外用气雾剂用抛射剂1,1,1,2-四氟乙烷的国家药品抽检质量分析

摘要：目的:评价药用气雾剂抛射剂1,1,1,2-四氟乙烷(供外用气雾剂用)的质量现状。方法:采用文献检索、法定标准检验结合探索性研究的方式,对3家企业生产的6批1,1,1,2-四氟乙烷的质量进行比较分析,通过对酸度、气相中不凝性气体、有关物质、喷雾模式、形态等关键质量属性进行考察,分析不同企业产品的质量差异及质量标准的合理性。结果:6批样品按法定标准检验,合格率为100%,通过探索性研究优化了酸碱度及有关物质检查的方法,明确了气相中不凝性气体的操作关键点,发现不同产品的喷雾模式和喷雾形态无较大差异,但国产产品的杂质种类比进口产品多4种,总杂质含量比进口产品高10倍多。结论:1,1,1,2-四氟乙烷总体质量较好,但现行标准有待进一步提高,国产产品在杂质控制水平上与进口产品仍存在一定差距,建议国内企业进一步优化合成及工艺路线以更好的控制杂质种类及含量     

药用抛射剂含氯氟烃代用品的研究进展

气雾剂作为众多药物剂型中的一个分支,具有分布均匀、奏效快、使用方便、剂量小等特点,经过多年来的发展,现已广泛为人们所接受。传统的气雾制品采用含氯氟烃(chlorofluorocarbon,CFC)作为抛射剂。但由于CFC对大气臭氧层的破坏作用,近年来其应用受到了限制,国内外都在积极寻找CFC代用品,相继出现了无氯氟代烷烃如四氟乙烷,七氟丙烷等。由此也促使不含CFC的新型肺部药物传递系统取得了重大发展。本文对药用气雾剂中抛射剂CFC代用品的相关研究进展作一综述。     

以氯氟烃（CFC）和氢氟烷（HFA）为抛射剂的沙丁胺醇气雾剂的特性比较

目的：比较分别以氯氟烃（CFC）和氢氟烷（HFA）为抛射剂的沙丁胺醇气雾剂的特性。方法：测定使用2种抛射剂的沙丁胺醇气雾剂的每揿主药含量和含量均匀度，使用8级Anderson多级圆盘撞击取样器测定空气动力学雾粒大小分布、测定其温度下降效应及年泄漏率等项目。结果：2种气雾剂各3批样品的lO瓶的每揿主药含量均在标示量的80％～120％之间；以CFC为抛射剂的气雾剂的质量中间空气动力学直径（MMAD）为3．82～3．98斗m，以HFA为抛射剂的气雾剂的MMAD为3．40—3．41μm;使用HFA为抛射剂的气雾剂，其温度下降值比使用CFC为抛射剂的气雾剂大；年泄漏率均小于1．8％。结论：2种气雾剂在体外具有相似的特性；所建立的气雾剂体外质鼍评价项目为CFC抛射剂替代品的研究提供了参考。     

药用气雾剂辅料抛射剂质量标准概述

药用气雾剂是一种特别的药物剂型,在治疗支气管哮喘、慢性阻塞性肺病等呼吸系统疾病方面具有其他剂型不可替代的优势;抛射剂是药用气雾剂中药液雾化的动力,也是溶解或分散药物的介质,作为药用气雾剂中的重要辅料,抛射剂的质量直接影响到药品的安全性和有效性。现对几类常见的药用气雾剂辅料抛射剂国内外质量标准进行概括比较,为我国药用气雾剂辅料抛射剂质量标准的制修订工作提供参考。     

含有新型抛射剂的硫酸沙丁胺醇气雾剂的制备

目的制备不含氟利昂的硫酸沙丁胺醇气雾剂,并进行处方优化.方法以性状、雾滴(粒)分布、含量等作为评价指标进行处方筛选,并进行加速稳定性考察.结果经处方优化确定的硫酸沙丁胺醇气雾剂其性状、雾滴(粒)分布、含量等指标均符合规定,加速稳定性试验结果显示,本品质量稳定.结论所选处方工艺稳定可靠,适合生产.     

