颈外侧部肿块的影像学诊断与鉴别诊断

目的 分析各种颈外侧部肿块增强扫描前后的CT、MRI表现.资料与方法 回顾性分析45例经病理证实的颈外侧部肿块增强扫描前后的CT、MRI表现,包括病灶的部位、大小、形态、边缘、密度、信号、强化特点及其与邻近血管和间隙的关系.结果 45例颈外侧部肿块中,鳃裂囊肿6例,淋巴管瘤6例,淋巴结结核6例,淋巴结转移瘤8例,颈动脉体瘤3例,淋巴瘤2例,淋巴结炎4例,神经鞘瘤5例,颈部脓肿、巨大淋巴结增生、神经纤维瘤,原始神经外胚层肿瘤、海绵状血管瘤各1例.鳃裂囊肿、淋巴管瘤表现为囊性无强化;颈部脓肿表现为环形强化;淋巴结结核、淋巴结转移瘤表现为结节状轻中度强化与环形强化共存;淋巴瘤、淋巴结炎、巨大淋巴结增生、神经纤维瘤、神经鞘瘤、原始神经外胚层肿瘤呈轻中度强化;海绵状血管瘤、颈动脉体瘤呈高度强化.结论 颈外侧部肿块增强前后CT、MRI表现有特征性改变,可作出较为准确的诊断.     

小儿颈部囊性病变的高频超声与CT表现

目的:探讨小儿颈部囊性病变的高频超声及CT表现.方法:48例经手术病理证实的颈部囊性痛变患者,均行超声和CT检查,回顾性分析其超声和CT特点.结果:48例中甲状舌管囊肿21例(43.8%),颈淋巴管瘤18例(37.5%),鳃裂囊肿9例(18.8%).颈部囊性病变各有其好发部位.甲状舌管囊肿多见于颈中线附近、舌骨上下;淋巴管瘤多见于颈侧部、锁骨上,范围较广;腮裂囊肿多见于中上侧颈部.甲状舌管囊肿及鳃裂囊肿呈单房性,淋巴管瘤多为多房性.结论:高频超声和CT检查可清晰显示病变的大小、形态和延伸范围,对颈部囊性病变具有重要的诊断和鉴别诊断价值.     

颈部非器官源性软组织肿块的CT表现

目的:分析颈部非器官源性软组织肿块的CT特征,提高诊断水平。方法:回顾性分析19例经病理证实的颈部软组织肿块,分析其发病部位及CT表现。结果:淋巴结病变9例,以颈部Ⅰ～Ⅳ区多见。9例中,淋巴结转移瘤2例,淋巴结结核3例,淋巴结化脓性炎症1例,淋巴瘤3例。淋巴结核、淋巴瘤的淋巴结多呈类圆形,边缘多清晰。淋巴结转移瘤、结核多呈边缘和分隔样强化,内部多见液化坏死区;淋巴瘤内部轻度强化;化脓性淋巴结炎边缘模糊,多结节融合,呈环样及分隔样强化。神经源性肿瘤5例,多位于颈动脉间隙及椎旁间隙,颈动脉间隙神经源性肿瘤位于颈动静脉后内方,呈类圆形,边缘清晰,密度均匀或不均匀。迷走神经源性肿瘤使颈动静脉分离。咽部先天性囊肿3例,其中腮裂囊肿2例,位于颈侧区口咽扁桃体周围,胸锁乳突肌前内方,呈类圆形囊状低密度影,边缘清晰光滑,并发感染则边缘模糊,囊壁增厚强化明显。甲舌囊肿1例,位于颈中区,边缘清晰之囊状影,与舌骨相连。淋巴管瘤2例,其中1例位于颈根后三角区,1例位于颈侧胸锁乳突肌前,边缘清晰,形态不规则,穿行颈部肌间隙内,无强化。结论:熟悉颈部正常解剖,掌握病变各自特点,对颈部软组织肿块的定位、定性诊断有重要价值。     

颈部间隙囊性肿块的CT和MRI诊断

目的分析颈部囊性肿块的MR I和CT特征。方法回顾性分析44例经手术病理证实的颈部囊性肿块,其中淋巴结病变12例,脓肿2例,涎腺病变4例,神经鞘瘤3例,甲状舌管囊肿7例,鳃裂囊肿9例,囊性水瘤5例,皮样囊肿1例,喉气囊肿1例。结果增强CT和MR I可以显示肿块的囊性特征。淋巴结病变为液化坏死所致,有较厚的囊壁;涎腺囊性病变表现各异;先天性囊肿常表现为光滑、薄壁和无增强的肿块,多数囊肿具有特定的解剖位置,如甲状舌管囊肿主要位于颈前中线和舌骨水平,第二鳃裂囊肿多位于颌下腺后方和颈动脉间隙外侧,囊性水瘤最常见于颈后间隙,皮样囊肿位于口底。结论MR I和CT影像学检查能准确评价肿块的性质和位置,对诊断和术前理想方案制订具有重要价值。     

