through a tunnel. 4. For defects in the lateral floor of the mouth an oval shaped flap from the middle of the tongue is pulled through a tunnel into the defect.     

The temporalis muscle flap for reconstruction of soft palate and lateral oropharyngeal wall after transoral robotic surgery

Trans Oral robotic surgery (TORS) is a prominent surgical approach for the resection of oropharyngeal tumors without division of the lip and mandible. The current practice following TORS is to allow the defect to heal by secondary intention, but some defects following TORS are large and complex enough to benefit soft-tissue coverage. In the free flap era, regional flaps are often overlooked albeit they still represent a valid alternative. In terms of cost-effectiveness, the use of alternative pedicled flaps in TORS framework probably reduced the risks of postoperative complications, with consequent expenditure restraints and reducing treatment costs arising from operating room duration and double surgical team. In this report we described the successfully use of the pedicled temporalis muscle flap for the reconstruction of the soft palate and lateral pharyngeal wall following TORS. This versatile and reliable flap may be a valid option in TORS framework.