药用辅料四氟乙烷理化检测试验方法概述

目的分析概述药用辅料四氟乙烷(HFC-134a)理化检测中的试验方法,为建立复核用质量标准提供方法依据。方法对药用辅料四氟乙烷(HFC-134a)质量标准研究中理化检测的试验方法进行整理和分析,参考国家已有的工业标准、国外企业标准及中国药典的规定,概述质量标准制定中理化检测的试验方法。结果本文提供的四氟乙烷理化检测中的试验方法确信可行,能复核检测药用辅料四氟乙烷。结论采用药用辅料四氟乙烷理化检测中的试验方法,能有效检测该气体并确定产品质量。     

双黄连气雾剂中黄芩苷含量降低影响因素探讨

目的 通过对双黄连气雾剂黄芩苷含量的影响因素进行分析，确定最佳制备工艺。方法 考察气雾阀门处理方法、灌装抛射剂装量对制剂中黄芩苷含量的影响。结果 气雾阀门直接使用（不处理）、抛射剂装量为7.0～7.2 g时，黄芩苷含量降低最小。结论 双黄连气雾剂最优制备工艺为气雾阀门直接使用、抛射剂装量7.0～7.2 g。     

新型抛射剂HFA的应用研究

新型抛射剂氢氟烷烃(HFA)不含氯，不破坏大气臭氧层，可代替氯氟烷烃用于药物气雾剂的制备。本文综述HFA的理化性质、生物学性质及作为抛射剂用于药物气雾剂时对药物安全性和药效的影响。     

复方参芪软胶囊与颗粒剂的稳定性对比研究

目的：考察复方参芪软胶囊与颗粒剂的稳定性,并对挥发油类成分在两种制剂中的稳定性进行对比研究。方法：以样品性状、颗粒剂水分、软胶囊崩解时限及黄芪甲苷含量为指标,考察复方参芪软胶囊与颗粒剂稳定性的影响因素试验、加速试验及室温留样试验;采用HPLC法测定挥发油中β-桉叶醇含量。结果：影响因素试验表明,复方参芪软胶囊在高湿条件下不稳定,在光照、高温条件下比较稳定。6个月加速试验和12个月室温留样试验表明两种制荆均较稳定。颗粒剂中β-桉叶醇成分明显降低,而软胶囊剂中β-桉叶醇含量无明显变化。结论：复方参芪颗粒剂与软胶囊剂在加速试验及室温留样试验条件下均稳定。挥发油类成分在颗粒剂中不稳定,而在软胶囊中相对比较稳定,软胶囊剂更加有利于挥发油类成分储存和发挥作用。     

利多卡因氯己定气雾剂抛射剂替代实验

目的采用二甲醚替代氟里昂作为抛射剂,改良利多卡因氯己定气雾剂处方。方法以二甲醚替代原处方中的氟里昂作为抛射剂,保持原处方中的主药利多卡因、醋酸氯己定和苯扎溴铵含量,在新处方中添加水。采用高效液相色谱法测定改良利多卡因氯己定气雾剂中主药利多卡因和醋酸氯己定含量。结果利多卡因和醋酸氯己定的含量均符合原质量标准要求。结论二甲醚可以替代氟里昂作为利多卡因氯己定气雾剂的抛射剂。     

Development of an aerosol dosage form containing insulin.

An aerosol dosage form containing insulin was developed by suspending insulin zinc crystals in fluorocarbon propellant and using oleyl alcohol to improve the insulin suspension and to prevent valve clogging. A metered valve was used to control the amount of insulin delivered per actuation. The dose dispensed, sedimentation rate, and particle-size distribution of the aerosol formulation were evaluated. The potency of the insulin delivered from the aerosol containers stored at various temperatures and time intervals was determined using a radioimmunoassay. Based upon preliminary stability data, which were treated kinetically, it was noted that insulin aerosols stored in a refrigerator at 7 degrees would have a predicted shelflife of approximately 19 years, whereas samples stored at 25 and 37 degrees would have shelflives of 11 and 2 months, respectively. Long-term stability studies are indicated to establish this conclusion. On the basis of this study, it was concluded that an insulin-containing aerosol dosage form can be formulated and that a suitable dose of insulin can be dispensed using commercially available metered dose valves. The actual dose of insulin dispensed would have to be related to the degree of absorption of insulin one would normally expect when insulin is administered by the inhalation route.     

