吗啡依赖和复吸时大鼠脑内神经甾体水平的变化

目的探讨吗啡精神依赖和复吸对大鼠脑内神经甾体水平的影响。方法采用条件性位置偏爱(CPP)实验,吗啡诱导大鼠CPP形成,足底电击应激诱发CPP重建,高效液相色谱-质谱法测定大鼠额叶皮质、海马及血浆中孕烯醇酮(PREG)及其硫酸酯(PREGS)、别孕烯醇酮(AP)、脱氢表雄酮(DHEA)及其硫酸酯(DHEAS)的含量。结果5 mg.kg-1吗啡训练10 d诱导大鼠产生了稳定的CPP,间歇足底电击有效诱发CPP的重建。与对照组比较,吗啡CPP形成时,大鼠额叶皮质内DHEA、PREG水平升高(P<0.05),海马内DHEA水平降低(P<0.05);与吗啡消退组比较,足底电击诱发CPP重现时,大鼠额叶皮质内PREG水平降低(P<0.01),而海马内PREG水平升高(P<0.05)。结论大鼠额叶皮质和海马内神经甾体水平的变化可能与吗啡依赖和复吸有关。     

吗啡依赖对大鼠不同脑区内神经甾体水平的影响

目的建立大鼠条件性位置偏爱(CPP)模型，探讨吗啡精神依赖对大鼠脑内神经甾体水平的影响。方法 大鼠连续10 d腹腔注射吗啡5 mg·kg^-1，诱导CPP形成。高效液相色谱-质谱法测定大鼠伏隔核、杏仁核、下丘脑和血浆中脱氢表雄酮、孕烯醇酮、别孕烯醇酮、脱氢表雄酮硫酸酯及孕烯醇酮硫酸酯的含量。结果经10 d吗啡训练后，吗啡组大鼠在伴药侧的停留时间显著长于对照组，吗啡诱导的大鼠CPP形成。与对照组相比，吗啡组大鼠下丘脑内孕烯醇酮明显降低，伏隔核和血浆中的脱氢表雄酮明显降低。结论吗啡诱导CPP形成，吗啡处理影响大鼠脑内某些神经甾体的水平，表明内源性神经甾体可能参与吗啡依赖的形成。     

吗啡急性给药对大鼠伏隔核中神经甾体水平的影响

目的:观察吗啡急性给药后大鼠伏隔核中神经甾体水平的变化.方法:给3组大鼠腹腔分别注射0.5、5和20 mg/kg的盐酸吗啡,分别于给药后0.5和2 h将大鼠断头处死,分离伏隔核.经液-液萃取和固相萃取法提取脱氢表雄酮、孕烯醇酮和别孕烯醇酮,并采用高效液相色谱-质谱系统检测其含量.结果:与对照组比较,0.5 mg/kg剂量的吗啡使大鼠伏隔核中脱氢表雄酮水平显著降低,而5 mg/kg剂量的吗啡则使脱氢表雄酮水平显著升高;20 mg/kg剂量的吗啡使大鼠血浆中的别孕烯醇酮水平显著升高.结论:大鼠伏隔核中的脱氢表雄酮可能在吗啡急性给药的效应中发挥重要作用.     

吗啡急性给药对大鼠伏隔核中神经甾体水平的影响

目的:观察吗啡急性给药后大鼠伏隔核中神经甾体水平的变化.方法:给3组大鼠腹腔分别注射0.5、5和20 mg/kg的盐酸吗啡,分别于给药后0.5和2 h将大鼠断头处死,分离伏隔核.经液-液萃取和固相萃取法提取脱氢表雄酮、孕烯醇酮和别孕烯醇酮,并采用高效液相色谱-质谱系统检测其含量.结果:与对照组比较,0.5 mg/kg剂量的吗啡使大鼠伏隔核中脱氢表雄酮水平显著降低,而5 mg/kg剂量的吗啡则使脱氢表雄酮水平显著升高;20 mg/kg剂量的吗啡使大鼠血浆中的别孕烯醇酮水平显著升高.结论:大鼠伏隔核中的脱氢表雄酮可能在吗啡急性给药的效应中发挥重要作用.     

