稀有放线菌质粒生物学的研究进展

非链霉菌属的稀有放线菌类群广泛分布在自然环境中，具有重要的基础研究与应用价值。在许多稀有放线菌中发现了环型与线型质粒，由质粒发展起来的遗传操作系统可以为研究稀有放线菌的生理及代谢提供强有力的工具。本文综述目前稀有放线菌中的质粒生物学的研究进展。     

稀有放线菌产生的抗生素

由于从链霉菌中发现新抗生素的几率越来越小，从稀有放线菌中寻找新抗生素成为研究的重点。稀有放线菌是新生物活性物质的重要产生菌，其产生的抗生素具有结构多样及活性独特的特点。本文概述近年来稀有放线菌中的小单孢菌属、诺卡菌属、马杜拉放线菌属、游动放线菌属、拟无枝菌酸菌属、小双孢菌属及糖多孢菌属等产生的抗生素种类及其活性。     

罗布泊地区沙生植物根际放线菌多样性及生物活性的研究

目的研究罗布泊地区沙生植物根际放线菌多样性及其生物活性,以期发现新药用微生物资源。方法采用2种分离方法,6种分离培养基,从两种沙生植物24份根际土样中分离放线菌;对其中131株放线菌发酵液及乙酸乙酯提取液采用抗菌、杀线虫模型进行活性筛选,并根据活性测定结果结合菌株形态特征对其中66株进行16S rRNA基因序列分析。结果共分离到放线菌154株,53株在其中一个或两个活性筛选模型中都显示为阳性,总阳性率为40.46%,16S rRNA基因序列分析表明这66株放线菌分布在12个属,除了优势菌链霉菌(Streptomyces)外,还发现了拟诺卡氏菌属(Nocardiopsis),拟无枝酸菌属(Amycolatopsis),疣孢菌属(Verrucosispore),喜冷杆菌属(Cryobacterium),异壁放线菌属(Actinoalloteichus),假诺卡氏菌属(Pseudonocardia),普氏菌属(Prauserella),链单孢菌属(Streptomonospora),贫养杆菌属(Modestobacter),放线产孢菌属(Actinomycetospora),芽生球菌属(Blastococcus)等稀有放线菌属,菌株CA15-2与GenBank数据库中最近种Nocardiopsis nikkonensis YU1183-22T(GenBank登录号:AB491226)的相似性约为94%,可能为潜在的新属或新种。结论罗布泊地区沙生植物根际存在较为丰富的放线菌资源并能产生多种活性次级代谢产物,值得进一步的研究。     

利普斯他汀高产菌株毒三素链霉菌AP617-N12CA的全基因组测序与分析

摘要：目的 解析利普斯他汀(lipstatin)高产菌株毒三素链霉菌AP617-N12CA (S. toxytricini AP617-N12CA)的基因组序列信息,为深入研究该菌株高产lipstatin的分子机理与调控机制奠定基础。方法 联合应用三代单分子测序技术和二代高通量测序技术对AP617-N12CA菌株进行全基因组测序,使用相关软件对测序数据进行进基因组组装、基因预测和功能注释,并对lipstatin及其他次级代谢产物生物合成基因簇进行分析预测。结果 AP617-N12CA菌株整个基因组大约6.99Mb,GC含量73.76%,含有6134个编码序列;基因组由一条长约6.38Mb的线型染色体和一个长约0.61Mb的线型质粒组成;同时预测得到22个次级代谢产物合成基因簇,其中lipstatin基因簇定位在线型质粒右臂区域而非在染色体上。结论 首次完成了AP617-N12CA菌株全基因组完成图绘制,在S. toxytricini菌中首次发现和描述了线型质粒,在线型质粒上定位并鉴定分析了lipstatin基因簇。为S. toxytricini的功能基因组学研究和lipstatin高产机理解析提供了基础数据,对后续相关研究具有重要意义。     

应用基因组重排育种新方法筛选替考拉宁高产菌

本文以稀有放线菌替考游动放线菌SIIA 01-11-25为研究对象，探索稀有放线菌次级代谢产物产生菌的基因组重排育种的基本规律，重点研究四种产量标记亲本的筛选、稀有放线菌原生质体制备、融合、再生的方法、重组子筛选模型等关键技术，并运用建立的基因组重排方法，在1年内对替考游动放线菌进行了三轮基因组重排育种，共筛选了648株。结果表明SIIA05-3-136菌株为0．3％的乙酸钠＋0．8％的甘氨酸＋0．5％二甲胺的三重产量性状的融合菌株，其替考拉宁产量从原始株的1825u／ml提高到3016u／ml，增长65．3％，而传统的诱变育种方法达到此目标，通常需耗时3～4年筛选25000—30000株菌才能实现。目前SIIA05-3-136菌株已应用于中试生产。     

