阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征合并高血压患者的睡眠监测分析

目的探讨阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(OSAS)患者的睡眠结构,呼吸暂停以及低氧血症等与合并高血压的关系. 方法分析30例OSAS合并高血压与30例OSAS血压正常患者的睡眠监测结果和血压变化情况,以10例单纯鼾症为对照.结果OSAS合并高血压组呼吸暂停指数,伴呼吸紊乱的微觉醒,血氧下降<70%的次数以及睡眠呼吸暂停时间占总睡眠时间的比例与OSAS血压正常组差异有显著性(P<0.01,P <0.05).OSAS合并高血压组和血压正常组睡眠结构与单纯鼾症比较明显异常,但两组差异无显著性.结论睡眠呼吸暂停以及血氧饱和度下降的程度及伴呼吸紊乱的微觉醒可能与OSAS合并高血压有关.     

多道睡眠监测在儿童睡眠呼吸障碍诊断中的应用

目的探讨眠呼吸障碍患儿多道睡眠图（PSG）监测的特点。方法应用PSG对2007～2008年北京同仁医院睡眠中心收治的160例以睡眠打鼾为主诉的受试儿童,按2007年儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征诊疗指南草案（乌鲁木齐）的诊断标准对PSG监测结果 进行分析,将受试儿童分成阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（OSAHS）组及非OSAHS组即原发性打鼾（primary snoring,PS）组。结果 160例眠呼吸障碍患儿中,OSAHS组68例（42.5%）,PS组92例（57.5%）,包括阻塞性呼吸暂停指数（obstructive apnea index,OAI）〉1次/h者50例,呼吸暂停低通气指数（AHI）〉5次/h者63例。将OSAHS组分为轻、中、重度三组,三组间性别、年龄、体块指数差异无显著性。结论 PSG是鉴别诊断OSAHS与PS的重要方法 ,中枢性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气在儿童眠呼吸障碍中不容忽视。     

多道睡眠监测在儿童睡眠呼吸障碍诊断中的应用

目的探讨眠呼吸障碍患儿多道睡眠图（polysomnogruphy,PSG）监测的特点。方法应用PSG对2007～2008年北京同仁医院睡中心收治的160例以睡眠打鼾为主诉的受试儿童,按2007年儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征诊疗指南草案（乌鲁木齐的诊断标准对PSG监测结果进行分析,将受试儿童分成阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome,OSAHS）组及非OSAHS组即原发性打鼾（primarysnoring,PS）组。结果 160例眠呼吸障碍患儿中,OSAHS组68例（42.5%）,PS组92例（57.5%）,包括阻塞性呼吸暂停指数（obstructive apnea index,OAI）〉1次/h者50例,呼吸暂停低通气指数（AHI）〉5次/h者63例。将OSAHS组分为轻、中、重度三组,三组间性别、年龄、体块指数差异无显著性。结论 PSG是鉴别诊断OSAHS与PS的重要方法,中枢性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气在儿童眠呼吸障碍中不容忽视。     

儿童上气道阻力综合征与阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征的临床分析

目的 分析上气道阻力综合征(upper airway resistance syndrome,UABS)与阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)的临床表现的异同,探讨两者临床特点和睡眠呼吸特征.方法 采用双盲法收集资料,所有患儿多道睡眠临测南1名睡眠技师和1名耳鼻咽喉科医师分析监测结果确诊为UARS和OSAHS,再由另外的耳鼻咽喉科医师详细记录两者的临床表现和体格检查.结果 睡眠监测结果,253例OSAHS患儿的呼吸暂停低通气指数和最低血氧饱和度中位数[25分位数;75分位数]分别为3.60[2.00;7.55]次/h和0.90[0.85;0.91],而102例UARS的同类指标分别为0.90[0.50;1.10]次/h和0.95[0.92;0.96],秩和检验差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.001).两组学龄前期患儿比例均较学龄期患儿高.两组患儿均以睡眠打鼾为主诉,均以睡眠打鼾、睡眠不安、注意力缺陷和多动、张口呼吸为主要症状,以上症状的发生率:UARS分别为94.1%、72.5%、62.7%、37.3%,OSAHS分别为92.9%、78.7%、57.7%、45.5%,卡方检验差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05).两组患儿均多伴扁桃体和腺样体肥大,但差异没有统计学意义(x2=0.27,P=0.87),而OSAHS患儿较UARS患儿更容易观察到睡眠出现呼吸暂停情况,差异有统计学意义(x2=34.07,P<0.001).结论 UARS和OSAHS的临床表现相近,根据患儿的临床表现难以判断两者的差别,OSAHS患儿更易被观察到睡眠出现呼吸暂停的情况,两者的确诊要依据睡眠监测.     