吗啡依赖对大鼠伏隔核神经甾体和氨基酸递质的影响

目的　利用大鼠吗啡依赖模型,观察吗啡依赖及戒断对大鼠伏隔核中神经甾体和氨基酸类神经递质水平影响。方法　腹腔注射递增剂量的盐酸吗啡使雄性SD大鼠形成吗啡依赖,并用纳洛酮催促戒断。分离吗啡依赖和戒断大鼠的伏隔核。经液液萃取和固相萃取法提取脱氢表雄酮、孕烯醇酮、别孕烯醇酮、脱氢表雄酮硫酸酯和孕烯醇酮硫酸酯,并采用高效液相色谱质谱系统检测其含量。采用柱前衍生-电化学检测-高效液相色谱法测定甘氨酸、谷氨酸和γ氨基丁酸的含量。结果　与对照组相比,纳洛酮催促戒断时,吗啡依赖大鼠伏隔核脱氢表雄酮硫酸酯的水平下降(P<0 .05),孕烯醇酮(P<0 .01 )和谷氨酸(P<0 .05 )水平均升高。结论　吗啡戒断时大鼠伏隔核的谷氨酸系统处于兴奋状态,伏隔核中的内源性神经甾体在吗啡依赖和戒断的形成中发挥作用。     

吗啡依赖大鼠海马长时程增强改变及归元片的干预效应

目的:在体观察吗啡条件性位置偏爱(conditioned place preference,CPP)大鼠海马齿状回(dentate gyrus,DG)长时程增强(long-term potentiation,LTP)的变化,评价归元片自身有无依赖性以及对吗啡CPP和LTP的干预效应。方法:(1)连续给予吗啡(5mg·kg-1)7d,使大鼠产生明显的吗啡CPP,观察吗啡CPP的自然消退;(2)归元片(25mg·kg-1及50mg·kg-1)训练7d,d8测定大鼠对伴药箱的偏爱效应;(3)在归元片干预实验中,干预组在每次给予吗啡前15min分别给予不同剂量归元片(25、37.5mg·kg-1),观察归元片对吗啡CPP形成的影响。在以上模型的基础上,应用在体脑立体定位胞外记录技术测量海马齿状回LTP的变化。结果:(1)5mg·kg-1吗啡诱导大鼠对伴药侧产生显著性CPP;(2)归元片不能诱导大鼠形成CPP,同时也不影响DG-LTP;(3)吗啡CPP大鼠在高频刺激(high frequency stimulation,HFS)后,各时间点所记录的群体峰电位(population spikes,PS)相对幅值较对照组显著增高;(4)归元片25和37.5mg·kg-1均可拮抗吗啡CPP的获得,并能抑制吗啡对PS相对幅值的影响;(5)吗啡CPP在停用吗啡后12d消退,此时海马PS相对幅值与对照组比较无差异。结论:吗啡可诱导CPP,海马LTP在CPP形成时增强,在CPP消退后恢复正常,提示LTP参与药物成瘾过程。归元片自身不能诱导CPP,但可抑制吗啡CPP的获得与LTP的增强。     

吗啡依赖大鼠纹状体内神经甾体水平的变化

目的:探讨吗啡躯体依赖、精神依赖和戒断对♂大鼠纹状体内神经甾体水平的影响。方法:高效液相色谱-质谱法测定大鼠纹状体和血浆中脱氢表雄酮(DHEA)及其硫酸酯(DHEAS)、孕烯醇酮(PREG)及其硫酸酯(PREGS)和别孕烯醇酮(AP)的含量。结果:(1)与纳洛酮对照组比较,纳洛酮催促吗啡戒断大鼠的纹状体内PREG的含量显著升高(P<0.01);血浆中PREG、AP、DHEAS和PREGS的含量显著升高(P<0.01),而DHEA的含量显著降低(P<0.01);(2)与生理盐水对照组比较,吗啡精神依赖大鼠的纹状体内DHEA和PREG的含量显著升高(P<0.01),血浆中DHEA的水平显著降低(P<0.01)。结论:慢性吗啡处理可影响大鼠纹状体内某些神经甾体的水平,表明神经甾体可能参与吗啡依赖的形成。     

氯胺酮诱导的大鼠条件性位置偏爱

目的:探讨氯胺酮在大鼠模型上形成条件性位置偏爱(CPP)的特点,分析氯胺酮精神依赖性潜力。方法:(1)60只SD♂大鼠随机分为对照组、氯胺酮及吗啡阳性对照组。(2)氯胺酮组每隔24h腹腔注射氯胺酮10m·lkg-1一次,连续6d,建立大鼠氯胺酮精神依赖性模型,吗啡组给予等剂量的吗啡,对照组则给予等剂量的生理盐水;(3)氯胺酮组及吗啡组于CPP形成后给予生理盐水进行消退实验。结果:(1)氯胺酮组及吗啡组大鼠出现了明显的CPP;(2)与吗啡组相比,氯胺酮组的CPP效应更显著,但消退较快。结论:氯胺酮可诱导大鼠产生CPP,但随着时间的推移CPP消退速度较吗啡快。     