土壤中稀有放线菌分离培养方法的研究进展

土壤中稀有放线菌的分离及培养的研究在新型抗生素以及其它具有生物活性的微生物代谢产物的获得是非常重要的。近几年研究者通过不断地研究得出了各种各样用于分离自然界中有利用价值的稀有放线菌属的方法,使得稀有放线菌属中的游动放线菌属、动孢放线菌属、马杜拉放线菌属、指孢囊菌属、小双孢菌属、小单孢菌属、小四孢菌属、糖单孢菌属等研究得以发展。这些方法包括添加了适宜抑菌基质的琼脂培养基的富集方法,及与之相结合的各种预处理方法,本文综述了这一系列选择性分离方法。     

海南三亚红树林放线菌多样性及抗菌活性

目的 研究海南三亚红树林底泥样品中放线菌的多样性及抗菌活性,以期发现可以产生新颖活性物质的药用放线菌资源。方法 采用11种分离培养基以稀释涂布法对样品中的放线菌进行选择性分离;对分离菌株的16S rRNA基因序列进行扩增、比对,开展多样性分析;放线菌发酵液经乙酸乙酯萃取,采用纸片法对粗提物进行抗菌活性筛选;同时对放线菌的生物合成基因NRPS、PKS I和PKS II进行筛选。结果 共分离到149株放线菌,它们分布于6个目12个科16个属,其中小单孢菌属为优势菌属;菌株MG16072的16S rRNA基因序列与最近有效菌株Actinomadura hallensis H647-1T的相似率为97.94%,为潜在Actinomadura属新种;抗菌活性检测结果显示,有20株放线菌至少对1株检定菌具有抗菌活性;NRPS、PKS I、PKS II基因筛选结果显示,有82株放线菌至少含有1种生物合成基因。结论 海南三亚红树林含有丰富的药用放线菌资源,具有从中发现新颖活性物质的潜力。     

广西北仑河口红树林植物根际淤泥放线菌的分离、鉴定、多样性及抗菌活性研究

从红树林根际淤泥中分离鉴定放线菌并进行多样性分析及抗菌活性研究,为新抗生素的发现提供药用放线菌资源。方法 用6种分离培养基,利用涂布平板法分离放线菌;通过PCR扩增获得菌株16S rRNA基因并进行同源性比对,分析放线菌多样性;发酵液经处理分别形成发酵液酯相、发酵液水相和菌丝丙酮浸提液3类样品;纸片扩散法进行抗菌活性测试。结果 从5份红树林植物根际淤泥样品中分离纯化得到56株放线菌,分布于7个目7个科12个属,优势菌属为小单孢菌属和红球菌属;菌株L9T122、L1T1Jb1的16S rRNA基因序列与有效发表菌株Agromyces bracchium IFO 16238T(AB023359)、Streptomyces radiopugnans R97T(DQ912930)的相似率最高,分别为97.49%和97.07%,为潜在壤霉菌属和链霉菌属新种;抗菌活性检测结果表明,在20株放线菌中,15株具有抗菌活性,总阳性率为75.00%。其中L2T1Gb21、L9T122对金黄色葡萄球菌和铜绿假单胞菌均有较强的抑菌作用。结论 广西北仑河口红树林植物根际土壤中含有较为丰富的放线菌资源,菌株L2T1Gb21、L9T122有较强的抗菌活性,具有开发抗菌新药的潜力。     

稀有放线菌产生抗菌药物的多样性

目的 对稀有放线菌产生抗菌药物的结构类型和生物活性作一综述,提供有关稀有放线菌研究的借鉴资料。方法 查阅近10多年来国内外公开发表的有关稀有放线菌产生抗菌药物的相关文献,对其产生抗菌药物的结构及生物活性进行论述。结果 稀有放线菌产生的抗菌药物具有结构多样及活性独特的特点,主要有14种结构类型。结论 稀有放线菌是新生物活性物质的重要产生菌,本文为今后稀有放线菌的进一步研究提供了参考。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠南麓土壤放线菌资源勘探及抗菌活性筛选