颈部先天性囊性肿块的CT诊断

目的:探讨颈部先天性囊肿的CT表现特点及其诊断.材料和方法:回顾性分析手术病理证实的颈部甲状舌管囊肿9例,鳃裂囊肿6例,淋巴管瘤3例的CT平扫及增强扫描表现.结果:颈部先天性囊肿表现为光滑、壁薄和无增强的肿块.甲状舌管囊肿多位于颈正中线,与舌骨关系密切,鳃裂囊肿多在胸锁乳突肌前缘,淋巴管瘤常位于颈后三角.结论:CT能准确判断颈部先天性囊性肿块的性质和位置,结合临床能准确诊断.     

颈动脉鞘区占位性病变的CT分析(附21例报告)

目的：探讨颈动脉鞘区肿块的CT特征及其定性诊断的价值。方法：对经手术和病理证实的21例颈部肿块作回顾性分析。结果：6例神经鞘瘤中5例使血管移位，呈斑驳样强化。1例呈囊性改变血管未见移位。2例神经纤维瘤病1例可见血管移位，呈低密度，未见强化。1例颈动脉体瘤位于颈动脉分叉处，有血管移位。1例颈动脉瘤呈囊状扩张伴有假性囊肿的形成。转移瘤多有中央坏死，部分可见融合，周边强化，血管移位。淋巴瘤多位于颈外侧，多不伴血管移位，轻度强化。结论：根据血管的移位及肿瘤的CT强化特点有助于颈部肿瘤的鉴别。     

颈动脉间隙病变的MSCT诊断与鉴别诊断

目的 :探讨颈动脉间隙(carotid space,CS)病变的MSCT诊断与鉴别诊断。方法 :对25例CS病变患者行MSCT检查,采用MPR、MIP、VR、CPR等CTA处理,并对其影像学特征进行分析。结果:神经源性肿瘤11例(神经鞘瘤8例、神经纤维瘤2例、颈动脉体瘤1例),淋巴源性病变12例(淋巴结转移瘤10例、淋巴瘤1例、化脓性淋巴结炎1例),囊性病变2例(腮裂囊肿2例)。各类病变的MSCT表现具有一定特征性:神经源性肿瘤使颈动静脉向外或前外侧移位;淋巴结病变使颈动静脉向内或前内侧移位;颈动脉体瘤使颈动脉分叉角度增大;鳃裂囊肿对颈动静脉有轻度推压作用。结论:MSCT可准确定位CS病变部位,结合多种图像后处理手段,可对大部分孤立性病变作出准确诊断。     

颈部肿块CT的诊断(附21例分析)

目的:探讨CT对颈部肿块定位、定性的诊断价值。方法:回顾分析21例经手术及病理证实的颈部肿块病变21例,包括颈部淋巴结结核10例,神经元性肿瘤6例,淋巴管瘤3例,脂肪瘤2例。结果:①颈部淋巴结结核最常见,占47·6%(10例),典型表现为结节状环形周边强化,相互融合呈花环状;②神经纤维瘤好发于椎旁三角区,实性肿块呈不均匀强化。颈动脉体瘤好发于颈动脉分叉水平,肿块明显强化。神经鞘瘤表现为形态规则、边界清楚的等密度肿块,呈中等程度强化。神经纤维肉瘤肿块密度不均,边界不清,无特征性改变;③淋巴管瘤好发于颈部的疏松间隙,CT常为薄壁囊性肿块,囊壁及内部分隔可见强化;④脂肪瘤表现为典型的脂肪密度,无强化。结论:CT强化扫描有助于颈部肿块的定位、定性诊断。     

