1例肉碱棕榈酰转移酶2缺乏症报道并文献复习

目的：总结肉碱棕榈酰转移酶2（CPT2）缺乏症的诊治经验。方法：回顾性分析1例CPT2缺乏症患儿的临床资料和基因检测结果,并复习相关文献。结果：患儿,1岁7个月,第二次发病,两次临床表现主要为横纹肌溶解综合征,基因检测CPT2基因提示突变c.338C>T（p.S113L）和c.1711c>A（p.P571T）,c.338C>T（p.S113L）来自母亲,c.1711c>A（p.P571T）来自父亲,最终确诊为CPT2缺乏症。结论：反复发作的较小年龄横纹肌溶解综合征患儿需警惕遗传代谢病如CPT2缺乏症,通过基因检测做到早发现、早预防。     

ALDH7A1基因复合杂合突变致吡哆醇依赖性癫痫1 例并文献复习

目的:探讨ALDH7A1 吡哆醇依赖性癫痫(PDE)遗传性、临床特点及治疗。方法:收集1 例ALDH7A1 基因复合杂合突变 致患儿癫痫发作伴发育落后临床及遗传学资料,并通过千人基因组计划数据库、基因组突变频率数据库(gnomAD)、PubMed、中 国知网、万方数据库检索ALDH7A1、PDE 相关遗传学特点、临床表现、治疗及预后。结果:本例患儿ALDH7A1 基因复合杂合突 变,其中染色体片段chr5:125447815-125906193 倒位,国内外均未见报道,为首次报道。结论:ALDH7A1 基因复合杂合突变致 PDE 是少见的遗传代谢性疾病,表型谱较广泛,早期进行生物标志物测定及基因检测可减少漏诊和误诊,改善患儿神经系统发 育结局。     

肺癌患者与非肺癌人群CYP1A1基因MspⅠ位点多态性

目的:研究肺癌患者和正常人群CYP1A1基因MspⅠ位点的多态性。方法:应用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态技术对47例肺癌患者和94例非肺癌的基因型进行分析。结果:肺癌患者和非肺癌的CYP1A1基因A型(野生型)、B型(杂合型)和C型(突变型)在病例组的携带率分别为51.1%、40.4%和8.5%,对照组则分别为45.7%、39.4%和14.9%。经统计学检验,两组间差异无显著性(P>0.05),携带杂合型及纯合突变基因型(w/m,m/m)的个体患肺癌的危险性与CYP1A1基因MspⅠ多态性无相关性(OR=0.49,95%CI=0.15～1.56,P>0.05)。结论:CYP1A1基因MspⅠ多态性与肺癌发生无明显相关性。     

短/支链酰基辅酶A脱氢酶缺乏症患者临床生化及基因分析

目的 探讨福建地区短/支链酰基辅酶A脱氢酶缺乏症(SBCADD)临床特征及基因变异特点。方法 2016年8月至2022年3月该院新生儿疾病筛查中心采用串联质谱分析技术对111 547名新生儿进行遗传代谢病筛查发现C5升高患儿11例，均在该中心进行诊治及随访，其中8例患儿确诊为SBCADD(推测患病率约为1/13 943),3例患儿确诊为IVA(推测患病率约为1/37 182)。回顾性分析8例SBCADD患儿的临床特征、生化资料及基因测序结果。结果 8例SBCADD患儿中男1例，女7例；汉族7例，苗族1例。8例患儿均有异戊酰基肉碱不同程度升高，最高为1.04μmol/L;均有尿2-甲基丁基甘氨酸水平增加。8例患儿生长、发育大致正常，无临床症状。8例患儿中检测到6种ACADSB基因变异。这些患儿均有2个等位基因变异，其中纯合变异3例，复合杂合变异5例。3种基因变异已有文献报道[c.1165A>G(p.M389V)、c.275C>G(p.S92*)和c.923G>A(p.C308Y)],3种变异未见文献报道[c.1232C>T(p.T411M)、 c.421A>...     