睡眠呼吸障碍诊断和治疗的进展与发展方向

睡眠呼吸障碍疾病(sleep disordered breathing,SDB)是一组以睡眠时呼吸异常为特征的疾病。SDB包括阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停(obstructive sleep apnea,OSA)、中枢性睡眠呼吸障碍(central sleep apnea,CSA)、睡眠相关低通气障碍和睡眠相关低氧血症。SDB的病因和病理生理表现具有较强的个体性,评估参与患者发病的主要因素并给予有针     

儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征的诊断

目的　探讨儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征 (obstructivesleepapneahypopneasyndrome ,OSAHS)的临床特征及诊断 ,分析多导睡眠监测特点。方法　对病史、常规体检可疑的 49例患儿行头颅侧位摄片、纤维鼻咽镜检查及睡眠呼吸监测。结果　患儿多有明确的打鼾、憋气的病史 ,并存在扁桃体、腺样体肥大引起的上气道狭窄。多导睡眠仪 (polysomnography ,PSG)监测 41例 ,其中单纯性打鼾 1例、上气道阻力综合征 5例、OSAHS 35例 ;另 8例经AutosetⅠ监测诊断为OSAHS。结论　儿童OSAHS临床表现与成人有一定差异 ,以阻塞性低通气伴有数量不等的呼吸暂停发作、阶段性低血氧为主要特征 ,无明显睡眠结构紊乱 ,呼吸紊乱一般不伴有微觉醒发生 ,PSG是鉴别儿童睡眠相关呼吸紊乱的重要手段     

儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征的诊断

目的 探讨儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome，OSAHS)的临床特征及诊断，分析多导睡眠监测特点。方法 对病史、常规体检可疑的49例患儿行头颅侧位摄片、纤维鼻咽镜检查及睡眠呼吸监测。结果 患儿多有明确的打鼾、憋气的病史，并存在扁桃体、腺样体肥大引起的上气道狭窄。多导睡眠仪(polysomnography，PSG)监测41例，其中单纯性打鼾1例、上气道阻力综合征5例、OSAHS 35例；另8例经Autoset I监测诊断为OSAHS。结论 儿童OSAHS临床表现与成人有一定差异，以阻塞性低通气伴有数量不等的呼吸暂停发作、阶段性低血氧为主要特征，无明显睡眠结构紊乱，呼吸紊乱一般不伴有微觉醒发生，PSG是鉴别儿童睡眠相关呼吸紊乱的重要手段。     

脉搏传导时间在检测呼吸驱动力中的价值

目的 评价脉搏传导时间(pulse transit time,PTT)在判断呼吸暂停性质方面的准确性,为临床应用该方法 提供依据.方法 32例阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)患者被纳入本研究.多道睡眠监测(PSG)共监测得到10 305次呼吸暂停事件.应用PTT和食管压分别分析所有呼吸暂停事件,综合比较两次分析结果 ,探讨PTT的准确性.比较动眼和非动眼睡眠期的PTT准确性,并分析每个患者PTT准确性与临床资料的关系.结果 在判断呼吸暂停性质方面,PTT与食管压的总体一致率达到96.7%(9970/10305).以食管压的判断为金标准,PTT检出中枢性、阻塞性和混合性呼吸暂停的敏感度分别为88.0%、91.3%和97.8%;特异度分别为99.8%、97.8%和92.8%.暂停事件的错判主要集中于阻塞性和混合性呼吸事件间相互错判.动眼和非动眼睡眠期PTT判断的准确性差异无统计学意义.PTT判断呼吸事件的准确率与年龄、BMI、最低血氧饱和度、AHI等无明显相关性.结论 PTT与食管压在判断呼吸事件性质方面有很好的一致性,对各类呼吸暂停的检出都具有很高的敏感度和特异度,是无创检出呼吸驱动力的良好方法 .     

