乳铁蛋白治疗牙周炎的炎症免疫机制研究

目的 研究乳铁蛋白调节炎症免疫反应在治疗牙周炎中的作用及其机制。方法 取100只SD大鼠随机分成空白对照组,模型组,乳铁蛋白给药组低、中、高剂量组(1,2,3 g·kg^-1),甲硝唑阳性对照组(0.02 g·kg^-1),PDTC组(200 mg·kg^-1),乳铁蛋白+PDTC组(2 g·kg^-1,200 mg·kg^-1),MCC950组(1 mg·kg^-1),乳铁蛋白+MCC950(2 g·kg^-1,1 mg·kg^-1),每组10只。采用丝线结扎联合10%蔗糖饮水建立模型后开始给药,每天1次口腔给药,空白对照组和模型组口腔给药0.9% NaCl,连续给药1个月后处死各组大鼠。ELISA试剂盒检测IL-1b、IL-8、IL-10的含量;Western blotting检测TLR2-NF-κB通路和NLRP3炎症小体相关蛋白的表达。采用HE染色观察各组大鼠牙周组织的病理变化。结果 与模型组比较,乳铁蛋白各剂量组牙周炎症状得到明显改善,HE染色显示炎症细胞浸润减少,成纤维细胞增生活跃。TLR2、NF-κB、NLRP3、Caspase-1 p20和GSDMD-N蛋白表达降低,促炎因子IL-1b、IL-8的含量降低,抗炎因子IL-10的含量升高。结论 乳铁蛋白在治疗牙周炎中发挥的调节炎症免疫反应可能通过下调TLR2-NF-κB-NLRP3通路的蛋白表达,降低炎症反应的启动和炎症因子的释放,从而达到抗炎的目的。     

商陆皂苷甲抑制TLR4/NF-κB信号通路改善大鼠动脉粥样硬化的作用研究

目的 研究商陆皂苷甲（EsA）对动脉粥样硬化（AS）大鼠的作用及机制。方法 将SD雄性大鼠随机分为对照组、模型组、辛伐他汀片（SIMT,10mg·kg^-1,阳性对照）组和EsA高、低剂量（10、2.5mg·kg^-1）组,每组6只。对照组给予普通饲料,其余各组以高脂饲料联合ip7×10⁵U·kg^-1维生素D₃（在第3天注射）制备AS模型。造模的同时ip给药,每天1次。采用全自动生化分析仪检测各组大鼠血清总胆固醇（TC）、三酰甘油（TG）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）水平;ELISA法检测血清肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）、白细胞介素-6（IL-6）和白细胞介素-1β（IL-1β）水平;HE染色法观察胸主动脉病理变化;Western blotting法检测胸主动脉Toll样受体4（TLR4）和髓样分化因子88（MyD88）蛋白表达;免疫组化法检测胸主动脉核因子κB（NF-κB） p65阳性细胞表达。结果 与对照组比较,模型组大鼠血清中TC、TG、LDL-C、TNF-α、IL-6和IL-1β水平显著升高（P＜0.01）,HDL-C水平显著降低（P＜0.01）;胸主动脉血管内皮损伤严重,可见明显蓝色钙状斑块;胸主动脉TLR4和MyD88蛋白表达以及NF-κB p65阳性细胞表达显著升高（P＜0.01）。与模型组比较,EsA高、低剂量组大鼠血清血脂和炎性因子水平明显改善（P＜0.05、0.01）;胸主动脉血管内皮大致恢复正常,蓝色钙状斑块减少;胸主动脉TLR4和MyD88蛋白表达以及NF-κB p65阳性细胞表达显著降低（P＜0.05、0.01）。结论 EsA可能通过抑制TLR4/NF-κB信号通路对大鼠AS发挥改善作用。     