APPL1基因新发突变致青少年发病的成人型糖尿病14型1例

目的 报道1例含有pleckstrin同源结构域、磷酸酪氨酸结合结构域和亮氨酸拉链基序1的衔接蛋白APPL1基因新发突变所致青少年发病的成人型糖尿病14型(MODY14),提高临床医生对MODY14的认识。方法 回顾性分析1例MODY14患儿的相关临床资料。结果 患儿为4岁9个月的女孩,因支气管肺炎住院检测发现空腹血糖受损,糖化血红蛋白升高。患儿父亲有空腹血糖受损病史,祖母有糖尿病病史。全外显子基因检测发现APPL1基因有1个杂合突变(c.1514G>A),患儿确诊为MODY14。给予糖尿病饮食、运动控制和血糖监测等处理。随访6个月,患儿无多饮、多食、多尿,无体重下降,生长发育正常,空腹血糖波动于4.2～5.6 mmol/L。结论 对于存在家族遗传性糖尿病的患儿,应注意血糖异常的可能,必要时行血糖监测和基因检测。     

ABCB1基因多态性对肾移植受者环孢素血浓度的影响

目的:研究肾移植术后患者ABCB1基因多态性对环孢素（CsA）血浓度的影响。方法:采用PCR-RFLP（聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性）方法对339名服用CsA的肾移植患者进行ABCB1基因1236C>T、2677G>T/A和3435C>T多态性检测,荧光偏振免疫法检测肾移植患者CsA血浓度。结果:在339名肾移植患者中,ABCB1基因1236C>T、2677G>T/A和3435C>T突变等位基因频率分别为64.25%、51.54%和35.75%。ABCB1 1236C>T基因多态性检测显示,在移植术后1年,CC基因型个体的CsA血谷浓度明显高于CT和TT基因型个体（P<0.05）。2677G>T/A基因多态性检测提示,在移植术后7d,杂合子GA+GT基因型携带者的C₀高于GG和AA+TT+AT基因型携带者（P<0.05）。3435C>T基因多态性检测表明:在移植术后3个月,突变纯合子TT基因型携带者的C₀低于CC和CT基因型携带者（P<0.05）。其余各时间点,上述3种基因多态性对CsA血谷浓度无明显影响（P>0.05）。结论:ABCB1基因1236C>T、2677G>T/A和3435C>T多态性对极少数时间点的CsA浓度有影响,但对绝大多数时间点的环孢素浓度无影响。     

SLC12A3基因新发变异致儿童Gitelman综合征1例

目的 报道1例SLC12A3基因新发变异导致的儿童Gitelman综合征(GS),提高临床医生对GS的认识.方法 回顾性分析1例GS患儿的临床资料,包括临床表现、实验室检查、诊断和治疗等.结果 5岁男孩,存在低钾血症,伴低镁血症、低尿钙、代谢性碱中毒,血压正常,没有特殊用药史,没有类似家族史.全外显子基因检测发现SLC12A3基因有1个杂合缺失(外显子20～24)和1个杂合突变(c.381delG),患儿确诊为GS.予补钾、补镁治疗后出院.结论 对于以身材矮小、腹痛、乏力等主诉的儿童,应常规行电解质检查,有持续低钾血症的儿童建议完善基因检测,提高GS的早期诊断率,从而改善此类患儿的生活质量.     

丙戊酸单药治疗癫痫患儿导致肉碱缺乏的危险因素研究

目的探讨接受丙戊酸(VPA)单药治疗的儿童游离肉碱和酰基肉碱水平的变化以及丙戊酸导致肉碱缺乏危险因素。方法检测99例单用丙戊酸治疗2个月以上、年龄≤16岁的癫痫患儿(试验组)及50例健康儿童(对照组)的游离肉碱及酰基肉碱水平,用Mann-Whitney U检验分析肉碱水平的变化。通过多因素Logistic回归分析患儿性别、年龄、丙戊酸日剂量、服药时长、丙戊酸浓度、血氨等因素对丙戊酸导致肉碱缺乏的影响。结果试验组游离肉碱和总肉碱水平[27. 13(11. 59),37. 07(14. 16)μmol·L^-1]显著低于对照组[35. 08(12. 98),49. 88(18. 70)μmol·L^-1](P <0. 01),总酰基肉碱及短链(C2-C5)酰基肉碱水平较对照组明显下降(P <0. 01),中链(C6-C12)和长链(C14-C18)酰基肉碱与对照组相比差异无统计学意义,但二者与游离肉碱的比值均升高(P <0. 01)。18例(18. 2%)单用丙戊酸的癫痫患儿出现了肉碱缺乏,其中16例患儿无症状。高血氨(P <0. 05)和高丙戊酸浓度是丙戊酸导致肉碱缺乏的危险因素(P <0. 05)。结论单用丙戊酸可导致游离肉碱和酰基肉碱水平下降。高血氨和高丙戊酸浓度患儿更易出现肉碱缺乏。对于高危患者应筛查游离肉碱和酰基肉碱,及时诊断并进行治疗。     