CT在儿童颈部包块鉴别诊断中的应用价值

目的 :探讨CT在儿童颈部包块诊断中的应用价值。方法:回顾性分析2013年2月至2014年2月我院经临床、超声及病理检查确诊为颈部包块的56例患儿的CT检查结果。所有患儿均行CT平扫及增强扫描。结果:56例中炎性包块34例(淋巴结炎及反应性增生23例,感染性病变并脓肿形成9例,淋巴结结核1例,慢性软组织炎症1例);14例先天性病变(淋巴管瘤7例,甲状舌管囊肿3例,脂肪瘤1例,血管瘤3例);新生物肿瘤6例(毛母质瘤1例,梭形细胞瘤1例,淋巴瘤3例,鼻咽癌并左侧淋巴结转移1例);其他疾病2例(坏死结节伴多核巨细胞反应1例,假性动脉瘤1例)。结论:CT检查在儿童颈部包块诊断和鉴别诊断中具有较高的价值。     

CT在脾脏占位性病变诊断及鉴别诊断中的价值

目的探讨CT在脾脏占位性病变鉴别诊断中的价值。方法回顾性分析27例经手术病理证实的脾脏占位性病变的CT及病理学资料,分析脾脏占位性病变的CT特征。结果 27例脾脏占位性病变,其中良性占位16例,包括脾囊肿7例,脾脓肿3例,脾血管瘤4例,脾血管淋巴管瘤1例,脾淋巴管瘤1例;恶性占位11例,包括转移瘤8例,淋巴瘤3例。结论 CT对脾脏占位性病变有较高的诊断价值,可作为首选的影像学检查方法。     

纵隔囊肿的CT诊断与鉴别诊断

目的提高纵隔囊肿的诊断与鉴别诊断水平。方法收集经手术病理证实的纵隔囊肿36例,分析其CT表现。结果所有病例CT表现均为边缘清晰、囊壁菲薄、内为不强化的水样密度肿块。其中神经肠源性囊肿1例、支气管囊肿12例、食管囊肿2例、心包囊肿5例、皮样囊肿7例、淋巴管囊肿4例、胸腺囊肿4例、非特异性囊肿1例。结论根据CT平扫和增强扫描上特征性表现,可较正确地作出纵隔囊肿的诊断,并与其它囊性病变鉴别。     

纵隔低密度肿块病变的CT诊断

目的：提高纵隔低密度肿块病变的CT诊断水平。方法：回顾性分析52例经临床、手术及病理确诊的纵隔低密度肿块病例资料。结果：52例中皮样囊肿4例，畸胎瘤6例，胸腺囊肿3例，支气管囊肿5例，心包囊肿4例，脂肪瘤1例，胸内甲状腺肿囊变4例，胸腺瘤囊变5例，淋巴结肿囊变7例(淋巴瘤2例，淋巴结结核5例)，神经源性肿瘤囊变4例(神经节细胞瘤1例，神经鞘瘤2例，恶性神经纤维瘤1例)，纵隔血肿2例，纵隔脓肿6例。CT诊断正功率92．3％(48／52)。结论：纵隔低密度病变种类较多。CT检查可清楚显示病变的部位与特点，结合临床表现一般能作出准确的术前诊断。     

Earring lesions of the parotid tail

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Masses in the parotid tail can be a source of consternation to radiologists and clinicians; inaccurate localization may lead to significant iatrogenic complication. We sought to review the pertinent anatomic localizing features of the parotid tail, relevant facial nerve anatomy, and sources of clinical and radiologic confusion. To conclude, we review imaging features that are helpful in generating a diagnosis in this location. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the imaging and clinical features of 111 parotid tail masses in 103 patients (56 male, 45 female, two of unknown sex; age range, 5 months-81 years). The following imaging findings were noted: size, enhancement, multiplicity of lesions, attenuation on CT scans, signal intensity on MR images, and appearance of the surrounding parotid gland. Diagnosis was confirmed by either surgical resection or biopsy findings or by specific clinical data or characteristic imaging findings. RESULTS: Seventeen types of parotid tail masses were identified. Benign lesions were: pleomorphic adenoma (n = 15), Warthin tumor (n = 14), infectious process (n = 13), venous malformation (n = 9), and Sj?gren disease (n = 9), lymphatic malformations (n = 7), lipoma (n = 6), HIV lymphoepithelial lesion (n = 4), first brachial cleft cyst (n = 3), oncocytoma (n = 2), sarcoid (n = 1), and lymph node (n = 1). Malignant lesions were: Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (n = 14), metastatic disease (n = 7), mucoepidermoid carcinoma (n = 4), acinic cell carcinoma (n = 1), and undifferentiated carcinoma (n = 1). Eight patients had two diagnoses. CONCLUSION: Understanding normal parotid tail anatomy is important to radiologists, because accurate localization has implications for appropriate management of masses in this location, potentially reducing the occurrence of marginal mandibular nerve injury.     