秦皮甲素通过调节TLR/NF-κB途径抑制脂多糖诱导的心肌损伤

目的 研究秦皮甲素对脂多糖（lipopolysaccharide，LPS）诱导大鼠心肌损伤及TLR/NF-κB途径的影响。方法 构建LPS诱导心肌损伤模型，将大鼠分为对照组、LPS组、秦皮甲素低剂量组（20 mg·kg^-1）、秦皮甲素中剂量组（40 mg·kg^-1）、秦皮甲素高剂量组（80 mg·kg^-1）和阳性对照组（地塞米松2 mg·kg^-1）。心脏超声检测心脏功能，HE染色检测心脏组织损伤程度。ELISA检测血液中肌钙蛋白（cardiac troponin I，cTnI），肌酸激酶同工酶[creatine kinase （CK）-MB，CK-MB]，肌红蛋白（myoglobin，Mb），肿瘤坏死因子-α（tumor necrosis factor-α，TNF-α），白介素-6（interleukin-6，IL-6），IL-1β，丙二醛（malondialdehyde，MDA），超氧化物歧化酶（superoxide dismutase，SOD）和髓过氧物酶（myeloperoxidase，MPO）的含量。Western blotting检测Toll样受体2（Toll-like receptor 2，TLR2），TLR4，骨髓分化因子88（myeloid differentiation factor 88，MyD88），白介素1受体相关激酶（interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinases，IRAK1）和磷酸化核因子-κB （phosphorylated-nuclear factor-κB，p-NF-κB）的蛋白相对表达量。结果 与LPS组相比，在秦皮甲素治疗后，心率、左室壁相对厚度和左心室射血分数均显著升高（P<0.05），而左室收缩末容积显著降低（P<0.05）。心肌酶cTnI、CK-MB和Mb的表达量显著下调（P<0.05）；促炎细胞因子IL-6、TNF-α和IL-1β的表达量下调（P<0.05）；氧化应激标记物中SOD含量显著升高（P<0.05），而MDA和MPO含量均显著降低（P<0.05）；TLR2、TLR4、MyD88、IRAK1和p-NF-κB蛋白表达水平均显著下调（P<0.05）。结论 秦皮甲素对LPS诱导心肌损伤具有保护作用，并抑制TLR/NF-κB信号通路。     

槲皮素脂质体抑制小鼠肺组织炎症作用的研究

目的 制备槲皮素脂质体以提高水溶性,研究槲皮素脂质体对脂多糖（LPS）诱导的小鼠炎症性肺损伤的作用。方法 采用薄膜分散法将槲皮素包裹于脂质体中,使用粒度分析仪测定其粒径和电位,使用透射电镜观察脂质体形貌特征。将20只C57BL/6小鼠随机分为5组：对照组、模型组、空白脂质体组、槲皮素（20mg·kg^-1）组和槲皮素脂质体（以槲皮素计20mg·kg^-1）组,每组4只。对照组不做处理,其余各组ip 3mg·kg^-1LPS,2h后ip相应药物,24h后取出肺组织进行苏木素-伊红染色观察肺组织病理变化;Westernblotting法检测白细胞介素（IL）-1β蛋白表达;实时荧光定量PCR（qRTPCR）法检测IL-1β、IL-6、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）的mRNA表达。结果 槲皮素脂质体呈圆球状,粒径135nm,多分散系数0.260,电位（-4.28±0.66）mV。与模型组比较,槲皮素脂质体20mg·kg^-1能显著改善炎症引发的肺部结构变化,减轻免疫细胞浸润肺组织导致的肺泡壁增厚和肺泡结构紊乱,而槲皮素20mg·kg^-1没有表现出治疗效果;与模型组比较,槲皮素脂质体20mg·kg^-1可显著抑制肺组织成熟IL-1β蛋白表达（P＜0.01）,显著下调IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α的mRNA表达（P＜0.01）,而槲皮素20mg·kg^-1不具有抑制作用。结论 脂质体制剂增强了槲皮素对小鼠肺部炎症的抑制作用,减轻了LPS引起的肺组织损伤。     

C57BL/6J糖尿病小鼠模型的优化研究

目的 优化链脲佐菌素（streptozotocin,STZ）诱导的C57BL/6J糖尿病小鼠模型。方法 采用单用不同剂量STZ（180 mg·kg^-1单次给药和275 mg·kg^-1均分5次,每次55 mg·kg^-1,连续5 d）或4周高脂饮食联合不同剂量STZ（50 mg·kg^-1单次给药;100 mg·kg^-1单次给药;150 mg·kg^-1单次给药;200 mg·kg^-1均分2次给药,间隔72 h）,建立糖尿病小鼠模型,检测各组小鼠空腹血糖、体质量、日饮水量及日进食量,比较各组造模成功率及稳定性。结果 STZ 180 mg·kg^-1单次给药、高脂饮食4周+STZ 150 mg·kg^-1单次给药、高脂饮食4周+STZ 200 mg·kg^-1均分2次给药得到的糖尿病小鼠模型,其高血糖的持续时间较长且稳定。结论 STZ 180 mg·kg^-1单次给药是较为理想的1型糖尿病模型;4周高脂饮食联合STZ 150 mg·kg^-1单次给药或200 mg·kg^-1均分2次给药均是较为理想的2型糖尿病模型。     