硫酸沙丁胺醇吸入气雾剂稳定性研究

目的考察硫酸沙丁胺醇吸入气雾剂的稳定性。方法根据《原料药物与制剂稳定性试验指导原则》及硫酸沙丁胺醇吸入气雾剂质量标准,以硫酸沙丁胺醇吸入气雾剂的性状、沙丁胺酮、有关物质、递送剂量均一性、微细粒子剂量、含量测定、微生物限度为指标进行考察,分别进行影响因素试验、加速试验和长期试验,通过观察各指标的变化评价制剂的稳定性,同时通过试验建立药品的有效期。结果硫酸沙丁胺醇吸入气雾剂3批模拟上市包装,经影响因素试验、加速试验和长期试验,各项指标未见显著变化,符合质量标准要求。3批硫酸沙丁胺醇吸入气雾剂样品的预测有效期均大于60个月。结论硫酸沙丁胺醇吸入气雾剂各项指标在观测时间内符合要求,有效期暂定为24个月。     

胰岛素气雾剂经大鼠肺部给药的生物利用度

目的　研究胰岛素(INS)经大鼠肺部给药后的生物利用度。方法　制备了含抛射剂的两相INS气雾剂,并用HPLC方法测定其每揿剂量。通过经口吸入及气管内给药两种途径将INS气雾剂导入大鼠肺内,用葡萄糖氧化酶法及放射免疫法分别测定了血清葡萄糖和INS水平,并计算其药理及药物的相对生物利用度。结果　两种剂量的INS气雾剂的每揿剂量分别为0.39 u及1.45 u。在两种剂量下,经口吸入和气管内给药在不同剂量下均呈现显著的降血糖作用及增加体内血清INS水平。在低剂量条件下,经口吸入及气管内给药的INS药物相对生物利用度分别达到24.3%和25.7%。结论　INS气雾剂经肺吸收后能达到较高的生物利用度。     

特益乳膏的制备及稳定性考察

目的:研制盐酸特比萘芬硝酸益康唑乳膏(特益乳膏)并考察该制剂的稳定性。方法:采用单因素法优化处方制得特益乳膏并对其在市售包装条件下进行稳定性试验(影响因素试验、加速试验和长期试验)。结果:优化处方组成包括盐酸特比萘芬10g、硝酸益康唑2.5g、白凡士林30g、十八醇10g、硬脂酸60g、三乙醇胺5.4g等(总量1000g),所制样品均匀、细腻、涂展性好;其稳定性各项指标未见明显变化。结论:所制特益乳膏处方合理,在市售包装条件下稳定性良好。     

Core–shell Particles for the Dispersion of Small Polar Drugs and Biomolecules in Hydrofluoroalkane Propellants

Purpose Demonstrate the applicability of a novel particle-based technology for the development of suspensions of small polar drugs and biomolecules in hydrofluoroalkane (HFA) propellants for pressurized metered-dose inhalers (pMDIs). Materials and Methods Emulsification diffusion was used to prepare core–shell particles. The shell consisted of oligo(lactide) grafts attached onto a short chitosan backbone. The active drug was arrested within the particle core. Colloidal Probe Microscopy (CPM) was used to determine the cohesive forces between particles in a model HFA propellant. The aerosol characteristics of the formulations were determined using an Anderson Cascade Impactor (ACI). Cytotoxicity studies were performed on lung epithelial and alveolar type II cells. Results CPM results indicate that particle cohesive forces in liquid HFA are significantly screened in the presence of the polymeric shell and correlate well with the physical stability of suspensions in propellant HFA. The proposed formulation showed little or no cytotoxic effects on both Calu-3 and A549 cells. Conclusions Core–shell particles with a shell containing the lactide moiety as the HFA-phile showed excellent dispersion stability and aerosol characteristics in HFA-based pMDIs. This is a general strategy that can be used for developing novel suspension pMDIs of both small polar drugs and large therapeutic molecules.     

In vitro performance of two common valved holding chambers with a chlorofluorocarbon-free beclomethasone metered-dose inhaler

