牛膝多糖硫酸酯体外和体内抗艾滋病病毒作用

牛膝多糖硫酸酯(Achyranthes bidentata polysaccharide sulfate，ABPS)为牛膝多糖经硫酸酯化修饰后获得的产物，其结构清楚、理化性质稳定及分子质量小，具有抗单纯疱疹病毒、柯萨奇病毒和乙型肝炎病毒等作用。本文研究其在体外和体内的抗艾滋病病毒1型(human immunodeficiency virus type 1，HIV-1)活性。体外采用 ³H掺入法和酶联免疫吸附法测定ABPS对HIV-1逆转录酶和整合酶的活性，其半数抑制浓度(50% inhibiting concentrations,IC₅₀)分别为(2.948±0.556) μmol·L^-1和(0.155±0.030) μmol·L^-1， 但25 μmol·L^-1 ABPS对HIV-1蛋白酶无效。ABPS在MT-4细胞培养内对HIV-1实验病毒株IIIB和在人外周血单核细胞培养内对AZT耐药病毒株的急性感染有较强的抑制作用， 但在HIV-1 IIIB慢性感染的H9细胞培养中则无效。血清药理学研究表明，单次腹腔注射大鼠ABPS 125 mg·kg^-1或连续腹腔注射小鼠ABPS 3 mg·kg^-1(qd×20)后鼠血清在MT-4细胞培养内对HIV-1 P24抗原都有抑制作用，但口服ABPS生物利用度低，灌胃大鼠ABPS 2 g·kg^-1或灌胃小鼠ABPS 300 mg·kg^-1无效。实验结果提示ABPS有抗HIV-1作用，有可能用于防治HIV-1感染，值得进一步研究。     

脑5-HT1A/1B、α2受体及腺苷酸环化酶参与了胍丁胺的抗抑郁作用

为了在单胺受体及受体后腺苷酸环化酶(adenylate cyclase,AC)水平探讨胍丁胺(agmatine,AGM)抗抑郁作用的精细机制,采用小鼠悬尾实验和强迫游泳实验观察AGM抗抑郁行为改变。采用放射免疫方法测定大鼠前额皮层突触膜蛋白AC活性。结果表明,AGM(5～40 mg·kg^-1,ig)在小鼠悬尾实验和强迫游泳实验模型上均有显著抗抑郁活性。同时伍用β受体/5-HT_1A/1B受体阻断剂吲哚洛尔(pindolol, PIN, 20 mg·kg^-1, ip)、 α₂肾上腺素受体拮抗剂育亨宾(yohimbine, YOH, 5～10 mg·kg^-1, ip)或咪唑克生(idazoxan, IDA, 4 mg·kg^-1, ip)对AGM(40 mg·kg^-1, ig)的抗抑郁活性具有显著拮抗效应; 而β受体阻断剂普萘洛尔(propranolol, PRO, 5～20 mg·kg^-1, ip)或5-HT₃受体拮抗剂曲匹西隆(tropisetron, TRO, 5～40 mg·kg^-1, ip)对AGM(40 mg·kg^-1, ig)的抗抑郁活性无显著影响。AGM(0.1～6.4 μmol·L^-1)与大鼠前额皮层提取的突触膜共孵可剂量依赖地激活AC活性, 而PIN(1 μmol·L^-1)或YOH(0.25～1 μmol·L^-1)均显著拮抗AGM(6.4 μmol·L^-1)对AC的激活作用; 慢性给予大鼠AGM(10 mg·kg^-1, ig, bid)或氟西汀(fluoxetine, FLU, 10 mg·kg^-1, ig, bid) 2 w也显著增强大鼠前额皮层基础及Gpp(NH)p 预激活的AC活性。本研究表明, 调节脑内5-HT_1A/1B和α₂等受体功能, 并激活前额皮层AC可能是AGM抗抑郁活性的重要机制之一。     

