基于微乳凝胶新载体的丹皮酚经皮给药系统的构建及药代动力学研究

为构建基于微乳凝胶 (microemulsion-based gels, MBGs) 新载体的丹皮酚经皮给药系统, 采用皮肤、血液双位点同步微透析结合LC/MS联用技术测定丹皮酚微乳、微乳凝胶及市售丹皮酚软膏在大鼠皮肤、血液中的药物浓度随时间的变化过程, 并对其药代动力学参数进行比较分析。方法学研究表明, 丹皮酚线性探针体内回收率 (R_{in vivo}) 为 (69.7 ± 4.8) %, 同心圆探针体内回收率为 (51.6 ± 7.2) %。大鼠腹部脱毛, 分别给予丹皮酚微乳 (1% 丹皮酚)、微乳凝胶和市售丹皮酚软膏, 以PBS (pH 7.4) 溶液作为灌流液, 灌流速度为5 μL·mL⁻¹, 每隔20 min收集1次微透析样品, 共收集12 h, 透析液采用LC/MS进行测定。皮肤药动学结果表明丹皮酚微乳、微乳凝胶与市售软膏相比, 显著提高了药物在皮肤组织中的浓度; 血液药动学结果表明微乳凝胶与市售软膏具有相近的生物利用度, 但前者的血药浓度更平稳。本研究所构建的丹皮酚微乳凝胶有望为皮肤湿疹的治疗提供一种新的制剂; 所建立的微透析/LC-MS联用技术能够在体、同步、实时监测大鼠皮肤、血液中的药物浓度, 为经皮给药药代动力学研究提供了新的方法。     

在体皮肤微透析的建立及对乌头碱经皮给药药代动力学研究

目的:建立大鼠在体皮肤微透析技术,并用于乌头碱经皮给药药代动力学研究。方法:采用HPLC-MS/MS联用技术建立大鼠血浆和微透析样品中乌头碱的分析方法。体外回收率的测定采用浓差法(增量法、减量法),体内回收率的测定采用减量法,考察流速、浓度对回收率的影响。5只SD大鼠在麻醉状态下,作皮肤微透析预处理后,将乌头碱凝胶涂于探针所在皮肤表面,进行皮肤微透析和颈动脉采血,应用HPLC-MS/MS测定透析液样品及血浆中乌头碱浓度,并绘制血药浓度-时间曲线,并计算药动学参数。结果:乌头碱在检测要求范围内线性关系良好,色谱的专属性、回收率、精密度等测定结果均符合生物样品测定要求。增量法及减量法测定的回收率一致;回收率随灌流速度的增大而减小,探针的回收率与溶媒中乌头碱的浓度无关。体内皮下探针对乌头碱的回收率为(34.48±3.05)%,乌头碱在皮下探针中6 h回收率的变化基本上保持稳定。乌头碱经皮给药后,在皮肤中最大药物浓度为(2723.8±848.8)mg.L-1,AUC(0～t)为(18212.4±4749.1)mg.h.L-1,体内血药浓度比较稳定。结论:本研究提示体内研究的反透析法可作为微透析研究中乌头碱回收率的测定...     

基于微透析技术的苦参碱凝胶经皮给药的药动学研究

目的 建立同步测定经皮给药制剂在皮肤、血液中药动学的方法,研究苦参碱凝胶在体内的药动学行为。方法 应用经体外和体内回收率校正建立的基于微透析探针的皮肤血液双位点同步微透析系统,通过在皮肤和颈静脉植入探针,在大鼠腹部脱毛部位给予苦参碱凝胶,连续收集探针中12 h的透析液,并采用LC-MS微量检测技术测定探针透析液中的药物浓度。结果 本研究成功构建了双位点同步微透析药动学评价系统,大鼠皮肤给予苦参碱凝胶后,皮肤中的药物浓度、AUC值、半衰期均显著高于血液中药物浓度。结论 本研究建立的微透析结合LC-MS的取样及检测技术为经皮给药制剂的药动学研究提供了新的技术平台。     