目的探测塔克拉玛干沙漠南麓放线菌多样性及抗菌活性,以期发现新药用微生物资源,为新抗生素发现奠定基础。方法采用10种分离培养基,以稀释涂布法分离放线菌;采用16S rRNA基因序列分析放线菌多样性;放线菌液体发酵,发酵液乙酸乙酯萃取,菌丝体丙酮浸提;对获得的提取浓缩物,采用纸片扩散法进行抗菌活性筛选。结果从17份土壤样品,共纯化到368株放线菌;其中166株经过16S rRNA序列分析的放线菌分布于16个科的24个属,链霉菌属和拟诺卡菌属为优势菌属;菌株SC8A-24的16Sr RNA基因序列与最近有效菌株Nocardioides salaries CL-Z59T(DQ401092)的相似率为96.41%,为潜在的新种;发酵96株放线菌,其中62株在至少一个抗菌活性筛选中显示为阳性,总阳性率为64.58%。结论塔克拉玛干沙漠南麓土壤中存在较为丰富的药用放线菌资源,具有从中发现放线菌新物种及新结构抗生素的潜力。     

New Cytoplasmic Virus-Like Elements (VLEs) in the Yeast Debaryomyces hansenii

Yeasts can have additional genetic information in the form of cytoplasmic linear dsDNA molecules called virus-like elements (VLEs). Some of them encode killer toxins. The aim of this work was to investigate the prevalence of such elements in D. hansenii killer yeast deposited in culture collections as well as in strains freshly isolated from blue cheeses. Possible benefits to the host from harboring such VLEs were analyzed. VLEs occurred frequently among fresh D. hansenii isolates (15/60 strains), as opposed to strains obtained from culture collections (0/75 strains). Eight new different systems were identified: four composed of two elements and four of three elements. Full sequences of three new VLE systems obtained by NGS revealed extremely high conservation among the largest molecules in these systems except for one ORF, probably encoding a protein resembling immunity determinant to killer toxins of VLE origin in other yeast species. ORFs that could be potentially involved in killer activity due to similarity to genes encoding proteins with domains of chitin-binding/digesting and deoxyribonuclease NucA/NucB activity, could be distinguished in smaller molecules. However, the discovered VLEs were not involved in the biocontrol of Yarrowia lipolytica and Penicillium roqueforti present in blue cheeses.     

台湾海峡海洋沉积物放线菌的多样性

目的探究台湾海峡海洋沉积物中放线菌的多样性及发现合成药物先导化合物的新菌源。方法采用6种选择性培养基分离15份来自台湾海峡沉积物样品中含有的放线菌。挑选不同培养特征的放线菌进行初步分类鉴别、16S rRNA基因序列系统进化分析及基于PCR的烯二炔抗生素基因筛选。结果共分离到497株放线菌,挑选的95株放线菌分别属于放线菌7个科,11个属。16S rRNA基因序列分析结果提示分离到的小单孢菌科菌种存在数个潜在新种,95株菌中有27%的菌株含有烯二炔抗生素核弹头的生物合成基因片段。结论海洋环境蕴含丰富的放线菌资源,具有产生烯二炔类抗生素的潜能。     

The effect of protective agents on the stability of plasmid DNA by the process of spray-drying

The effect of several protective agents was assessed on the stability of spray-dried plasmid DNA. The spray-drying process had adverse effects on the tertiary structure of plasmid DNA with the protective agents of sucrose, glycine and agarose. With the protection of these noncondensing agents, a band corresponding to the linear form of plasmid DNA was observed in the gel electrophoresis between the supercoiled circular (SC) form and the open circular (OC) form. On the contrary, spray-dried plasmid DNA maintained some degree of structural integrity under the protection of condensing agents. For the protection by neutral condensing polymers, such as polyethylene glycol 1000 and 4000, no linear form between the SC form and the OC form of plasmid DNA was revealed in the gel electrophoresis. Also, excess cationic condensing polymer, polyethyleneimine, had the ability to provide the plasmid DNA with protection from degradation as indicated by the preservation in SC and OC forms of plasmid DNA on the agarose gel electrophoresis. Moreover, DNA topology was unchanged after six-month storage at 4 degrees C by the protection of these neutral and cationic condensing agents. Accordingly, DNA condensation induced by condensing agents may provide a way to minimize damage to plasmid DNA by the process of spray drying.     