Kappa-晒化卡拉胶对实验动物的抗心律失常作用

Kappa-硒化卡拉胶是一含硒有机化合物。ip 9 mg·kg^-1·d^-1×5d或单次ig 35,70,140mg·kg^-1能显著提高乌头碱致大鼠HA的阈剂量,此作用可与Na₂SeO₃ 1 mg·kg^-1·d^-1×5d ip比拟.随着Kappa-硒化卡拉胶ig剂量增加,尚可提高乌头碱所致VE,VT和VF的阈剂量。ip 9mg·kg^-1·d^-1×5 d或ig 70mg·kg^-1能提高BaCl₂致大鼠或哇巴因致豚鼠HA的阈剂量。对BaCl₂致大鼠VF或哇巴因致豚鼠VE的阈剂量,分别在ig70mg·kg^-1与140mg·kg^-1时有提高,而ipNa₂SeO₃ 1 mg·kg^-1·d^-1×5d无此明显影响。     

灵芝多糖对老年小鼠脾细胞DNA多聚酶α活性及免疫功能的影响

24月龄老年小鼠脾细胞中DNA多聚酶α的活性比3月龄小鼠明显低下。每日ip灵芝多糖(GL-B)25和50 mg·kg^-1共4 d,均可明显增强老年小鼠脾细胞内DNA多聚酶α的活性,与老年对照组相比分别增加44.0和58.4%。体外实验发现,老年小鼠脾细胞自发增殖能力和自发分泌IL-2的能力明显低于年轻对照组,对同种异型抗原引起的混合淋巴细胞反应也明显减弱,加入GL-B(50,100,200μg·ml^-1)以后,这些指标均可明显恢复。     

香菇多糖的免疫调节作用

研究香菇多糖(LTN)的免疫调节作用。结果表明,LTN1及5mg·kg^-1·d^-1×6,ip可促进正常小鼠由ConA(2.5mg·kg^-1)刺激的脾脏T淋巴细胞增殖反应。1,5及10mg·kg^-1·d^-1×8或5,ip能分别纠正由环磷酰胺(Cy,200mg·kg^-1和80mg·kg^-1,ip)诱导的免疫亢进或低下状态。此外,LTN(1,5和10mg·kg^-1·d^-1×6,ip),促使小鼠胸腺L3T4+(Th)和Lyt2+(Ts)细胞数减少,外周脾脏L3T4+和Lyt2+细胞数增加,腹腔巨噬细胞释出肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)也明显增加。这些作用均以LTN5mg·kg^-1·d^-1作用最佳。提示LTN可能通过影响T细胞及其亚型,促进TNF活性调节机体的免疫功能。     

去甲肾上腺素能系统对埃必定镇痛作用的影响

在大鼠电刺激甩尾测痛模型上,sc或icv埃必定(ipalbidine,Ipa)均具有剂量依赖性的镇痛作用,而脊髓蛛网膜下腔注射Ipa人产生镇痛作用;预先给予利血平可以取消scIpa的镇痛作用,这一作用可被icv补充NE所翻转;电解损毁大鼠叹侧蓝斑,ip二乙基二硫代氨基甲酸钠200mg·kg^-1,酚妥拉明ip10mg·kg^-1或icv150μg和sc哌唑嗪5mg·kg^-1均能使Ipa的镇痛作用明显减弱或消失,而sc育亨宾5mg·kg^-1和ip普萘洛尔10mg·kg^-1对Ipa的镇痛作用无明显影响。上述结果提示Ipa在中枢有镇痛作用,其部位主要在脊髓以上的神经结构,Ipa的镇痛作用可能与去甲肾上腺素能系统的a₁受体有关,而与a₂和β受体无明显关系。     