重症监护室儿童遗传代谢病死亡13例临床分析

目的 开展遗传代谢病在儿童重症监护病房(PICU)高危儿童中的筛查,了解危重患儿遗传性代谢病的发病种类及发病率.方法 利用串联质谱(MS/MS)技术对在我院PICU住院不明原因的18例可疑代谢病患儿的血液样本进行MS/MS筛查.结果 18例患儿均为阳性:其中甲基丙二酸血症2例,丙酸血症1例,肉碱棕榈酰转移酶缺乏Ⅰ型1例,长链酰基辅酶A脱氢酶缺乏症1例,中链酰基辅酶A脱氢酶缺乏症1例,枫糖尿症1例,短链酰基辅酶A脱氢酶缺乏症1例,戊二酸血症Ⅰ型2例,异戊酸血症1例,同型胱氨酸尿症2例,肉碱缺乏症1例,酪氨酸血症1例,精氨酸琥珀酸尿症1例,瓜氨酸血症1例,精氨酸血症1例.涉及遗传代谢病15种.住院死亡或放弃治疗后死亡13例.结论 MS/MS技术可用于检测遗传性代谢病,对病因不明危重或死亡患儿的明确诊断有重要价值.     

CYP3A5~*3和CYP3A4~*18B基因多态性对肾移植患者环孢素药代动力学的影响

目的回顾性研究肾脏移植后1mon,CYP3A5*3和CYP3A4*18B基因多态性对CsA药代动力学参数的影响。方法采用PCR-RFLP方法分析了63名肾脏移植患者CYP3A5*3和CYP3A4*18B基因型;荧光偏正免疫法用于检测肾移植患者静脉全血中的CsA浓度。结果在63名肾移植患者中,CYP3A5*3和CYP3A4*18B突变等位基因发生频率分别为0.770(95CI:0.767～0.773),0.235(95CI:0.235～0.241),而且这些等位基因表现出完全连锁不平衡。在移植术后1mon内,携带CYP3A4*1/*1野生型纯合子患者的C0以及剂量校正谷血浓度(C0/D)均明显高于携带CYP3A4*1/*18B杂合子或CYP3A4*18B/*18B突变型纯合子患者(P<0.05,Mann-WhitneyUtest);CYP3A5*1/*1基因型组的给药剂量明显高于CYP3A5*1/*3或CYP3A5*3/*3基因型组(P=0.004<0.01,Kruakal-Wallistest);CYP34*18B和CYP3A5*3联合考虑,对于CYP3A5表达组,同样发现C0、C0/D在CYP3A4*1/*1组C0以及C0/D均明显高于CYP3A4*1/*18B或CYP3A4*18B/*18B组(P<0.05,Mann-WhitneyUtest);而其他药动学参数在CYP3A5*3及CYP3A4*18B各组间相比差异则没有统计学意义。结论CYP3A5*3和(或)CYP3A4*18B基因多态性对肾移植后1monCsA药代动力学有一定影响,移植前CYP3A5*3基因型的分析仍需进一步研究。     

A discriminative analytical method for detection of CES1A1 and CES1A2/CES1A3 genetic variants

Human carboxylesterase 1 (hCES1), encoded by the CES1 gene, is the predominant hepatic hydrolase responsible for the metabolism of many therapeutic agents, toxins, and endogenous substances. Genetic variants of CES1 can affect hCES1 function and expression and ultimately influence clinical response to drugs serving as hCES1 substrates. The CES1 gene consists of three isoforms including the functional CES1A1 and CES1A2 genes and the nonfunctional pseudogene CES1A3. Natural variants of these isoforms exert differing impacts on hCES1 function. However, the existing CES1 genotyping methods are incapable of determining whether these variants belong to CES1A1, CES1A2, or CES1A3 because of the high similarity among these three genes, as a consequence they are unable to discriminate between heterozygotes and homozygotes. We report the development of a novel long-range PCR-based, discriminative genotyping assay capable of specifically detecting the variants among CES1A1, CES1A2, and CES1A3 genes. The comparison of the genotyping results between this novel assay and those previously reported methods highlighted the necessity of applying the discriminative genotyping assay in pharmacogenetic studies involving CES1 gene.     