用在体皮肤微透析法研究黄芩苷凝胶经大鼠皮肤吸收的局部药动学

目的建立大鼠在体皮肤微透析技术,研究黄芩苷凝胶经皮吸收局部药动学。方法采用HPLC-MS/MS联用技术测定大鼠皮肤微透析液中黄芩苷的浓度。SD大鼠在麻醉状态下做皮肤微透析预处理,然后将黄芩苷凝胶涂于探针所在皮肤表面,收集皮肤微透析液样品进行黄芩苷浓度测定,绘制黄芩苷浓度-时间曲线,计算经皮吸收局部药动学参数。结果用于定量分析的离子对为m/z 447.3→271.2,黄芩苷在检测浓度范围内线性关系良好,色谱的专属性、精密度等测定结果均符合生物样品测定要求。体内皮下探针对黄芩苷的回收率为（24.40±0.91）%,240 min内各取样点回收率保持稳定;黄芩苷经皮给药后8 h内微透析液中均可检测到黄芩苷的存在,且药物在皮肤组织内浓度持续升高,AUC0-t为（50.04±34.17）（mg·min）/L。结论在体皮肤微透析法可用于黄芩苷经皮吸收局部药动学研究。     

微透析技术在皮肤药动学研究中的应用

近20年来,微透析技术在皮肤方面的研究和应用日趋深入和广泛。皮肤微透析技术是应用半透膜两侧溶质被动自由弥散的原理,动态地监测真皮组织间液内源性或外源性物质浓度的新技术。本文就近10年来微透析技术在皮肤药动学研究中的应用作一综述。     

皮肤微透析技术在药动学及药效学研究中的应用进展

目的:介绍皮肤微透析技术在药动学及药效学研究中的应用进展。方法:采用文献综述法,阐述国内、外近几年来将皮肤微透析技术应用于药动学及药效学研究的进展。结果与结论:皮肤微透析技术可以在不破坏皮肤组织的条件下对皮肤或皮下组织细胞外液物质浓度进行采样,与其他皮肤药动/药效学采样技术相比具有微创、实时、多位点等优点,可广泛应用于皮肤药动学和药效学研究。皮肤微透析技术在中药药动学及药效学研究中有很好的应用前景。     

微透析与液相色谱-质谱联用在药物分析中的应用

目的综述微透析与液相色谱-质谱联用技术在药物体内化学成分分析中的研究进展。方法参阅近几年国内外相关文献,对微透析与液相色谱-质谱联用技术在药物体内内源性物质及外源性物质中的应用进行归纳与总结。结果与结论微透析与液相色谱-质谱联用作为一种新型的分析技术,具有快速简便、干扰少、前处理简单等优点。此项技术在体内药物分析中得到了迅速推广和应用,特别在药代动力学研究中显示出其独特的优势,具有十分广阔的应用前景     

微透析联合LC-MS/MS法研究马钱子总碱囊泡凝胶透皮吸收

目的:建立皮肤微透析采样技术联合LC-MS/MS同时测定马钱子碱和士的宁的分析方法,并研究大鼠经皮给予马钱子囊泡凝胶后的透皮吸收。方法:应用皮肤微透析技术对大鼠给药部位皮下进行采样;微透析样品以他克林为内标,不经预处理直接进样;色谱采用XDB-C18柱,甲醇-乙腈-水(含0.05%甲酸和10 nmol·L-1甲酸铵)梯度洗脱;质谱采用正离子扫描多反应监测(MRM)方式。,用于定量的离子对分别为m/z 335.2→m/z 184.2(士的宁),m/z 395.2→m/z 324.2(马钱子碱),m/z 199.1→m/z 171.1(他克林)。结果:测定微透析样品中马钱子碱和士的宁2种成分的线性范围分别为0.195～50 ng.mL-1和0.156～40 ng.mL-1,日内和日间精密度(RSD)均小于15%,准确度、稳定性符合要求。结论:该方法操作简便、灵敏度高、专属性强,适用于皮肤微透析样品中马钱子碱和士的宁的测定。     

微透析技术在体内药物分析中的应用

论述微透析技术在体内药物分析中的应用研究，着重介绍微透析系统的基本结构与操作步骤、微透析技术用于定量分析及影响回收率的因素以及微透析技术与其他技术的联用。     

微透析及其联用技术在中药研究中的应用

微透析技术是用于监测细胞外液中内源性物质及外源性物质的活体取样技术,但由于微透析样品是一种含有高浓度无机盐的复杂混合物,往往需要与色谱分离技术联合使用,才能对微透析样品中目标分析物进行测定。目前,微透析与高分辨率、高灵敏度的分析技术的联用已得到广泛应用,该技术的应用,为现代中药的研究提供了一种新的思路和工具。本文概述了微透析技术的原理及特点,重点介绍了微透析及其联用技术在中药干预下内源性物质的分析、中药药代动力学及相互作用研究中的应用。     