孟鲁司特钠的心肌保护作用及对一氧化氮合酶的影响

目的观察白三烯受体拮抗剂孟鲁司特钠对大鼠心肌坏死的保护作用及一氧化氮合酶（NOS）的影响。方法大鼠sc异丙肾上腺素（2 mg·kg^-1）造成心肌坏死模型，ig不同剂量孟鲁司特钠，测定血清乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）、肌酸磷酸激酶（CK）、丙二醛（MDA）及心肌一氧化氮（NO）含量和坏死心肌面积，免疫组化检测心肌NOS 3种同功酶的表达。结果大鼠预先给予孟鲁司特钠10或30 mg·kg^-1可降低血清LDH，CK，MDA含量，缩小心肌坏死面积。孟鲁司特钠30 mg·kg^-1还能激活内皮型NOS（eNOS）表达，抑制诱导型NOS（iNOS）表达，促进心肌NO释放。结论孟鲁司特钠通过拮抗白三烯的致炎作用及激活eNOS、抑制iNOS表达，对大鼠异丙肾上腺素心肌坏死具有保护作用，在心肌缺血治疗中有潜在应用前景。     

β-榄香烯经大鼠呼吸道排泄研究

目的研究β-榄香烯自大鼠呼吸道排泄规律。方法采用自制的呼吸道药物收集装置，大鼠iv或ip β-榄香烯75 mg·kg^-1后，于不同时间点收集呼出气体，用气相色谱法测定药物浓度。结果大鼠iv或ip β-榄香烯75 mg·kg^-1 6 h后的累积排出量分别为给药剂量的1.41%和0.51%。结论原形药可经呼吸道排出，但不是β-榄香烯在大鼠体内消除的主要方式。     

黄芪多糖对内毒素致小鼠毒性损伤的作用

本文结果表明,预先给予黄芪多糖(APS)ip30,60,100mg·kg^-1·d^-1×7d能明显提高内毒素(25mg·kg^-1·ip)中毒小鼠的存活率,APSip 100mg·kg^-1·d^-1×7d,能完全解除内毒素的致死作用,对内毒素中毒鼠肝脏内ATP含量及EC值下降具有拮抗作用。上述作用均呈剂量依赖性。APSip 60,100mg·kg^-1·d^-1×7d能明显拮抗内毒素处理小鼠肝匀浆中MDA升高及GSH降低。电镜显示APS对内毒素处理小鼠肝脏线粒体结构的损伤具有保护作用。     

三七总皂苷对大鼠左心室构型重建的影响

目的探讨三七总皂苷(total saponins of Panax notoginseng,PNS)对大鼠左室重构中一氧化氮(NO)和环磷酸鸟苷(cGMP)含量的影响及其相关机制。方法异丙肾上腺素(isoproterenol,ISO)5 mg·kg^-1·d^-1,sc,连续7 d,建立大鼠心肌肥厚模型。造模第二天开始大鼠腹腔注射PNS 25和50 mg·kg^-1·d^-1,连续14 d,测定心脏重量参数;分光光度法检测左心室心肌组织中NO含量和一氧化氮合酶(NOS)活力;放免分析法检测左心室心肌组织中环磷酸鸟苷(cGMP)和环磷酸腺苷(cAMP)含量。结果ISO模型组大鼠心脏重量参数明显增大;左心室诱生型NOS(iNOS)活力和cAMP含量显著升高;NO、cGMP含量和结构型NOS(cNOS)活力显著降低。PNS能明显提高心肌组织NO水平、cNOS活力和cGMP的含量;降低iNOS活力和cAMP含量;减轻心脏重量;抑制左室重构。结论PNS改善大鼠左心室构型重建的作用与其提高NO和cGMP含量有关。     