芪丹复感颗粒对呼吸道病毒感染小鼠TLRs信号通路的影响

目的 探究芪丹复感颗粒对呼吸道病毒感染小鼠肺组织的保护作用及对TLRs信号通路的影响。方法 120只小鼠随机分为对照组,模型组,阳性药组（利巴韦林100 mg·kg^-1）,芪丹复感颗粒低、中、高剂量组（芪丹复感颗粒1,2,4 g·kg^-1）,每组20只,其中12只用于观察死亡情况。除对照组外,其余各组小鼠均通过鼻饲流感病毒PR8建立流感病毒感染模型。通过HE染色观察肺组织形态,ELISA检测小鼠血清和肺泡灌洗液（bronchoalveolar lavage fluid,BALF）中肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）、白细胞介素-1β（IL-1β）和白细胞介素-6（IL-6）的浓度。分别使用Western blot和RT-qPCR检测Toll样受体4/7（TLR4/7）、髓样分化因子（MyD88）、核因子κB（NF-κB）蛋白表达和mRNA水平。结果 建模第7天,模型组小鼠全部死亡,死亡率为100.0%。在建模后第14天阳性药组死亡3只（25.0%）,芪丹复感颗粒低、中、高剂量组分别死亡9只（75.0%）、6只（50.0%）和5只（41.7%）。造模第5天,模型组,阳性药组,低、中、高剂量组的血清和BALF中的TNF-α、IL-6、IL-1β水平以及肺组织中TLR4/7、MyD88、NF-κB蛋白表达和mRNA水平均显著高于对照组（P<0.05）,阳性药组,低、中、高剂量组均显著低于模型组（P<0.05）,中、高剂量组显著低于低剂量组（P<0.05）,而中、高剂量组之间无显著差异。结论 芪丹复感颗粒可以减轻流感病毒造成的肺损伤,可能是通过抑制TLR4/7-MyD88-NF-κB通路的表达抑制炎症因子的释放,从而降低肺损伤。     

樟芝多糖抵抗脂多糖诱导的神经细胞PC12炎症反应

目的 研究樟芝多糖（antrodia camphorata polysaccharide,APC）抵抗脂多糖（lipopolysaccharide,LPS）引起神经细胞PC12炎症反应的作用和机制。方法 PC12细胞常规培养后,分为对照组、模型组、APC低剂量组、APC高剂量组,其中APC低剂量组采用10 mg·L^-1 APC干预,APC高剂量组采用50 mg·L^-1 APC干预。采用CCK-8法检测细胞存活率,光镜下观察细胞形态,激光共聚焦法分析观察Fluo3-AM染色后细胞内钙离子浓度,Western blot法检测TLR4、MD2以及下游MyD88的表达,ELISA法检测外分泌的TNF-α、IL-6和IL-1β的表达。RT-QPCR检测MD2、TLR4以及MyD88的mRNA表达。结果 APC可以显著改善LPS诱导的神经炎症,APC组细胞存活率显著高于模型组,且高剂量组优于低剂量组。APC干预后,MD2、TLR4以及下游MyD88的表达显著下调,外分泌的TNF-α、IL-6和IL-1β表达亦下调,且APC高剂量组优于低剂量组。结论 APC可以通过抑制TLR4-MD2及其下游因子表达抵抗LPS诱导的神经炎症,这为神经疾病的治疗提供了新的参考,为APC的开发应用提供借鉴。     