Substrate-dependent modulation of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 (UGT1A1) by propofol in recombinant human UGT1A1 and human liver microsomes

Our previous study has shown that propofol, a probe substrate for human UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 1A9, activated the glucuronidation of 4-methylumbelliferone (4-MU) by recombinant UGT1A1 in a concentration-dependent manner. In the present study, we investigated the mechanism of activation, and whether the stimulatory effect occurs when another substrate is used with human liver microsomes. The glucuronidation of 4-MU followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics with a K(m) value of 101 microM in the absence of propofol. In the presence of 200 microM propofol, a concentration that causes heterotopic activation of 4-MU glucuronidation (4-MUG), the V(max) value increased to 1.5-fold, while the K(m) value decreased to 0.53-fold. In order to assess whether propofol activates UGT1A1 activity for a substrate other than 4-MU, the effect of propofol on oestradiol 3beta-glucuronidation by recombinant UGT1A1 and in human liver microsomes was evaluated. In contrast to 4-MUG activity, propofol inhibited UGT1A1-catalysed oestradiol 3beta-glucuronidation in recombinant UGT1A1 as well as in human liver microsomes with IC(50) values of 59 and 228 microM, respectively. In addition, a known UGT1A1 modulator, 17alpha-ethynyloestradiol, stimulated oestradiol 3beta-glucuronidation slightly at a concentration of 5 microM, while it inhibited 4-MUG in recombinant UGT1A1 at all concentrations tested (5-100 microM). These findings indicate that the modulation of UGT1A1 by propofol is substrate-dependent, and thus care should be taken when extrapolating the stimulatory effects of drugs for one glucuronidation substrate.     

Functional polymorphisms of UDP-glucuronosyltransferases 1A1, 1A6 and 1A8 are not involved in chronic pancreatitis

OBJECTIVES: Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is associated with alcohol abuse, smoking and other dietary or environmental factors. UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) are phase II detoxifying enzymes responsible for glucuronidation of various exogenous and endogenous compounds. Genetic variations, resulting in variable rates of glucuronidation, are of toxicological and physiological importance and are frequently associated with diseases. Recently, a genetic polymorphism in UGT1A7 was possibly associated with an increased risk for CP. We investigated whether polymorphisms in the genes for UGT1A1, UGT1A6 and UGT1A8 modified the risk for CP. METHODS: DNA samples were obtained from 258 adult CP patients with alcoholic (n = 153), hereditary (n = 25) or idiopathic (n = 80) origin. DNA from 140 healthy controls was analyzed for comparison. Patients and controls were all of Caucasian origin. Genetic polymorphisms in UGTs were determined by PCR, eventually followed by restriction-fragment-length-polymorphism analyses in all subjects. RESULTS: The distribution of the various alleles of UGT1A1, UGT1A6 and UGT1A8 did not differ between CP patients and healthy controls. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that genetic polymorphisms in UGT1A1, UGT1A6 and in UGT1A8 do not predispose to the development of CP in Caucasians.     

Cloning and tissue expression of cytochrome P450 2S1, 4V2, 7A1, 7B1, 8B1, 24A1, 26A1, 26C1, 27A1, 39A1, and 51A1 in marmosets