微透析法研究罗通定经皮给药在大鼠体内不同部位的浓度分布

目的研究罗通定经皮给药后,药物在大鼠脑、皮下、血管3个部位微透析液和尾静脉血浆的浓度变化。方法采用微透析技术取样,HPLC测定不同时间点大鼠脑、皮下、血管的微透析液的药物浓度以及尾静脉血浆的药物浓度,DAS2．0药动学软件计算药动学参数。结果罗通定20cm^2经皮给药后,在大鼠体内消除缓慢,脑、皮下、血管和血浆AUC0→10h分别为（387．19±162．81）、（245．97±74．60）、（211．41±65．19）和（1677．05±598．83）min·mg·L^-1。体内药物含量血浆中最高,脑微透析次之,血管微透析最低,经皮给药后的AUC脑／AUC血浆、AUC皮下／AUC血浆、AUC血管／AUC血浆分别为（23．45±6．51）％、（15．66±5．03）％和（13．87±5．84）％。结论微透析法能很好地应用于罗通定经皮给药后大鼠不同部位的浓度研究,反映脑、皮下和血管之间的关系。     

Evaluation of transdermal iontophoresis of enoxacin from polymer formulations: in vitro skin permeation and in vivo microdialysis using Wistar rat as an animal model

Polymers were used in vehicles to form hydrogel matrices in this study to evaluate the in vitro permeation and in vivo microdialysis of enoxacin. The highest transdermal delivery determined by area under flux-time curve (AUC) and intracutaneous enoxacin concentration were observed in methylcellulose (MC) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) hydrogels, respectively. To avoid the pH shift in vehicles during iontophoresis, buffer species were added to formulations to increase the buffer capacity. As expected, the permeability of enoxacin of anodal iontophoresis was larger than that of cathodal iontophoresis. Combination of benzalkonium chloride, a cationic surfactant as an enhancer, and iontophoresis exerted an enhancing effect for anionic enoxacin at pH 10.0. However, no effect or a negative effect was detected for cationic enoxacin in deionized water or pH 5.0 buffer, due to the shielding of the negative charge in the skin. The skin residue of enoxacin was slightly increased after the incorporation of Azone in PVP hydrogel. The result of in vivo microdialysis was in accordance with that of in vitro study. The effect of Azone on the intracutaneous enoxacin was more significant for in vivo microdialysis than in the in vitro study indicating the clinical feasibility of Azone for iontophoretic delivery. Microdialysis can be considered as a useful technique to investigate the pharmacokinetics of transdermal iontophoresis in vivo.     

细胞促渗肽在透皮给药中的应用

细胞促渗肽（CPP）最早于细胞研究中发现,此后被引入透皮制剂领域,相关透皮机制尚未阐明。CPP在透皮制剂领域中应用广泛,对小分子药物、多肽、蛋白质、核酸和胶粒载体均有皮肤促渗作用。本文综述CPP在透皮领域中的应用。     

Transdermal skin delivery: predictions for humans from in vivo, ex vivo and animal models

The assessment of percutaneous permeation of molecules is one of the main steps in the initial design and later in the evaluation of dermal or transdermal drug delivery systems. The literature reports numerous ex vivo, in vitro and in vivo models used to determine drug skin permeation profiles and kinetic parameters, some studies focusing on the correlation of the data obtained using these models with the dermal/transdermal absorption in humans. This paper reviews work from in vitro permeation studies to clinical performance, presenting various experimental models used in dermal/transdermal research, including the use of excised human or animal skin, cultured skin equivalents and animals. Studies focusing on transdermal absorption of a series of drug molecules and various delivery systems as well as mathematical models for skin absorption are reviewed.     