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To compare in vitro aerosol deposition from a beclomethasone dipropionate metered-dose inhaler (MDI) containing hydrofluoroalkane propellant with that of the MDI in combination with two common valved holding chambers (VHCs) to evaluate how these VHCs affect the respirable dose of beclomethasone dipropionate. DESIGN: In vitro aerosol deposition study. SETTING: University research center. DEVICES: Beclomethasone dipropionate hydrofluoroalkane MDI alone, the MDI with OptiChamber VHC, and the MDI with AeroChamber-Plus VHC. INTERVENTION: The respirable dose (1-5-microm aerosol particles) of beclomethasone dipropionate was determined by sampling 10 80-microg actuations from five runs with each configuration (MDI alone, MDI with OptiChamber, and MDI with AeroChamber-Plus), using a well-established in vitro cascade impactor method. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol was washed from the impactor with 50% methanol and quantified by means of high-performance liquid chromatography. Differences among outcomes were determined by using analysis of variance. Mean beclomethasone dipropionate respirable dose from AeroChamber-Plus (27.2 +/- 10.0 microg/actuation) was not significantly different (p>0.05) from that of the MDI alone (29.0 +/- 7.0 microg/actuation). OptiChamber respirable dose (12.8 +/- 6.0 microg/actuation) was less than half that produced by either the AeroChamber-Plus or the MDI alone (p=0.013). CONCLUSIONS: The OptiChamber and AeroChamber-Plus VHCs do not demonstrate equivalent in vitro performance when used with a beclomethasone dipropionate MDI that contains hydrofluoroalkane propellant. The respirable dose of beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol from the hydrofluoroalkane MDI was decreased by only 6% when the MDI was mated to an AeroChamber-Plus VHC and by 56% when used with an OptiChamber VHC.     

Establishment of an Equivalence Acceptance Criterion for Accelerated Stability Studies

In this article, the use of statistical equivalence testing for providing evidence of process comparability in an accelerated stability study is advocated over the use of a test of differences. The objective of such a study is to demonstrate comparability by showing that the stability profiles under nonrecommended storage conditions of two processes are equivalent. Because it is difficult at accelerated conditions to find a direct link to product specifications, and hence product safety and efficacy, an equivalence acceptance criterion is proposed that is based on the statistical concept of effect size. As with all statistical tests of equivalence, it is important to collect input from appropriate subject-matter experts when defining the acceptance criterion.     

TEMPE: Topical Eutectic-Like Mixture for Premature Ejaculation

BACKGROUND: Premature ejaculation (also known as rapid or early ejaculation) is the most common form of sexual dysfunction experienced by men, but there is presently an unmet need for a licensed pharmaceutical product that can be used on demand and that is effective from the first dose. OBJECTIVE: TEMPE (Topical Eutectic-Like Mixture for Premature Ejaculation; Plethora Solutions Plc.) is a proprietary metered-dose aerosol containing a combination of the well-known local anaesthetics lidocaine and prilocaine in a novel formulation. The authors evaluate here the progress that has been made towards the reformulation of these local anaesthetic agents into a unique eutectic-like formulation for use as a desensitising agent in the treatment of premature ejaculation, as well as examining other potential uses for the spray, such as pain relief at skin-graft donor sites. METHODS: Both lidocaine and prilocaine are soluble in the hydrofluoroalkane (HFA-134a) propellant, providing a unique formulation in which the pressurised liquid propellant is used as the solvent. Deployment of the metered-dose chamber vaporises the propellant, spraying lidocaine and prilocaine, now forced into a eutectic-like combination that remains in liquid form at temperatures well below their individual melting points, onto the target surface. The site is thus easily covered in a controlled dose of pure local anaesthetic in base form, providing ideal circumstances for optimised absorption through non- or poorly-keratinised skin, mucus membranes and wound surfaces. RESULTS/CONCLUSION: TEMPE has been developed for use in premature ejaculation and preliminary results show promising improvements in intravaginal ejaculatory latency, as well as patient-reported outcomes.     

Pharmaceutical salts: Theory,use in solid dosage forms and in situ preparation in an aerosol

In this article, the theoretical foundation for salts is given with an emphasis on the amount of drug in solution. Consideration is given for the solubility of the non-ionized form, acid dissociation constant and solubility product, which are the limiting constraints. For dissolution of nonionized drugs, the surface pH differs from the bulk pH, giving rise to a lower than expected rate. For salts, theoretical considerations are relatively complex, and an experimental approach to estimating the surface pH is more likely to be of value in predicting the dissolution rate. General guidelines are described for screening, preparing and characterizing drugs as salts, which critically depend on the goal of the product development. Thereafter, our work involving the preparation of salts as a means to generate aerosols from a solution is provided. The solubility of six structurally related compounds was determined in four acids. Thereafter, the amount of the compound in solution was determined as a function of pH, using the acid that provided the highest solubility. Because the pH required to achieve the needed concentration for aerosol generation was low, ammonia vapor was introduced into the air stream to neutralize aerosol droplets. Solvent was then removed from the aerosol by a silica column. The resulting aerosol had a concentration of 96 µg/l and a mass median particle size of 1.8 µm. The reported pharmacokinetic study substantiated the feasibility of evaluating its safety and efficacy of inhalation administration in the rat model.