咽喉科学

儿童轻度阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征临床处理探讨目的:探讨轻度阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(obstructive sleep apnea hypopneasyndrome,OSAHS)患儿治疗方案。方法:对经鼻内镜检查腺样体Ⅲ、     

便携式睡眠监测与多道睡眠监测相关性初步研究

目的 探讨便携式睡眠监测系统与实验室多道睡眠监测(PSG)的一致性及相关性,评估其诊断阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)的价值.方法 采用PSG和便携式睡眠监测仪,对39例OSAHS疑似患者进行同步睡眠监测.比较两者的呼吸暂停低通气指数(AHI)、呼吸暂停低通气次数(AH)、呼吸暂停指数(apnea inde...     

Type I Chiari malformation presenting central sleep apnea

Sleep apnea is a rare but a well-known clinical feature of type I Chiari malformation. It may be obstructive or central in nature. Sleep apnea in patients with type I Chiari malformation rarely presents without accompanying neurological signs or symptoms. We here report a case of a 10-year-old girl who presented with central sleep apnea without any other neurological signs but was ultimately diagnosed with type I Chiari malformation. The patient initially showed mild improvement in symptoms after administration of an acetazolamide. Finally, posterior fossa decompression dramatically improved her respiratory status during sleep, both clinically and on polysomnography. This case suggests that type I Chiari malformation should be considered in the differential diagnoses of central apneas in children, even if there are no other neurological signs and symptoms. Furthermore, sagittal craniocervical magnetic resonance imaging may be necessary for a definitive diagnosis.     

Laryngomalacia causing sleep apnea in an osteogenesis imperfecta patient

Obstructive sleep apnea is rarely caused by laryngomalacia in adult patients. To our knowledge, laryngomalacia secondary to osteogenesis imperfecta inducing obstructive sleep apnea has not been reported. We present an adult osteogenesis imperfecta patient with obstructive sleep apnea. Oral examination demonstrated an extremely long epiglottis in the oral cavity. Fiberoptic nasopharyngoscopy revealed that the epiglottis and redundant mucosa of the arytenoids were drawn into the laryngeal inlet during inspiration. Supraglottoplasty with intraoral and laryngoscopic approach was carried out and resulted in marked decreases in snoring, sleep apnea, and daytime sleepiness. In this report, we describe a unique laryngeal manifestation inducing obstructive sleep apnea in an adult with brittle bone disease. The anomaly of laryngeal structure can be corrected by surgical intervention with good response in the sleep-disordered breathing.     

Relief of upper airway obstruction with mandibular distraction surgery: Long-term quantitative results in young children

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the long-term benefits of mandibular distraction on sleep-related upper airway obstruction in young children with mandibular hypoplasia. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. Subjects were examined for sleep-disordered breathing using medical history, physical examination results, and a written questionnaire. Subjects underwent standard overnight polysomnography, during which measures of sleep-disordered breathing were collected. SETTING: Tertiary care hospital. PATIENTS: Five children with upper airway obstruction from craniofacial anomalies treated with mandibular distraction, with a minimum follow-up of 12 months. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Apnea-hypopnea index, oxygen saturation nadir, and peak end-tidal carbon dioxide value. RESULTS: Of the 5 children, 3 were cured of upper airway obstruction as documented by polysomnography, with an apnea-hypopnea index of less than 1.5 and no snoring. The fourth child had primary snoring without apnea. The fifth child had severe obstructive sleep apnea, with an apnea-hypopnea index of 20.2. CONCLUSIONS: Most children who undergo mandibular distraction for upper airway obstruction associated with mandibular hypoplasia demonstrate significant clinical improvement of obstructive sleep apnea. However, those children who continue to have symptoms of sleep-disordered breathing after surgery should undergo polysomnography for evaluation of persistent obstructive sleep apnea.     

Occult supraglottic lymphatic malformation presenting as obstructive sleep apnea

Sleep disordered breathing and obstructive sleep apnea is commonly encountered in the pediatric population. In many cases, it is the result of oropharyngeal obstruction secondary to adenoidal or adenotonsillar hypertrophy. We describe an unusual case of a child with adenoidal hypertrophy who had an occult supraglottic lymphatic malformation that manifested as obstructive sleep apnea. The management of this lesion is discussed including the use of endoscopy, carbon-dioxide laser, and the decision to avoid a tracheotomy. Occult supraglottic lymphatic malformations (LMs) are a rare cause of obstructive sleep apnea, the diagnosis of which will be missed without fiberoptic laryngeal examination. They are challenging to manage because of the airway involvement and propensity to recur.     