Biopharmaceutics: Effect of Ointment Bases on Topical and Transdermal Delivery of Salicylic Acid in Rats: Evaluation by Skin Microdialysis

Microdialysis has been used to determine the concentration of salicylic acid in skin tissue and plasma periodically for 4 h to evaluate the effect of ointment bases on topical and transdermal delivery of salicylic acid. The ointment bases examined were solbase (water-soluble), poloid and white petrolatum (oleaginous), hydrophilic poloid (water in oil (w/o) type emulsion lacking water) and absorptive ointment (w/o-type emulsion containing water). The ointments (0.1 g) containing 25 μmol salicylic acid were applied for 2 h to the surface of rat skin (1 cm²) with (intact) or without the stratum corneum. For intact skin, the extent of topical delivery from different ointments, evaluated by the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) of salicylic acid in the skin tissue (AUCskin), increased in the order solbase. white petrolatum, poloid, hydrophilic poloid. absorptive ointment. The ratio of AUC_skin (topical delivery) to the AUC of salicylic acid in plasma (AUC_plasma, transdermal delivery) varied remarkably among the different bases, the greatest ratio being observed for absorptive ointment. When the ointments were applied to skin surface without stratum corneum, AUC_skin for solbase was much higher (about 45 times that for intact skin), whereas only a small (two-fold) increase was observed for poloid and hydrophilic poloid and the increase was negligible for white petrolatum and absorptive ointment. For skin without the stratum corneum, the ratio AUC_skin/AUC_plasma for the different ointments was comparable, although the magnitudes of AUC_skin and AUC_plasma still varied substantially. The variance of AUC values arises as a result of the different rates of release of salicylic acid from the bases. These results indicate that: the topical and transdermal delivery of salicylic acid in intact skin varies substantially among different ointment bases, and the greatest topical delivery is observed for absorptive ointment; use of absorptive ointment increases the retention of salicylic acid in the stratum corneum; and the stratum corneum functions strongly as a penetration barrier for solbase, moderately for poloid and hydrophilic poloid, and less for absorptive ointment and white petrolatum.     

盐酸特比萘芬醇类脂泡囊凝胶离体和在体透皮特点研究

目的:研究盐酸特比萘芬醇类脂泡囊凝胶在体和离体透皮特点。方法:采用Franz扩散池进行体外透皮实验,考察盐酸特比萘芬醇类脂泡囊凝胶、脂质体凝胶和普通凝胶经皮渗透性和皮肤滞留量;以小鼠为实验动物,3种凝胶腹部经皮给药,考察盐酸特比萘芬的血药浓度和皮肤滞留量,对比不同类型凝胶剂的透皮效果。结果:离体透皮扩散实验中,透皮速率排序为:脂质体凝胶>醇类脂泡囊凝胶>普通凝胶;皮肤内24 h累积滞留量排序为:醇类脂泡囊凝胶>脂质体凝胶>普通凝胶。在体透皮吸收实验中,皮肤内6 h累积滞留量排序为:醇类脂泡囊凝胶>脂质体凝胶>普通凝胶。3种凝胶中的盐酸特比萘芬在皮肤深层中的滞留量均远远大于角质层,醇类脂泡囊凝胶中药物在皮肤深层的滞留量远大于另外两种凝胶,而脂质体凝胶和普通凝胶在皮肤深层的滞留量无明显差异。结论:醇类脂泡囊对盐酸特比萘芬透皮吸收具有一定的促进作用,同时也能显著提高盐酸特比萘芬在皮肤内特别是皮肤深层中的滞留量,为治疗深部皮肤真菌感染提供了一种新方法。     

Effect of glycerol-induced acute renal failure on the pharmacokinetics of lidocaine after transdermal application in rats

In this study, the effect of glycerol-induced acute renal failure (ARF) on the pharmacokinetics of lidocaine after transdermal application was investigated in rats. Microdialysis method was applied in vitro and in vivo to the abdominal skin of rats. After topical application of 1% lidocaine, the cumulative amount of lidocaine permeated through the excised rat abdominal skin showed parallel effect between normal and ARF rats with no significant difference in the in vitro permeability coefficient of lidocaine between them, while area under the plasma concentration versus time curve of lidocaine in ARF rats increased significantly. The protein binding rate of lidocaine in ARF plasma and the blood vessel permeability to muscle tissues, assessed by beta-D-glucopyranosyl fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled (FITC) albumin, increased significantly. After intravenous infusion of 5 mg/h/kg lidocaine, both of the total body clearance and the volume of distribution of lidocaine in the ARF rats decreased significantly. These results suggested that renal dysfunction did not have any effect on the skin permeability of lidocaine, but might change the plasma protein binding of drug and blood vessel permeability which led to high plasma concentration of lidocaine.     