Cystic expansile masses of the maxilla: differential diagnosis with CT and MR.

PURPOSETo describe the CT and MR findings of various entities causing cystic expansile masses in the maxilla and the significance of the cortical bony plate between the lesions and sinus cavities in the differential diagnosis.METHODSCT findings of 28 patients with cystic expansile masses of the maxilla, including 20 cases of maxillary mucoceles (17 postoperative mucoceles, 2 mucoceles of a septated compartment of the maxillary sinuses, and 1 maxillary antral mucocele with inflammatory ostial obstruction), 3 cases of fissural cyst, 4 cases of odontogenic cyst, and 1 case of maxillary cystic ameloblastoma, were reviewed. Six cases (4 postoperative mucoceles and 2 odontogenic cysts) were also examined with MR.RESULTSA thin bony plate between the lesion and antral cavity was demonstrated in every extraantral lesion (ameloblastoma, fissural cysts, and odontogenic cysts) and distinguishing these abnormalities from the antral lesions (mucoceles). All mucoceles showed findings of antral lesions except 2 cases of mucoceles at the septated compartments of the sinuses, in which thin bony septa were identified between the lesions and remaining sinus cavities. Postoperative mucoceles showed hyperostotic and retracted bony walls caused by previous surgery and localized erosion of bony walls with localized bulging of the cystic masses in every case.CONCLUSIONIn the differential diagnosis of cystic masses of the maxilla, careful identification of the bony walls of the antrum and bony septa may allow one to locate the origin of a mass as antral or extraantral. This is important to an appropriate differential diagnosis.     

椎管内微小占位性病变的MRI诊断

目的:研究椎管内微小占位性病变的MRI特征及其对病变定性、定位诊断的意义。材料与方法:24例椎管内微小占位性病变患者(男12例,女12例,年龄23～67岁,平均29.1岁)均经PHILIPS 1.0NT型MR仪行常规T_1WI、T_2WI磁共振成像,其中6例又经Gd-DTPA增强扫描。全部病例的椎管内占位病变均经病理证实,并对其MRI表现进行了回顾性分析。结果:24例的病变经病理证实,18例为胚胎源性肿瘤(10例表皮样囊肿,4例皮样囊肿,4例畸胎瘤),4例为神经源性肿瘤(3例神经鞘瘤,1例神经纤维瘤),以及脊膜瘤与脂肪瘤各1例。各种占位性病变的MRI表现随其不同的组织学来源而有很大差别。表皮样囊肿多为均质长T_1长T_2信号。皮样囊肿以短T_1,长T_2信号为主。畸胎瘤呈混杂信号。神经鞘瘤为T_1WI低信号、T_2WI高信号,Gd-DTPA增强扫描后,囊壁均匀强化,偶见强化附壁结节。神经纤维瘤呈均质长T_1、长T_2信号,Gd-DTPA增强扫描后,病灶呈异常对比增强。脊膜瘤呈长T_1、稍长T_2信号,Gd-DTPA增强扫描后,病灶呈异常对比强化,并见局部硬脊膜增厚强化而形成的硬膜尾征。结论:各种病变的MRI表现随其组织学来源不同而有明显差异,它们在椎管内微小占位性病变的定性、定位诊断中起着重要作用,其诊断准确性优于X线椎管造影与CT。     

"Daughter cyst" sign: a sonographic finding of ovarian cyst in neonates, infants, and young children

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess the value of the "daughter cyst" sign, a sonographic finding of neonatal ovarian cysts, in differentiating ovarian cysts from other cystic masses in neonates, infants, and young children. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: In a prospective study, 23 neonates, infants, and young children (age range, 1 day to 36 months) with a lower abdominal cystic mass underwent sonography. We defined the daughter cyst sign as the presence of a small cyst along the wall of a cystic mass. The diagnosis of ovarian cyst was made when this sign was present. Detailed pathologic correlation was available in four ovarian cysts. The size, wall thickness, and contents of the cysts were also evaluated. RESULTS: The 23 cystic lesions included ovarian cyst (n = 11), lymphangioma (n = 3), enteric duplication cyst (n = 3), enteric cyst (n = 1), meconium pseudocyst (n = 2), hydrometrocolpos (n = 2), and urachal cyst (n = 1). The daughter cyst sign was seen in nine (82%) of 11 ovarian cysts but in none of the other cystic lesions. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value of the daughter cyst sign for differentiating ovarian cysts from other cystic lesions were 82%, 100%, and 100%, respectively. The daughter cyst corresponded to an ovarian follicle on pathologic examination. CONCLUSION: The daughter cyst sign is a specific sonographic finding for an ovarian cyst and may be useful in differentiating uncomplicated ovarian cysts from other cystic masses in neonates, infants, and young children.     