牛膝多糖对T淋巴细胞和天然杀伤细胞功能的影响

牛膝多糖（ＡＢＰ）是从中药牛膝根中分离得到的一种有效成分。ＡＢＰ５０－８００ｍｇ·Ｌ－１在体外增强天然杀伤（ＮＫ）细胞活性和促进伴刀豆球蛋白Ａ（ＣｏｎＡ）诱导的肿瘤坏死因子－β（ＴＮＦ－β）产生；但不能提高ＣｏｎＡ诱导的Ｔ淋已细胞增殖反应和白介素２的产生．ＡＢＰ５０及１００ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１ｉｐ明显提高正常小鼠ＮＫ细胞活性和ＴＮＦ─β生成，增强二硝基氟苯诱导的迟发型超敏反应和对抗环磷酰胺对ＮＫ活性的抑制作用。但对ＣｏｎＡ诱导的Ｔ淋巴细胞增殖反应和白介素２的产生无明显影响。表明ＡＢＰ对Ｔ淋巴细胞功能的影响是有选择性的．ＡＢＰ对ＮＫ细胞的杀伤活性的增强作用是明显的．     

大气细颗粒物有机成分在体染毒对大鼠胸主动脉血管反应的影响及其与NO/NOS的关系

目的探究大气细颗粒物PM2.5有机成分在体染毒对大鼠胸主动脉血管反应性的影响及其与血管内皮细胞NO/NOS系统的关系。方法 Wistar大鼠随机分为两组:①染毒组:PM2.5染毒溶液1 ml.kg-1.d-1,iv;②对照组:生理盐水1 ml.kg-1.d-1,iv。染毒10 d后,击晕大鼠,主动脉采血,用于检测血清一氧化氮(NO)和内皮型一氧化氮合酶(eNOS)含量、诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)活性。分离主动脉,用于离体主动脉实验和免疫组织化学染色分析,观察主动脉血管反应性和内皮细胞eNOS和iNOS蛋白表达。结果 PM2.5有机成分在体染毒后,可增强大鼠离体胸主动脉对60 mmol·L-1 KCl及苯肾上腺素(PE,10-5 mol·L-1)的收缩效应,减弱其对乙酰胆碱(ACh,10-9～10-5 mol·L-1)的舒张效应,但主动脉对硝普钠(SNP,10-9～10-5 mol·L-1)的舒张效应则不受影响。PM2.5有机成分在体染毒后,大鼠血清NO含量及iNOS活性增加,但eNOS含量则无明显变化;主动脉血管内皮细胞iNOS表达增加,eNOS表达减少。结论 PM2.5有机成分可影响大鼠胸主动脉环血管反应性,NO/NOS系统功能紊乱可能是其机制之一。     

Opposite effects on tumor growth depending on dose of Achyranthes bidentata polysaccharides in C57BL/6 mice

We report here the investigation on the effects of Achyranthes bidentata polysaccharides (ABPS) against Lewis lung cancer (LLC) in C57BL/6 mice. Depending on its doses administered in vivo, ABPS was shown to have inhibitory as well as stimulative effects on tumor growth in LLC-bearing C57BL/6 mice. ABPS at low dose could significantly inhibit LLC growth, while high dose treatment of ABPS stimulated, rather than inhibited, LLC growth in C57BL/6 mice. Tumor cell cycle analysis revealed that more tumor cells arrested at G2/M phase after daily low dose intraperitoneal injection of ABPS for consecutive 15 days. The spleen weight increased markedly in LLC-bearing C57BL/6 mice treated with high dose of ABPS. However, the spleen cytotoxicity activity was significantly despaired in mice of high dose treatment of ABPS. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the expressions of IL-6 mRNA and TNF-alpha mRNA were markedly up-regulated in spleens from mice treated with a high dose of ABPS by RT-PCR reactions, suggesting that the low dose of ABPS inhibits tumor growth via its effect on tumor cell cycle distribution, rather than activation of NK activity as previously suggested. We postulate that the stimulation of tumor growth by high dose of ABPS is associated with dysfunction of NK cell and up-regulation of IL-6 mRNA and TNF-alpha mRNA expression in murine spleen.     

