HPLC测定栀子炮制品中栀子苷的含量

目的建立测定栀子炮制品(炒、焦、炭、姜炙品)中栀子苷含量的方法,考察栀子炮制前、后栀子苷的含量变化。方法采用HPLC法,HypersilBDSC18柱,流动相为乙腈-水(12∶88),检测波长236nm。结果栀子苷在0.075~0.819μg范围内,线性关系良好(r=0.9999),炒栀子(焦、炭、姜炙品)的平均回收率为97.9%(97.6%、99.2%、99.3%),RSD=2.41%(2.35%、1.56%、2.73%)(n=6)。结论所用方法简便、准确、重复性好,可作为栀子炮制品的质量控制方法;炮制可导致栀子中栀子苷的含量下降。     

不同采收时期及干燥方法对栀子中栀子苷含量的影响

目的:评价不同采收期以及不同干燥方法对栀子苷的影响.方法:应用高效液相色谱法测定,色谱柱为Agilent Zorbax XDB-C18色谱柱(150 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm);流动相为乙腈-水(15:85),流速1.0 ml·min-1;柱温:30℃;检测波长238 nm.结果:栀子苷的线性范围为0.31～155.76 μg·ml-1(r=0.999 9),加样回收率为100.9%(RSD=1.2%);定量分析了6个采收时间、12种干燥方法的栀子中栀子苷含量.结论:不同采收时期、不同干燥方法对栀子中栀子苷的含量有一定的影响.     

高效液相色谱法测定江津栀子中栀子苷含量

目的建立测定江津栀子中栀子苷含量的高效液相色谱法。方法色谱柱为UltimateTM C18键合硅胶柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-水(10∶90),流速1.0 mL/min,温度25℃,检测波长238 nm。结果栀子苷进样量在3.2～11.2μg范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,回归方程为Y=-439 843.76+1 012 294.70 X,r=0.999 2(n=5);平均加样回收率为99.34%,RSD=1.49%(n=6)。结论高效液相色谱法测定江津栀子中栀子苷的含量,操作简便、结果稳定,精密度、重现性、回收率均较好。     

反相高效液相色谱法测定栀子金花丸中栀子苷的含量

目的采用反相高效液相色谱法测定栀子金花丸中栀子苷的含量。方法色谱柱为spherisorb C18(4.6 mm×250mm 5μm);流动相为甲醇-水(30:70),流速为1ml.min-1,检测波长为238nm。结果栀子苷在0.0472~0.236μg范围内线性关系良好,r=0.9999,平均回收率为101.9%,RSD为1.2%(n=5)。结论该方法简便、快速,重现性好。     

复方茵栀颗粒中栀子的鉴别及含量测定

目的:建立复方茵栀颗粒中栀子的鉴别和栀子苷的含量测定方法。方法:采用薄层色谱(TLC)法对栀子进行定性鉴别;采用高效液相色谱法测定栀子苷的含量。结果:在TLC中能鉴别出栀子;栀子苷的线性范围为5.005～60.06μg·mL-(1r=0.9999),平均回收率为102.78%(RSD=1.95%,n=6)。结论:所建立的方法简便、重现性好,可用于复方茵栀颗粒中栀子的鉴别和栀子苷的含量测定。     

高效液相色谱法测定栀子黄柏口服液中栀子苷的含量

目的建立HPLC法测定栀子黄柏口服液中栀子苷的含量。方法采用高效液相色谱法,色谱柱:Agilent Eclipse XDB-C18(4.6 mm×150 mm,5μm);流动相:甲醇-水(25∶75);流速:1.0 mL/min;检测波长:238nm;柱温:30℃。结果栀子苷浓度在2.550¹27.5μg/mL范围内与其峰面积线性关系良好(r=0.999 9),平均回收率为99.93%,RSD为2.43%(n=6)。结论本方法简便、快速、准确,可用于栀子黄柏口服液中栀子苷的含量测定。     

RP-HPLC法同时测定不同产地栀子中栀子苷、西红花苷-Ⅰ和西红花苷-Ⅱ的含量

目的:建立同时测定栀子中栀子苷、西红花苷-Ⅰ和西红花苷-Ⅱ含量的方法,并对14批不同产地栀子药材中3种成分的含量进行测定。方法:采用反相高效液相色谱法。色谱柱为Thermo ODSC1(8250mm×4.6mm,5μm),流动相为甲醇-0.1%磷酸水溶液(梯度洗脱),流速为1.0mL·min-1,检测波长分别为栀子苷238nm、西红花苷-Ⅰ和西红花苷-Ⅱ440nm。结果:栀子苷、西红花苷-Ⅰ、西红花苷-Ⅱ的进样量分别在0.448～5.600、0.142～1.775、0.026～0.325μg范围内与各自峰面积积分值呈良好线性关系,r分别为0.9992、0.9998、0.9999;三者平均回收率分别为99.69%(RSD=2.44%,n=6)、98.26%(RSD=2.62%,n=6)、102.94%(RSD=3.13%,n=6)。结论:本方法简便、准确、重复性好,可同时测定栀子中栀子苷、西红花苷-Ⅰ和西红花苷-Ⅱ的含量。     

HPLC法测定栀子提取物中栀子苷的含量

目的 评价HPLC法测定栀子提取物中栀子苷含量的效果.方法 色谱柱迪马C18柱(250mm×4.6mm×5μm),柱温为40℃;流动相为甲醇-0.05%磷酸(25∶75);流速为1.0mL·min-1;检测波长238nm;进样量为10μL.结果 栀子苷在24.6~98.4mg·mL-1(r=0.9997)范围内线性关系良好,平均回收率为99.1%(RSD=0.69%).结论 HPLC结果准确可靠,重复性好,适合栀子提取物的质量控制.     

RP-HPLC法测定栀子金花丸中栀子苷的含量

目的:建立栀子金花丸中栀子苷的含量测定方法。方法:反相HPLC测定法。采用Shim-packVP-ODS色谱柱(150mm×4.6mm,5μm);流动相为乙腈-水(15∶85);流速为1ml/min;检测波长为238nm。结果:此方法线性关系良好(r=0.9997),平均回收率为95.43%,RSD为1.08%(n=6)。结论:方法简单,准确,可用于栀子金花丸的质量控制。     

栀子颗粒剂中栀子苷的含量测定

目的 建立栀子颗粒剂含量测定的方法。方法 使用高效液相色谱法(HPLC法)对栀子颗粒剂中主要有效成分栀子苷进行含量测定。结果 该法简便、可靠、重现性好，栀子苷含量为0．21％～0．28％。结论 HPLC法可作为栀子颗粒剂含量测定的方法之一。     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

Gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence among men and women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders

This study explored gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence in a crosssectional study of 150 men and 150 women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders (AUD). Participants were recruited in equal numbers from treatment settings, correctional centres and the general community. Standardized measures were used to determine participants' use of substances, history of psychiatric disorders and psychosocial stress, their sensation seeking and family history of substance use and mental health disorders. Multivariate analyses were used to detect patterns of variables associated with gender and the lifetime severity of AUD. Men had a longer history of severe AUD than women. Women had similar levels of alcohol dependence and medical and psychological sequelae as men, despite 6 fewer years of AUD. More women than men had a history of severe psychosocial stress, severe dependence on other substances and antecedent mental health problems, especially mood and anxiety disorders. There were differences in family history of alcohol-related problems approximating same-gender aggregation. The severity of a lifetime AUD was predicted by its earlier age at onset and the occurrence of other disorders, especially anxiety, among both men and women. The limitations in the generalizability of these findings due to sample idiosyncrasies are discussed.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.