外科治疗成人阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征是一种以睡眠时出现反复性和间歇性上呼吸道软组织塌陷为特征的睡眠呼吸障碍疾病。各种因素导致上呼吸道阻塞是阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征的重要致病因素,因此针对不同平面阻塞的上气道重建手术不仅改善气道通气截面积,而且改善患者打鼾、睡眠结构紊乱等临床症状,降低了心脑血管疾病发病风险,从而提高了患者的临床疗效。     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征的综合治疗

睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征是以睡眠时呼吸暂停而导致频繁发作的机体缺氧或低氧的临床综合征。其中,以阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（OSAHS）最常见,OSAHS发病率为2%~4%,男性发病率较女性高,临床多表现为白天嗜睡及夜间睡眠打鼾并伴有呼吸暂停,并常伴有高血压等心脑血管损伤,严重威胁人类的健康。本文就OSAHS的综合治疗做一综述。     

软腭、舌根舌体低温等离子消融配合咽黏膜减张缝合治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征

目的 探讨软腭、舌根舌体低温等离子消融配合咽黏膜减张缝合治疗中、重度阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)的有效性。方法 38 例中度及42例重度OSAHS患者行软腭、舌根舌体低温等离子消融,将咽腭弓折返减张半荷包式缝合于扁桃体窝内,术前及术后6个月行睡眠监测、爱泼沃斯嗜睡量表(ESS)调查及咽腔测量。结果 80例患者均在术后6个月嗜睡状况改善,咽腔前后径、左右径扩大;睡眠结构得到明显改善。结论 咽黏膜减张缝合有效避免了咽腭弓术后撕裂、咽部黏膜重新松弛塌陷;软腭、舌根舌体低温等离子消融配合是治疗OSAHS的有效方法之一。     

Preoperative and postoperative cardiac and clinical findings of patients with adenotonsillar hypertrophy

OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to determine if there was any detectable clinical and cardiac changes in hypertrophied adenotonsillary disease with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and to demonstrate the curative effect of adenotonsillectomy on these patients. METHODS: Thirty-three children with adenotonsillary hypertrophy and sleep related breathing disorders were included in this study group. There were 16 female and 17 male patients and the mean age was 6.9+/-2 years. Age and sex matched control group consisted of 33 children (16 female, 17 male) with a mean age of 6.3+/-2. Complete clinical and laboratory examinations were done for each patient. The results were analysed with the SPSS (statistical package for social sciences) computer program. The significance of changes was performed by means of the independent samples of one-tailed t-test. For categorical variables, chi-square analysis was performed. RESULTS: According to our snoring scale, snoring was mild in six patients (18.2%), moderate in 19 patients (57.5%) and severe in eight patients (24.3%). Severe apnea was not observed in any patients, moderate apnea in ten patients (30.3%) and mild apnea was observed in 23 patients (69.7%) preoperatively. Nine patients had Grade IV tonsils, 14 patients Grade III, seven patients Grade II, three patients Grade I. Twelve patients had 3+ (obstructive) adenoids, 21 patients had 2+ adenoids. Chest X-rays showed cardiomegaly in two patients with moderate degree of apnea. Electrocardiogram results were abnormal in four patients. When we compared echocardiographic results of study and control groups, we found several significant differences (RV: 1.6+/-0.3 vs 1.4+/-0.2; P<0.05, LVEDD: 3.6+/-0.5 cm vs 3.3+/-0.4; P<0.05, IVS: 6.8+/-1.4 mm vs 6.1+/-1.1 mm; P<0.05). Also a decreased left ventricular compliance measured by prolongation of deceleration time was found in patient group (DT: 173+/-44 vs. 126+/-22 ms; P<0.001). The echocardiographic results in postoperative group were similar to control group. CONCLUSION: This study illustrated that adenotonsillary disease with obstructive sleep apnea symptoms leaded to right and/or left ventricular enlargement, hypertrophy when compared with control subjects, which were recovered postoperatively.