Common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) is an attractive animal model primate species for potential use in drug metabolism and pharmacokinetic studies. In this study, marmoset cytochrome P450 (P450) 2S1, 4V2, 7A1, 7B1, 8B1, 24A1, 26A1, 26C1, 27A1, 39A1, and 51A1 cDNAs were isolated from marmoset tissues (brains, lungs, livers, kidneys, and jejunums). Deduced amino acid sequences (89–98% homologous) of the marmoset P450 gene suggested similarity of molecular characteristics of marmoset P450s to human counterparts, compared with those of pig, rabbit, and rodents. Phylogenetic analysis using amino acid sequences indicated 11 marmoset P450 forms clustered with those of human and other primate counterparts, suggesting marmoset P450s have an evolutionary close relationship to human and other primate counterparts. Tissue expression patterns of these P450 mRNAs except for P450 7B1 mRNA were generally similar to those of human P450s in the five tissue types analyzed. These results suggest similarity of molecular characteristics for P450 2S1, 4V2, 7A1, 7B1, 8B1, 24A1, 26A1, 26C1, 27A1, 39A1, and 51A1 between marmosets and humans, in addition to the orthologs of human P450 1, 2, 3, and 4 families previously identified and characterized in marmosets.     

Association between functional genetic polymorphisms of human sulfotransferases 1A1 and 1A2

Three human phenol sulfotransferases, provisionally named SULT1A1, 1A2 and 1A3, show 91-96% homology of their amino acid sequences and are encoded by neighbouring gene loci. Functional genetic polymorphisms are known for two of these sulfotransferases. In SULT1A1, a G to A transition leads to an Arg213 to His exchange and eliminates a Bsp143II restriction site. SULT1A1*His shows lower enzyme activity and thermostability than SULT1A1*Arg. In SULT1A2, an A to C transversion causes an Asn235 to Thr exchange and introduces a BpiI restriction site. Enzyme SULT1A2*Thr is less active than SULT1A2*Asn. These substitutions were detected by restriction fragment length polymorphism analyses of genomic sequences amplified by polymerase chain reaction. Despite the high similarity between the different human SULT1A genes, it was possible to amplify specifically the polymorphic parts of either SULT1A1 or 1A2, but not the homologous sequences of the other SULT, by setting the forward primer into intron 6. DNA from 300 adult male Caucasian subjects was analysed. Allele frequencies were 0.63 and 0.37 for SULT1A1*Arg and *His, and 0.62 and 0.38 for SULT1A2*Asn and *Thr, respectively. The frequency of the haplotype SULT1A1*Arg/SULT1A2*Asn (0.61) was nearly as high as the allele frequencies of its components. The same was observed for the haplotype SULT1A1*His/SULT1A2*Thr, whose frequency was 0.35. In contrast, haplotypes 1A1*Arg/1A2*Thr and 1A1*His/1A2*Asn were very rare. Their frequencies (0.02 each) were less than 10% of the figures expected in an independent distribution. The results demonstrate a strong association of the alleles producing the more active enzyme variants (SULT1A1*Arg and SULT1A2*Asn) and of those encoding the less active variants (SULT1A1*His and SULT1A2*Thr).     

Glucuronidation of piceatannol by human liver microsomes: major role of UGT1A1, UGT1A8 and UGT1A10

Objectives Piceatannol, a dietary polyphenol present in grapes and wine, is known for its promising anticancer and anti‐inflammatory activity. The aim of this study was to analyse the concentration‐dependent glucuronidation of piceatannol in vitro. Methods To determine the glucuronidation of piceatannol, experiments were conducted with human liver microsomes as well as using a panel of 12 recombinant UDP‐glucuronosyltransferase isoforms. Furthermore, the chemical structures of novel glucuronides were identified by liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS). Key findings Along with piceatannol it was possible to identify three metabolites whose structures were identified by LC‐MS/MS as piceatannol monoglucuronides (M1–M3). Formation of M1 and M3 exhibited a pattern of substrate inhibition, with apparent K_i and V_max/K_m values of 103 ± 26.6 µm and 3.8 ± 1.3 µl/mg protein per min, respectively, for M1 and 233 ± 61.4 µm and 19.8 ± 9.5 µl/mg protein per min, respectively, for M3. In contrast, formation of metabolite M2 followed classical Michaelis–Menten kinetics, with a K_m of 18.9 ± 8.1 µm and a V_max of 0.21 ± 0.02 nmol/mg protein per min. Incubation in the presence of human recombinant UDP‐glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) demonstrated that M1 was formed nearly equally by UGT1A1 and UGT1A8. M2 was preferentially catalysed by UGT1A10 and to a lesser extent by UGT1A1 and UGT1A8. The formation of M3, however, was mainly catalysed by UGT1A1 and UGT1A8. Conclusions Our results elucidate the importance of piceatannol glucuronidation in the human liver, which must be taken into account in humans after dietary intake of piceatannol.     