年龄及人参皂甙 Rg1 对大鼠大脑皮层 NO 释放的影响

探讨了NO与衰老的关系及与Rg1抗衰老机制的关系。用Griess法,³H-L-精氨酸转化法分别研究大鼠大脑皮层细胞NO含量及NOS活性,观察其随龄变化及人参皂甙Rg1(Rg1)对老年鼠NO及NOS的影响。实验表明,成年鼠(9月龄)与青年鼠(3月龄)NO含量及NOS活性无显著性差异。老年鼠(27月龄)脑皮层NO含量明显高于青年鼠和成年鼠,NOS活性也明显增高。老年鼠给予Rg1后可显著减少大脑皮层NO含量和降低NOS活性。结果提示,NO与衰老关系密切,Rg1的抗衰老作用与其对NOS活性的抑制有关。     

The protective action of scutellarin against immunological liver injury induced by concanavalin A and its effect on pro-inflammatory cytokines in mice

Scutellarin is a natural compound from a Chinese herb. The purpose of this paper was to study the protective effect of scutellarin on concanavalin A (Con A)-induced immunological liver injury and its effect on liver nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), interferon gamma (IFN-gamma), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in mice. Mouse liver injury was produced by injection of Con A 25 mg kg-1 via the tail vein. Scutellarin 50 or 100 mg kg-1 was peritoneally administered to mice 9 or 1 h before injection of Con A. The levels of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and asparatate aminotransferase (AST), NO2-/NO3- and TNF-alpha were determined with biochemical kits, and ELISA using Quantikine Mouse TNF-alpha kit according the manufacturer's instructions. Liver lesions were examined by light microscope. The expression of TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, iNOS and Fas mRNA in the livers was detected by RT-PCR; and the expression of c-Fos, c-Jun, iNOS and IkappaB proteins was measured by Western Blotting. As a result, pretreatment with scutellarin 100 mg kg-1 significantly decreased the serum ALT, AST, NO2-/NO3- and TNF-alpha levels, and also reduced liver lesions induced by Con A. Scutellarin 100 mg kg-1 down-regulated expression of TNF-alpha and iNOS mRNA, and c-Fos, c-Jun and iNOS protein, while scutellarin enhanced the degradation of IkappaB in the livers of mice injected with Con A. The results suggest that scutellarin has a protective action against Con A-induced liver injury in mice, and its active mechanism may be related to the inhibition of the NF-kappaB-TNF-alpha-iNOS transduction pathway.     

The antinociceptive effect of 1-(2-trifluoromethylphenyl) imidazole (TRIM), a potent inhibitor of neuronal nitric oxide synthase in vitro, in the mouse.

1-(2-trifluoromethylphenyl)imidazole (TRIM) is a potent inhibitor of neuronal (mouse cerebellar) and inducible (lung from endotoxin-pretreated rats) isoforms of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) with IC50 values of 28.2 microM and 27.0 microM, respectively. In contrast, TRIM is a poor inhibitor of bovine aortic endothelial NOS with an IC50 of 1057.5 microM. TRIM (10-50 mg kg-1) administered i.p. exhibits dose-related antinociceptive activity in the mouse (assessed as inhibition of late phase formalin-induced hindpaw licking behaviour) with an ED50 of 85.8 mumol kg-1. In contrast, TRIM (50 mg kg-1, i.p.) failed to influence mean arterial blood pressure in the urethane-anaesthetized mouse. Thus, TRIM may be of use as an experimental tool with which to investigate the biological roles of nitric oxide (NO) within the central nervous system.     

Characterization of the novel nitric oxide synthase inhibitor 7-nitro indazole and related indazoles: antinociceptive and cardiovascular effects.