Matrix-type transdermal patches of verapamil hydrochloride: in vitro permeation studies through excised rat skin and pharmacodynamic evaluation in rats

The objectives of this study were to develop matrix-type transdermal patches of verapamil hydrochloride (VRP) with pectin as a matrix polymer to investigate the influence of several terpenes on in vitro permeation of VRP through rat skin and to evaluate pharmacodynamic activity of transdermal formulations in rats. Matrix-type transdermal patches containing VRP were prepared using pectin as a matrix agent and propylene glycol as a plasticizer agent. Terpenes such as nerolidol, d-limonene, eucalpytol, menthone, and menthol were also used as a chemical enhancer to improve the skin penetration of VRP. The permeation studies were performed using Franz-type diffusion cells and full-thickness excised abdominal rat skin. Effects of terpenes on the permeation parameters of VRP were evaluated. In vitro skin permeation studies showed that nerolidol was the most promising enhancer among the enhancers examined in the present study, followed by d-limonene. Pharmacodynamic activity of the transdermal patches containing nerolidol or d-limonene was evaluated in rats by the measurement of systolic blood pressure for 360 min with the use of the tail cuff method. VRP transdermal patches significantly decreased the systolic blood pressure after 30 min and transdermal patches containing nerolidol and d-limonene maintained the decrease in blood pressure during the observation of 360 min.     

Human microdialysis

Microdialysis has been used extensively in animal studies for decades and in human pharmacokinetic studies for about 10 years. Microdialysis is based on the passive diffusion of a compound along its concentration gradient from the tissue through the membrane into the dialysate. Microdialysis samples from the interstitial space which is a defined, anatomical compartment; there is no net loss of body fluid; the sample is "purified" and no enzymatic degradation takes place because proteins do not pass through the probe membrane into the dialysate; microdialysis data relate to the intact molecule; time resolution is high compared to biopsy and skin blister techniques; radioabelling or induction of a magnetic response is not needed; microdialysis is also an alternative method to determine protein binding of a compound in vivo; microdialysis can readily be set up in clinical research units without expensive infrastructure. Microdialysis has been used to measure tissue concentrations of endogenous compounds and to investigate the tissue penetration of drugs in a variety of tissues in humans in vivo in both healthy volunteers and patients. Microdialysis data have also been used in PK-PD modelling and to obtain concentration-response relationships locally in tissues in vivo. There are also studies combining microdialysis with imaging techniques, e.g. PET. Microdialysis data may be used in early studies to select the appropriate compound, to optimise dosing regimens and to investigate the kinetic and dynamic consequences in the tissues of drug-drug and drug-disease interactions. Microdialysis can also be used in late phase studies to provide tissue concentration data in support of therapeutic efficacy trials or to create a niche for an already marketed drug. FDA and CPMP documents emphasise the value and importance of human tissue drug concentration data and support the use of microdialysis in humans to obtain such information. Microdialysis can satisfy regulatory requirements by providing data on drug concentrations in a well-defined anatomical tissue compartment at or close to the effect target site. Microdialysis is a versatile technique because of its multifaceted utility, low cost, ease of use, adaptability to different types of compounds and its feasibility for a number of organs and tissues. Equipment and probes for use in various organs have been commercially available for years.     

微针条件下秦艽复杂成分体系的透皮给药研究

本文探讨了秦艽复杂成分体系在微针条件下透过不同部位皮肤的给药特点。采用双室扩散池,分别以离体小鼠不同部位皮肤和微针预处理离体小鼠不同部位的皮肤作为透皮屏障,用高效液相色谱(HPLC)相似度评价接收池中秦艽复杂成分体系的透皮特点及小鼠不同部位皮肤的龙胆苦苷的透过速率和透过量。被动给药和微针条件下给药24 h,接受池中秦艽复杂成分体系与原液相似度基本在83.0%～98.9%之间;微针预处理小鼠不同部位皮肤后,通过腹部皮肤给药接收液中秦艽复杂成分体系与原液相似度达到90%的时间为4 h;而背部皮肤和颈部皮肤给药时,则接收液中秦艽复杂成分体系与原液相似度达到90%的时间分别为18 h和12 h。微针能较理想的用于中药复杂成分的透皮给药,极大地缩短透皮吸收的时滞,提高其生物利用度;相对颈部和背部皮肤,微针通过腹部皮肤更能显著提高中药多成分透皮给药的速率及与原液的相似度。