Genetic characterisation of CTX-M-15-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli strains isolated from stem cell transplant patients in Tunisia

Characterisation of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) genes and their genetic environments as well as the presence of integrons were analysed in nine Klebsiella pneumoniae and two Escherichia coli ESBL-positive isolates recovered in the Centre of Bone Marrow Transplantation of Tunisia. All strains harboured the bla(CTX-M-15) gene and presented minimum inhibitory concentrations for cefotaxime and ceftazidime of 256-1024mgL(-1) and 16-512mgL(-1), respectively, and eight of them showed different pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns. The bla(OXA-1) and bla(TEM-1) genes were detected in eight and ten strains, respectively. In addition, bla(SHV-1), bla(SHV-11) and bla(SHV-27) were found in six, one and one K. pneumoniae strains, respectively. The new variant bla(SHV-103) was characterised in one K. pneumoniae strain. The intI1 gene was detected in eight K. pneumoniae strains and the dfrA5+ereA2 and aadA gene cassettes were found in one and five strains, respectively. All strains harboured a 70kb plasmid, and its transference in addition to bla(CTX-M-15), bla(TEM-1b) and bla(OXA-1) genes was demonstrated from three K. pneumoniae to E. coli. ISEcp1 and orf477 were located upstream and downstream, respectively, of the bla(CTX-M-15) gene in 10 strains. The occurrence of the bla(CTX-M-15) gene in unrelated strains might have originated from the dissemination of mobile genetic elements in which ISEcp1 may have played an important role.     

Analysis of plasmid DNA damage induced by melanin with capillary electrophoresis

Dilute linear poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) in Tris-Mes-EDTA (TME) buffer was used as sieving matrix for capillary electrophoresis (CE) of plasmid DNA and plasmid topological isomers induced by melanin in uncoated capillary. At the optimized condition of 0.1% (w/v) PNIPAM in TME buffer, base line separation of the plasmid DNA ladder (2-12 kbp) was achieved within 15 min. Three positive clones with inserts of 468, 1147 and 1566 bp can be distinguished from the plasmid pUC 18 vector within 13 min. The migration order of the plasmid topological isomers in the dynamic coating matrix was confirmed by the enzymatically prepared and UV-induced plasmids. The covalently closed circular form appeared firstly, followed by the linear plasmid form and then the open circular form. The effect of bacterial melanin obtained from Pseudomonas maltophilia AT18 on plasmid pUC 18 was investigated by CE in uncoated capillary in vitro. Plasmid pUC 18 incubated with either melanin or copper ions alone sustained little DNA damage. The combination of melanin with Cu(II) can cause the plasmid pUC 18 conformational changes from covalently closed circular form to open form. Understanding the damage effect of melanin with copper ions on DNA would be important for the melanin-related application, such as photoprotective antioxidant in protecting the skin from cancer, pathophysiology research in clinic. The investigation of melanin induced plasmid conformational changes by CE in uncoated capillary also revealed that the application of the dynamic coating matrix could be extended to the study of plasmid conformational changes in other plasmid-based biological technologies.     

Identification of novel vga(A)-carrying plasmids and a Tn5406-like transposon in meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis of human and animal origin

Nine staphylococcal strains of human and animal origin with a lincomycin-resistant/erythromycin-susceptible phenotype and carrying vga genes were characterised to determine the genetic elements involved in the dissemination of these uncommon resistance genes. These strains were typed by multilocus sequence typing (MLST), staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) and/or spa typing. Antimicrobial susceptibility was studied by disk diffusion and agar dilution methods. Presence of the genes lnu(A), lnu(B), vga(A), vga(A)v, vga(B), vga(C), vga(E), lsa(B) and cfr was studied by PCR. Transformation experiments were carried out in all strains, and the plasmid or chromosomal gene location was determined by Southern blot analysis. Genetic environments of the vga genes were analysed by PCR mapping or inverse PCR and sequencing. Five meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) ST398 strains and three Staphylococcus epidermidis strains harboured the gene vga(A), and one MRSA-ST8 strain contained the gene vga(A)v. One MRSA-ST398 strain, which also contained the gene lnu(A), showed the highest minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) to lincomycin. The vga(A)v-positive strain presented lower MIC values than the vga(A)-positive strains. Presence of the pVGA plasmid was confirmed in two MRSA-ST398 strains. Four novel vga(A)-carrying plasmids were detected: pUR2355 (in two MRSA and one meticillin-susceptible S. epidermidis); pUR4128 (one MRSA); pUR3036 [one meticillin-resistant S. epidermidis (MRSE)]; and pUR3937 (one MRSE). The plasmid pUR4128 was very similar to pUR2355. Plasmids pUR3036 and pUR3937 were related and were very similar to plasmid pSE-12228-06. The gene vga(A)v was located in a transposon analogous to Tn5406. Therefore, four novel vga(A)-carrying plasmids and a variant of Tn5406 were identified in this study.     