聚乙二醇-达沙替尼结合物的合成及初步药效研究

目的 合成2种聚乙二醇-达沙替尼结合物（JK120303和JK120304）,并评价结合物JK120303和JK120304在K562人慢性髓系白血病皮下瘤模型中的抗肿瘤作用。方法 将达沙替尼用缬氨酸衍生后分别和mPEG-二肽酸和4arm-PEG-乙酸反应得到聚乙二醇-达沙替尼结合物,于NOD/SCID小鼠右侧背部皮下接种K562细胞,建立人慢性髓系白血病异种移植动物皮下模型,根据相对肿瘤增殖率进行疗效评价。结果 合成得到2个聚乙二醇-达沙替尼结合物。结合物JK120303（2.5 mg·kg^-1和5 mg·kg^-1）的药效优于达沙替尼（5 mg·kg^-1）,结合物JK120304（2.5 mg·kg^-1和5 mg·kg^-1）的药效与达沙替尼（5 mg·kg^-1）相当。结论 聚乙二醇-达沙替尼结合物JK120303药效优于达沙替尼,值得进一步研究。     

小鼠匹鲁卡品诱导的癫痫持续状态模型改良研究

目的 探讨小鼠匹鲁卡品癫痫持续状态模型（status epilepticus,SE）建立的优化给药策略。方法 98只ICR小鼠随机分为7组,每组14只,分别采用常规（一次量给药）或改良方法腹腔注射匹鲁卡品。改良方法为先给予150或200 mg·kg^-1匹鲁卡品,30 min内若未发作,则继续给予1~2次30~100 mg·kg^-1匹鲁卡品（给药时间间隔为30 min）。动物行为学结合海马脑电图用于评价SE成功诱导及动物猝死情况。结果 常规方法：200 mg·kg^-1组（即一次量给予200 mg·kg^-1匹鲁卡品）造模成功4例,5例未SE发作,死亡5例;250 mg·kg^-1组造模成功3例,死亡11例;300 mg·kg^-1组动物全部死亡。改良方法：（150+50）mg·kg^-1改良组（先给予150 mg·kg^-1匹鲁卡品,若未发作则追加50 mg·kg^-1匹鲁卡品1~2次）造模成功6例,2例未SE发作,死亡6例;（150+100）mg·kg^-1改良组造模成功7例,死亡7例;（200+30）mg·kg^-1改良组造模成功6例,3例未SE发作,死亡5例;（200+50）mg·kg^-1改良组造模成功9例,死亡5例。结论 常规一次量方法诱导小鼠SE模型时匹鲁卡品有效剂量较难控制,经改良后（200+50）mg·kg^-1的改良方法可能是小鼠匹鲁卡品SE模型建立的较优方法。     

银杏叶提取物联合泼尼松对慢性阻塞性肺疾病小鼠Ghrelin-Obestatin信号通路的影响

目的 研究银杏叶提取物联合泼尼松对慢性阻塞性肺疾病（chronic obstructive pulmonary disease，COPD）小鼠Ghrelin-Obestatin信号通路的影响。方法 40只健康SPF小鼠随机分为5组。空白组不做处理，其余4组均诱导造COPD小鼠模型，在造模第8天开始，3组治疗组分别灌胃银杏叶提取物（0.4 mL·kg^-1·d^-1）、泼尼松（10 mg·kg^-1·d^-1）、联合药物治疗（0.4 mL·kg^-1银杏叶提取物+10 mg·kg^-1泼尼松），空白组、模型组予以生理盐水，连续给药28 d，采用Buxco系统检测小鼠肺功能PIF、PEF、MV后处死小鼠，采血样及肺组织样本。HE染色考察肺组织病理学变化；RT-PCR检测肺组织Ghrelin、GHSR、GPR39 mRNA表达；Western blotting检测肺组织Ghrelin、GHSR、Obestatin、GPR39蛋白含量；ELISA检测血清TNF-α、IL-6、IL-8水平。结果 与模型组相比，不同给药组均减轻COPD小鼠肺组织病理损伤，联合用药组效果最佳；联合用药组肺功能PIF、PEF、MV较模型组明显升高（P<0.05）；联合用药组Ghrelin、GHSR、GPR39 mRNA及蛋白表达较模型组明显升高（P<0.05），Obestatin蛋白表达较模型组明显升高（P<0.05）；仅联合用药组血清TNF-α、IL-6、IL-8含量较模型组明显降低（P<0.05），效果优于单一药物组。结论 银杏叶提取物联合泼尼松可影响Ghrelin-Obestatin信号通路，减轻炎症反应，改善肺功能，且较单一用药效果更佳。     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Nachweis einiger Heilmittel in der Kniegelenksynovialflüssigkeit