1. 7-Nitro indazole (7-NI, 10-50 mg kg-1), 6-nitro indazole and indazole (25-100 mg kg-1) administered i.p. in the mouse produce dose-related antinociception in the late phase of the formalin-induced hindpaw licking and acetic acid-induced abdominal constriction assays. The ED50 values (mg kg-1) were as follows: 7-NI (27.5 and 22.5), 6-nitro indazole (62.5 and 44.0) and indazole (41.0 and 48.5) in the two assays respectively. 3-Indazolinone, 6 amino indazole and 6-sulphanilimido indazole (all 50 mg kg-1) were without effect. With the exception of 5-nitro indazole (50 mg kg-1) which produced sedation, none of the other indazole derivates examined caused overt behavioural changes. 2. The antinociceptive effect of 7-NI (25 mg kg-1, i.p.) in the late phase of the formalin-induced hindpaw licking assay was partially (46.7 +/- 16.2%, n = 18) reversed by pretreatment with L- but not D-arginine (both 50 mg kg-1, i.p.). 3. The time course of 7-NI induced antinociception in the mouse was correlated with inhibition of brain (cerebellum) nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity. Maximum antinociceptive activity and NOS inhibition was detected 18-30 min following i.p. administration. In contrast, no antinociceptive effect or inhibition of cerebellar NOS was detected 75 min post-injection. 4. 7-NI, 6-nitro indazole, indazole, 3-indazolinone and 6-amino indazole (all 50 mg kg-1) failed to influence mean arterial pressure (MAP) over the 45 min after i.p. administration in the anaesthetized mouse.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

白芍总甙对佐剂性关节炎大鼠滑膜细胞功能和脾细胞增殖反应的影响

本文研究了白芍总甙（ＴＧＰ）对大鼠佐剂性关节炎（ＡＡ）滑膜细胞功能以及脾淋已细胞增殖反应的影响及其作用机理。结果表明，ＴＧＰ５０ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１·ｄ－１×１０ｄｉｇ可使ＡＡ大鼠滑膜细胞过度分泌白介素１，肿癌坏死因子（ＴＮＦ）和前列腺素Ｅ２（ＰＧＥ２）的功能恢复正常，继而下调滑膜成纤维细胞的增殖；吲哚美辛２ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１·ｄ－１×１０ｄｉｇ抑制ＰＧＥ２产生，但增加ＡＡ大鼠滑膜细胞分泌白介素１与ＴＮＦ，从而促进滑膜成纤维细胞的增殖。ＴＧＰ５０ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１·ｄ－１×１０ｄｉｇ恢复ＡＡ大鼠脾细胞过低的伴刀豆球蛋白Ａ（ＣｏｎＡ）增殖反应与其下调巨噬细胞产生一氧化氮和ＰＧＥ２有关；体外实验亦证明，高浓度（０．４——６．４ｍｇ·Ｌ－１）ＴＧＰ负调节脾细胞ＣｏｎＡ增殖反应与其促进巨噬细胞产生一氧化氮和ＰＧＥ２有关。     

Inhibitors of nitric oxide synthetase prevent castor-oil-induced diarrhoea in the rat.

1. Castor oil (2 ml orally) produced copious diarrhoea in rats 3 h after its administration. 2. Pretreatment (intraperitoneal, i.p.) of rats with the NO synthesis inhibitors NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 1-25 mg kg-1) and NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA, 2.5-100 mg kg-1) inhibited or prevented castor-oil-induced diarrhoea. L-Arginine (150-600 mg kg-1, i.p.) administered to rats pretreated with L-NAME 10 mg kg-1, drastically reduced the antidiarrhoeal activity of L-NAME in a dose-related manner. D-Arginine (900 mg kg-1) did not modify the protection by L-NAME. 3. Pretreatment (i.p.) of rats with L-NAME (2.5-25 mg kg-1) decreased the intestinal fluid accumulation and Na+ secretion induced by castor oil. L-Arginine (600 mg kg-1) but not D-arginine (900 mg kg-1) counteracted the inhibitory effect of L-NAME (10 mg kg-1). 4. L-NAME (10 and 25 mg kg-1) had no significant effect on the intestinal transit in normal rats or those given castor oil. 5. These results provide evidence that nitric oxide (NO) could play an important role in castor-oil-induced diarrhoea.