酒精依赖和戒断时大鼠伏隔核、杏仁核区内神经甾体水平的变化

目的:采用♂大鼠酒精依赖模型,观察酒精依赖及戒断对大鼠伏隔核、杏仁核中不同神经甾体水平的影响。方法:通过大鼠自由饮含6%的乙醇溶液,连续42d使大鼠形成酒精依赖,并撤除酒精使其自然戒断。断头取脑分离取出伏隔核、杏仁核脑区。使用液液萃取和固相萃取两步法提取脑组织中的孕烯醇酮(PREG)、脱氢表雄酮(DHEA)、别孕烯醇酮(AP)、脱氢表雄酮硫酸酯(DHEAS)、孕烯醇酮硫酸酯(PREGS),以高效液相色谱-质谱联用法测定神经甾体含量。结果:与对照组相比,酒精依赖大鼠伏隔核DHEA,PREG,AP,DHEAS,PREGS的水平显著降低(P<0.05),杏仁核AP,PREGS的水平显著降低(P<0.05);酒精戒断6h大鼠伏隔核DHEA,DHEAS,PREGS的水平显著降低(P<0.05),杏仁核PREGS的水平显著降低(P<0.05);酒精戒断24h大鼠杏仁核DHEA的水平显著上升(P<0.05),伏隔核、杏仁核DHEAS、PREGS的水平显著下降(P<0.01)。结论:酒精依赖形成和戒断对伏隔核、杏仁核中的神经甾体水平有不同的影响,具有区域特异性。     

可乐定脱毒治疗对吗啡依赖大鼠吗啡条件性位置偏爱效应和镇痛作用的影响

目的:研究给予吗啡依赖大鼠可乐定治疗对吗啡奖赏效应和镇痛作用的影响。方法:采用剂量递增法(5-40mg·kg-1,每天3次,30d)建立吗啡依赖大鼠模型,在自然戒断后7d内给予可乐定(0.1mg·kg-1,每天3次)进行治疗;停用可乐定后训练大鼠吗啡(1mg·kg-1)条件性位置偏爱(CPP),观察CPP的形成速度和维持情况;期间利用热痛甩尾法,观察吗啡(5mg·kg-1)的镇痛作用。结果:CPP训练4d后,经可乐定治疗的大鼠形成了吗啡CPP,而未经可乐定治疗的大鼠没有形成CPP;经过8d训练后,经可乐定治疗及未治疗的大鼠均形成了明显的吗啡CPP;在训练停止后14d,经可乐定治疗大鼠的CPP已消退,而未经可乐定治疗的大鼠CPP没有消退。在镇痛实验中,可乐定治疗及未治疗大鼠应用吗啡前后的甩尾时间组间比较差异不显著。结论:可乐定治疗能改变吗啡依赖大鼠的吗啡奖赏效应,但不影响大鼠对吗啡镇痛作用的耐受。     

转轮运动对小鼠吗啡条件性位置偏爱的建立、消退及重建的影响

目的:研究转轮运动对小鼠吗啡条件性位置偏爱(conditioned place preference,CPP)的建立、消退及重建的影响。方法:每次吗啡CPP训练之后,均将动物置于特制的带有转轮的饲养笼内6 h;在CPP测试之后,动物每天在训练箱中自由穿梭,进行CPP消退训练;待CPP消退之后,皮下注射(sc)10 mg.kg-1吗啡点燃。结果:非转轮运动组和转轮运动组的小鼠经过吗啡CPP训练后,在伴药箱的时间较训练前均显著增加(P<0.001),但两组间没有明显差异;两组小鼠的吗啡CPP消退过程也没有明显差异(P>0.05)。sc吗啡点燃后,非转轮运动组CPP能够重建,而转轮运动组CPP未能重建;结论:转轮运动对吗啡CPP的建立及消退均没有影响,但可以抑制吗啡CPP的重建。     