角果木树皮来源放线菌多样性及生物活性初探

摘要：勘探红树植物角果木树皮来源放线菌多样性,挖掘具有高效广谱抗农用真菌、高产多种功能酶和一定耐药性的放线 菌,为开发农用生防菌肥提供参考依据。应用可培养技术和16S rRNA基因序列的系统发育分析研究红树植物角果木中可培养放 线菌的多样性,并对其进行抑制植物病原菌、功能酶活性及其基因组DNA的聚酮合酶(PKS)基因与非核糖体肽合成酶(NRPS)基 因筛选;同时对抑菌活性菌株开展有机磷农药耐受试验。结果表明,从角果木树皮中共分离到30种放线菌,隶属于10科12属; 从中筛选出10株放线菌在至少1个抗菌活性检测中显示阳性,且对多种有机磷农药均表现出一定的耐受性;此外,其中24株放 线菌具有至少一种功能酶活性,及18株放线菌的基因组DNA扩增出抗生素生物合成基因。综上所述,海南东寨港红树林保护区 内红树植物角果木树皮来源放线菌具有丰富的物种多样性和多种显著的生物活性。     

Chitosan–DNA Nanoparticles: Effect on DNA Integrity,Bacterial Transformation and Transfection Efficiency

While somatic gene therapy has the potential to treat many genetic disorders, recent clinical trials suggest that an efficient and safe delivery vehicle for successful gene therapy is lacking. The current study examines the influence of two different preparation (the solvent evaporation method and the complex coacervation method) methods on the encapsulation of a model plasmid with chitosan. The ability of different molecular weights of chitosan to form nanoparticles with a plasmid, and particulated polymers to stabilize a plasmid in a supercoiled form, were examined by agarose gel electrophoresis. Protection of encapsulated pDNA offered by these nanoparticles from nuclease attack was confirmed by assessing degradation in the presence of DNase I, and the transformation of the plasmids with incubated nanoparticles were examined by β-galactosidase assay. Model pDNA existed as a mixture of both supercoiled (84.2%) and open circular (15.8%) forms. Our results demonstrated that supercoiled forms decreased while open circular forms and fragmented linear forms increased during the preparation of formulations. F1 formulation prepared by the complex coacervation method protected the supercoiled form of pDNA effectively. There weren't any significant changes in nanoparticle size and zeta potential values at pH 5.5 for a period of 3 months, but differences in particle sizes were observed after lyophilization with a cryoprotective agent. The efficiency of nanoparticles mediated transformation to Escherichia coli cells was significantly higher than naked DNA or poly-_l-lysine (PLL)–DNA polycation complexes. The transfection studies were performed in COS-7 cells. A 3-fold increase in gene expression was produced by nanoparticles as compared to the same amount of naked plasmid DNA (pDNA). These observations suggest that formulations with high molecular weight (HMW) chitosan can be an effective non-viral method of gene vector in animal studies.     

Chitosan-DNA nanoparticles: effect on DNA integrity, bacterial transformation and transfection efficiency

While somatic gene therapy has the potential to treat many genetic disorders, recent clinical trials suggest that an efficient and safe delivery vehicle for successful gene therapy is lacking. The current study examines the influence of two different preparation (the solvent evaporation method and the complex coacervation method) methods on the encapsulation of a model plasmid with chitosan. The ability of different molecular weights of chitosan to form nanoparticles with a plasmid, and particulated polymers to stabilize a plasmid in a supercoiled form, were examined by agarose gel electrophoresis. Protection of encapsulated pDNA offered by these nanoparticles from nuclease attack was confirmed by assessing degradation in the presence of DNase I, and the transformation of the plasmids with incubated nanoparticles were examined by beta-galactosidase assay. Model pDNA existed as a mixture of both supercoiled (84.2%) and open circular (15.8%) forms. Our results demonstrated that supercoiled forms decreased while open circular forms and fragmented linear forms increased during the preparation of formulations. F1 formulation prepared by the complex coacervation method protected the supercoiled form of pDNA effectively. There weren't any significant changes in nanoparticle size and zeta potential values at pH 5.5 for a period of 3 months, but differences in particle sizes were observed after lyophilization with a cryoprotective agent. The efficiency of nanoparticles mediated transformation to Escherichia coli cells was significantly higher than naked DNA or poly-L-lysine (PLL)-DNA polycation complexes. The transfection studies were performed in COS-7 cells. A 3-fold increase in gene expression was produced by nanoparticles as compared to the same amount of naked plasmid DNA (pDNA). These observations suggest that formulations with high molecular weight (HMW) chitosan can be an effective non-viral method of gene vector in animal studies.