人细胞色素P450 1A1与谷胱甘肽S-转移酶的融合蛋白及其抗体的制备

采用融合蛋白技术原核表达CYP1A1（第241-381个氨基酸）与谷胱甘肽S-转移酶（GST）的融合蛋白作为抗原,用于制备CYP1A1多克隆抗体. 根据正反重组质粒pGEX/1A1表达的融合蛋白大小不同的原理,直接表达筛选得到正向重组质粒pGEX/1A1. 通过优化表达条件, 提高了目的蛋白的表达水平. 包涵体蛋白经制备型聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（PAGE）分离, 获含纯化融合蛋白GST-1A1的PAGE凝胶. 直接用含GST-1A1的凝胶悬液免疫BALB/c小鼠,自腹水中获取CYP1A1多克隆抗体（1A1pAb）. 1A1pAb用切胶纯化的融合蛋白GST-2B6交叉吸收,蛋白A- Sepharose亲和层析柱来纯化. 用切胶纯化的融合蛋白GST-1A1及GST-2B6的免疫印迹反应初步鉴定1A1pAb的特异性. 纯化的1A1pAb对融合蛋白GST-1A1反应特异性较强,但仍对GST-2B6有弱交叉反应. 在实际应用中可根据反应强度来加以区分.     

Rapid determination of rat hepatocyte mRNA induction potential using oligonucleotide probes for CYP1A1, 1A2, 3A and 4A1

1. A new assay to quantify mRNA levels in small numbers of rat hepatocytes has been developed for cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoforms 1A1, 1A2, 3A and 4A1. The assay uses sets of oligonucleotide probes end-labelled with [³⁵S]-dATP to hybridize to mRNA in controlor drug-treated rat hepatocytes cultured on Cytostar-T 96-well scintillating microplates. 2. The rat hepatocyte induction potential (RHIP) assays for CYP3A, 1A1, 1A2 and 4A1 are sensitive and selective and have an excellent qualitative relationship with CYP induction data ex vivo. The robustness of the CYP3A assay was determined following a run of > 40 plates. The variation of the dexamethasone (DEX) response on each plate, calculated as %coefficient of variation, showed that there was no significant difference between the variability of the response to DEX. 3. Assay specificity for each CYP isoform was achieved by designing probes (four per isoform) antisense to coding regions of each CYP gene sequence. In the CYP3A RHIP assay, pregnenalone 16α-carbonitrile (PCN), DEX, clotrimazole (CLOT) and miconazole (MIC) were all good inducers of CYP3A mRNA; β-napthoflavone (BNF) and methylclofenapate (MCP), however, did not induce CYP3A mRNA, further defining the specificity of this methodology. Specificity was similarly confirmed for the other CYP isoforms. 4. Ind₅₀, the concentration of inducer required to elicit a 50% induction of CYP-specific mRNA, was derived for prototypical CYP inducers : BNF 0.54 and 0.17 μM (CYP1A1 and 1A2 respectively), 3-methylcholanthrene (3MC) 0.11 and 0.04 μM (CYP1A1 and 1A2 respectively), PCN 0.03 μM, DEX 0.17 μM, CLOT 0.48 μM, MIC 3 μM, TAO 3 μM (CYP3A), MCP 1.8 μM, clofibrate (CLOF) 65 μM and ciprofibrate (CIP) 1.9 μM (CYP4A1). Ind₅₀ for BNF and 3MC at CYP1A2 was 3-fold lower than that at CYP1A1 indicating a subfamily difference in inducer potency. 5. Reducing the numbers of animals and the amount of compound required to study CYP induction is an important advantage of the RHIP assays over conventional evaluations in vivo.Typically four rats are dosed for 4 days using oral doses in the range 50-500?mg kg^?1 day^?1. In comparison, the amount of hepatocytes required to carry out all the studies reported herein may be obtained from a single animal (< 2 × 10⁸ viable cells) and CYP induction investigated using μg rather than g quantities of drug substance. 6. With appropriately designed oligonucleotide probes, the RHIP technology can assess CYP induction in human hepatocytes, which together with preclinical data can contribute to improving the quality of compounds progressing into the expensive process of drug development.