孕酮对吗啡位置偏爱大鼠相关脑区中亮氨酸脑啡肽水平的影响

目的:观察孕酮对于吗啡所致奖赏效应及相关脑区中亮氨酸脑啡肽水平的影响。方法:将40只SD大鼠随机均分为对照组(环糊精)、吗啡组、孕酮组和孕酮+吗啡组,建立吗啡条件性位置偏爱(CPP)模型,上午各组皮下给予相应药物后放入白室训练45min;下午各组均皮下和腹腔给予等量的环糊精和生理盐水后放入黑室训练。连续训练10d后进行CPP测试并处死大鼠取脑组织采用放射免疫法测定大鼠不同脑区中亮氨酸脑啡肽(L-EK)的含量。结果:与对照组比较,吗啡组发生CPP效应,下丘脑、伏隔核和额叶皮质中的L-EK水平显著降低(P<0.05或P<0.01);与吗啡组比较,孕酮+吗啡组CPP效应受到抑制,上述位置中L-EK水平显著升高(P<0.05或P<0.01),而海马和中脑内L-EK水平未见显著性变化。结论:孕酮可以有效抑制吗啡CPP效应,其机制可能与其逆转吗啡诱导的相关脑区中的L-EK水平的变化有关。     

Modafinil Blocks Reinstatement of Extinguished Opiate-Seeking in Rats: Mediation by a Glutamate Mechanism

Opiate addiction is characterized by high rates of relapse even after long periods of abstinence, requiring new relapse-prevention treatments that do not have abuse potential. Recently, clinical studies suggested that the wake-promoting drug modafinil might decrease relapse in cocaine addicts. In addition, group II metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGlu2/3R) have been suggested as a new therapeutic target for drug addiction. Here, we investigated the ability of modafinil to prevent the acute morphine to promote reinstatement of extinguished preference for morphine, and the involvement of mGlu2/3Rs in this effect. Conditioned place preference (CPP) for morphine was induced in Sprague–Dawley rats, followed by extinction training. Preference for the morphine-paired side was reinstated following extinction by a morphine-priming injection. The results of our study showed that modafinil (300 mg/kg, i.p., but not 100 mg/kg) 30 min before the morphine-priming injection blocked reinstatement of extinguished CPP. The anti-reinstatement effect of modafinil was completely prevented by pretreatment with the selective mGlu2/3 antagonist {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"LY341495","term_id":"1257705759"}}LY341495. Additional experiments indicated that modafinil alone did not produce a preference, and that modafinil did not alter the expression of morphine CPP or the cueing properties of morphine either 1 or 14 days after morphine CPP conditioning. These data reveal a novel mechanism for modafinil actions, a role for mGlu2/3 receptors in reinstatement of opiate-seeking, and a new therapeutic option to treat relapse in opiate addiction.     

Genetic liability increases propensity to prime-induced reinstatement of conditioned place preference in mice exposed to low cocaine

Rationale Relapse to drug use after periods of forced or self-imposed abstinence is a central problem in the treatment of addiction; therefore, identification of factors modulating the risk to relapse is a relevant goal of preclinical research. Objectives These experiments evaluated the influence of the amount of drug experienced, the duration of drug withdrawal, and individual liability on the propensity to cocaine-induced reinstatement of conditioned place preference (CPP). Materials and methods Mice from the inbred strains C57BL/6J and DBA/2J were trained for CPP with a high (20 mg/kg) or low (5 mg/kg) effective dose of cocaine. After CPP testing, all groups underwent extinction. Twenty-four hours after the extinction test, mice were challenged with saline, a cocaine dose unable to induce CPP (2.5 mg/kg) or an intermediate effective dose (10 mg/kg), and tested for CPP reinstatement. Additional groups of mice trained with the low cocaine dose were left undisturbed for 8 days after extinction test (long withdrawal), retested for extinction, and evaluated for prime-induced reinstatement (0, 2.5, 10 mg/kg of cocaine). Results Mice trained with the high cocaine dose, but not with the low one, showed prime-induced reinstatement 24 h after the extinction test; DBA/2J mice trained with the low dose showed reinstatement after long withdrawal. Conclusions These results indicate that reinstatement of CPP by cocaine prime depends on the amount of drug experienced and on an interaction between individual liability and duration of drug abstinence and suggest that the risk to relapse into drug seeking is not prevented by moderated drug consumption.     