Zusammenfassung Mittels Gaschromatographie und Dünschichtchromatographie wiesen die Autoren 11 Substanzen nach, welche durch Injektion oder nach Verabreichung per os in die Kniegelenksynovialflüssigkeit eindrangen. In ihrer Aufstellung konnten sie eine direkte Beziehung zwischen Struktur sowie chemischphysikalischen Eigenschaften der Substanz und ihrer Fähigkeit, aus dem Blut in die Kniegelenksynovialflüssigkeit einzudringen, nicht nachweisen, außer der Tatsache, daß Substanzen mit starker Affinität zu Eiweißstoffen erst in höheren Dosen nachweisbar waren.     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

Gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence among men and women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders

This study explored gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence in a crosssectional study of 150 men and 150 women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders (AUD). Participants were recruited in equal numbers from treatment settings, correctional centres and the general community. Standardized measures were used to determine participants' use of substances, history of psychiatric disorders and psychosocial stress, their sensation seeking and family history of substance use and mental health disorders. Multivariate analyses were used to detect patterns of variables associated with gender and the lifetime severity of AUD. Men had a longer history of severe AUD than women. Women had similar levels of alcohol dependence and medical and psychological sequelae as men, despite 6 fewer years of AUD. More women than men had a history of severe psychosocial stress, severe dependence on other substances and antecedent mental health problems, especially mood and anxiety disorders. There were differences in family history of alcohol-related problems approximating same-gender aggregation. The severity of a lifetime AUD was predicted by its earlier age at onset and the occurrence of other disorders, especially anxiety, among both men and women. The limitations in the generalizability of these findings due to sample idiosyncrasies are discussed.     

Biochemical and molecular characterisation of cubozoan protein toxins

Class Cubozoa includes several species of box jellyfish that are harmful to humans. The venoms of box jellyfish are stored and discharged by nematocysts and contain a variety of bioactive proteins that are cytolytic, cytotoxic, inflammatory or lethal. Although cubozoan venoms generally share similar biological activities, the diverse range and severity of effects caused by different species indicate that their venoms vary in protein composition, activity and potency. To date, few individual venom proteins have been thoroughly characterised, however, accumulating evidence suggests that cubozoan jellyfish produce at least one group of homologous bioactive proteins that are labile, basic, haemolytic and similar in molecular mass (42-46 kDa). The novel box jellyfish toxins are also potentially lethal and the cause of cutaneous pain, inflammation and necrosis, similar to that observed in envenomed humans. Secondary structure analysis and remote protein homology predictions suggest that the box jellyfish toxins may act as α-pore-forming toxins. However, more research is required to elucidate their structures and investigate their mechanism(s) of action. The biological, biochemical and molecular characteristics of cubozoan venoms and their bioactive protein components are reviewed, with particular focus on cubozoan cytolysins and the newly emerging family of box jellyfish toxins.     

Dose tolerability of chronically inhaled voriconazole solution in rodents

Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) is a fungal disease of the lung associated with high mortality rates in immunosuppressed patients despite treatment. Targeted drug delivery of aqueous voriconazole solutions has been shown in previous studies to produce high tissue and plasma drug concentrations as well as improved survival in a murine model of IPA. In the present study, rats were exposed to 20 min nebulizations of normal saline (control group) or aerosolized aqueous solutions of voriconazole at 15.625 mg (low dose group) or 31.25 mg (high dose group). Peak voriconazole concentrations in rat lung tissue and plasma after 3 days of twice daily dosing in the high dose group were 0.85 ± 0.63 μg/g wet lung weight and 0.58 ± 0.30 μg/mL, with low dose group lung and plasma concentrations of 0.38 ± 0.01 μg/g wet lung weight and 0.09 ± 0.06 μg/mL, respectively. Trough plasma concentrations were low but demonstrated some drug accumulation over 21 days of inhaled voriconazole administered twice daily. Following multiple inhaled doses, statistically significant but clinically irrelevant abnormalities in laboratory values were observed. Histopathology also revealed an increase in the number of alveolar macrophages but without inflammation or ulceration of the airway, interstitial changes, or edema. Inhaled voriconazole was well tolerated in a rat model of drug inhalation.