MRI对肾脏占位性病变的定性诊断误诊分析

目的　分析磁共振成像对肾脏占位性病变的定性诊断误诊原因。方法　 89例肾脏占位性病变的患者 ,75例经手术病理证实 ,13例经随访证实。均行MR检查 ,评价MR对这些疾病的定性诊断价值。结果　 89例患者中 ,肾癌 49例 ,肾盂癌 10例 ,肾转移癌 2例 ,肾非何杰金氏淋巴瘤 1例 ,非典型中胚层肾瘤 1例 ,肾腺瘤 2例 ,肾囊肿 8例 ,肾错构瘤 12例 ,黄色肉芽肿性肾盂肾炎 3例 ,肾结核瘤 1例。MR对肾脏恶性占位性病变的定性诊断准确率为 88.9% (5 6/ 63 ) ,其中肾癌误诊 6例 ,肾盂癌误诊 1例。MR对肾脏良性占位性病变的定性诊断准确率为 69.2 % (18/ 2 6) ,其中肾腺瘤误诊 1例 ,肾囊肿误诊 1例 ,肾错构瘤误诊 4例 ,黄色肉芽肿性肾盂肾炎误诊 2例。MR对肾脏占位性病变总的定性诊断准确率为 83 .1% (74/ 89)。MR共误诊 15例 ,误诊的原因有 :病变体积较小4例 ,病变内信号不典型 6例 ,二者均有 3例 ,病灶边界不典型 2例。结论　MR可用于肾脏占位性病变的定性诊断 ,病变体积较小、病变信号和边界特征不典型是MR误诊的主要原因。     

CT、MRI在附睾肿块诊断中的应用价值

 目的 探讨附睾肿块的临床特点和CT、MRI表现.方法 回顾性分析42例经手术病理证实的附睾肿块的临床表现和CT、MRI特点.结果 附睾囊肿13例,附睾非特异性炎性肿块11例,结核8例,精子性肉芽肿4例,平滑肌瘤2例,纤维假瘤1例,腺瘤样瘤3例;附睾囊肿及结核的影像表现有一定特征性;MRI对于附睾炎性肿块、平滑肌瘤、纤维假瘤的诊断有较大帮助.结论 附睾肿块大多为良性病变;正确认识附睾肿块的CT、MRI表现,对附睾肿块的早期诊断及治疗有较高的临床价值,少数附睾肿块缺乏影像特征性,依赖病理确诊.     

Mammographic,sonographic and MR imaging features of invasive micropapillary breast cancer

Purpose

Describe mammographic, sonographic and MRI findings of invasive micropapillary carcinoma (IMPC) of the breast.

Materials and methods

Review of the pathology database identified 43 patients (mean age, 59.3 years) with the diagnosis of breast IMPC. Three patients had no available imaging studies. Mammograms (40), breast ultrasounds (33) and MRIs (8) were retrospectively evaluated by two radiologists in consensus following the BI-RADS Lexicon. Clinical, histopathologic features, as well as hormone status were recorded.

Results

Twenty patients presented with palpable abnormality (20/40, 50%). Thirty-five patients had an abnormal mammogram (87.5%, 35/40) showing 39 lesions, 29 corresponding to masses (29/39, 74.4%), 11 associated with microcalcifications and two associated with architectural distortion. Sonography identified 41 masses (in 33 patients) displaying an irregular shape (30/41, 73.2%), appearing hypoechoic (39/41, 95%), with spiculated or angular margins (26/41, 63.4%), non-parallel orientation (26/41, 63.4%) and combined acoustic posterior pattern (18/41, 44%). MRI identified 13 lesions (in eight patients), 12 as masses (12/13, 92.3%) with irregular or spiculated margins (12/12, 100%), eight displaying an irregular or lobulated shape (8/12, 66.7%), six with homogeneous internal enhancement (6/12, 50%) and eight with type 3 enhancement curve (8/12, 61.5%). Associated non-mass like enhancement was noted in two patients. Twenty-nine patients had associated lymphovascular invasion (29/40, 72.5%) and axillary lymph node metastases were present in 22 of the 39 patients (22/39, 56%).

Conclusion

Invasive ductal carcinoma with IMPC features display imaging findings highly suspicious of malignant lesions. They are associated with high lymphovascular invasion and lymph node metastases rates.