Reactivation of morphine conditioned place preference by drug priming: role of environmental cues and sensitization

RATIONALE: Relapse is a major characteristic of drug addiction and remains the primary problem in treating drug abuse. Despite a great deal of research, the exact factors that determine renewed drug-seeking and persistent craving for them remain unclear. OBJECTIVE: The present study was designed to evaluate the role of environmental cues and behavioral sensitization in reactivation of place preference following long-term extinction of morphine conditioned place preference (CPP) in rats. METHODS: After being injected with morphine and saline alternately for 6 days to induce morphine CPP, the rats were subjected to extinction of conditioning for 21 days. The rats were then administered various doses of morphine, heroin, or cocaine and confined in the previous drug- or saline-paired compartment. CPP was determined. Some rats were treated with scopolamine or naloxone prior to administration of these three drugs. RESULTS: Morphine CPP disappeared following a 21-day extinction. A single injection of morphine, heroin, or cocaine evoked place preference for the previous drug-paired side. However, place preference for the previous vehicle-paired side was induced after the animals received a single injection of morphine, heroin or cocaine and confined to the previous vehicle-paired compartment. Administration of naloxone prior to drug treatment significantly attenuated the place preference induced by morphine or heroin, but had no significant effect on the place preference elicited by cocaine. Administration of the cholinergic antagonist scopolamine before morphine, heroin and cocaine inhibited the expression of place preference. CONCLUSIONS: Environment-related cues and behavioral sensitization play critical roles in the incentive motivation underlying drug-seeking behaviors.     

不同给药时间间隔对吗啡诱导的条件性位置偏爱的影响

目的:比较两种不同给药时间间隔的实验方案对大鼠吗啡条件性位置偏爱(CPP)的影响。方法:采用三箱式非平衡设计的CPP装置,在实验方案1中,吗啡组大鼠注射吗啡(10 mg.kg-1.d-1,ip)后放入伴药箱50 min,间隔6 h后注射同等剂量的生理盐水后放入非伴药箱50 min,共12 d,检测期检测13 d。实验方案2中,奇数天给吗啡组大鼠注射吗啡(10 mg.kg-1,ip),偶数天注射同等剂量的生理盐水,共8 d,在检测期不定期地把大鼠放入到CPP箱中进行检测。结果:两种实验方案的吗啡组大鼠在伴药箱停留的时间均明显多于生理盐水对照组(P<0.01,P<0.01);自然戒断后,实验方案1和实验方案2中吗啡组大鼠的CPP维持分别为5 d和42 d。结论:两种实验方案均能有效建立大鼠吗啡CPP模型,而实验方案2更经济、省时,可提高实验效率。     

Effects of varenicline and mecamylamine on the acquisition, expression, and reinstatement of nicotine-conditioned place preference by drug priming in rats

Nicotine addiction is a chronic disorder characterized by a relatively high rate of relapse even after long period of abstinence. In the present study, we used the conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm to investigate the establishment, extinction, reinstatement, and cross-reinstatement of nicotine-induced place conditioning in rats. First, we revealed that nicotine produced a place preference to the initially less-preferred compartment paired with its injections during conditioning (0.175 mg/kg, base, intraperitoneally (i.p.)). Once established, nicotine CPP was extinguished by repeated testing. Following this extinction phase, nicotine-experienced rats were challenged with nicotine (0.175 mg/kg, i.p.) or morphine (10 mg/kg, i.p.). These priming injections of both drugs induced a marked preference for the compartment previously paired with nicotine. Furthermore, given the important role of alpha4beta2 (a4b2) nicotinic receptor subtype in the acquisition and maintenance of nicotine dependence, we evaluated and compared the efficacy of varenicline, a partial a4b2 nicotinic receptor agonist (0.5, 1, and 2 mg/kg, subcutaneously (s.c.)), and mecamylamine (0.5, 1, and 2 mg/kg, s.c.), a non-selective nicotinic receptor antagonist, in blocking nicotine-induced CPP as well as reinstatement of nicotine CPP provoked by nicotine and morphine. It was shown that both nicotinic receptor ligands attenuated the acquisition and expression of nicotine CPP as well as the expression of reinstatement of nicotine CPP provoked by both drugs. Our results indicate similar cholinergic mechanisms, probably through the a4b2 receptors involved in the rewarding effects of nicotine and morphine in rats and may suggest that nicotinic receptors could be a potential target for developing pharmacotherapeutic strategies to treat and prevent nicotine and/or opioid addiction and relapse.