虎杖水提液利胆保肝作用研究

目的初步研究虎杖水提液的利胆保肝作用。方法以大鼠胆管插管法,十二指肠给药,记录给药前1h,给药后1,2,3和4h胆汁流量及胆汁中胆红素(TBIL)和胆固醇(CHO)含量,观察虎杖水提液利胆作用;采用腹腔注射CCl4橄榄油溶液复制小鼠急性肝损伤模型,检测血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)含量,观察其对肝的保护作用。结果虎杖水提液可增加大鼠胆汁分泌量(P<0.05或P<0.01);可明显降低CCl4模型小鼠血清ALT和AST含量(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论虎杖水提液具有利胆和保肝作用。     

基于偏最小二乘法关联分析栀子不同炮制品化学成分与肝肾毒性

目的 基于偏最小二乘回归法（PLS）研究栀子不同炮制品化学成分与肝肾毒性的关联度。方法 采用超高效液相色谱法测定生栀子、炒栀子、姜栀子、焦栀子、栀子炭不同炮制品中栀子苷、京尼平龙胆双糖苷、栀子苷酸、去乙酰车叶草酸甲酯、西红花苷I和西红花苷Ⅱ 6种化学成分的含量,栀子不同炮制品水提液（7.5 g/kg）连续3 d大鼠ig给药,测定各组大鼠血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶（ALT）、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶（AST）、总胆红素（TBIL）、血清肌酐（CREA）、尿素氮（BUN）的含量,使用Origin 9.1软件中的PLS算法分析栀子不同炮制品化学成分与肝肾毒性的关联度。结果 栀子炮制后栀子苷、西红花苷I和西红花苷Ⅱ的含量不同程度的降低,京尼平龙胆双糖苷、去乙酰车叶草酸甲酯和栀子苷酸含量在部分炮制品中升高;栀子及炮制品对正常大鼠可造成不同程度的肝、肾损伤（生栀子>炒栀子>姜栀子>焦栀子>栀子炭）;PLS分析表明6种主要化学成分中栀子苷与西红花苷I的变量重要性值均超过0.8。结论 栀子苷与西红花苷I可能是栀子肝肾毒性的物质基础,通过炮制降低栀子肝肾毒性的作用可能与炮制后栀子苷与西红花苷I含量降低有关。     

金丝桃苷对CCl_4诱导的大鼠肝损伤的保护作用研究

目的:研究金丝桃苷(hyperfine,HP)对CCl4诱导的大鼠肝损伤的保护作用。方法:连续3d对大鼠灌胃给予不同剂量的HP,并于末次给药6h后灌胃给予CCl4复制急性肝损伤模型,24h测定血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)及肝组织匀浆中丙二醛(MDA)含量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)活性;同时进行肝组织病理学观察。结果:不同剂量的HP可显著降低模型大鼠血清中ALT、AST,肝组织匀浆中MDA含量;显著升高SOD、GSH活性;病理切片表明,HP预处理组肝组织损伤均有不同程度减轻,其中以30mg·kg-1剂量效果最佳。结论:HP对CCl4诱导的大鼠急性肝损伤具有较好的保护作用,其作用机制可能与HP抑制抗氧化酶活性和抗自由基活性有关。     

排毒护肝颗粒对实验性肝损伤的保肝作用的研究

目的：探讨排毒护肝颗粒对实验性肝损伤的保肝作用。方法将实验小鼠和大鼠分为正常对照组、模型组、排毒护肝颗粒高、中、低剂量组、联苯双酯组,共6组,分别观察排毒护肝颗粒对急性肝损伤小鼠的血清谷丙转氨酶（ALT）,谷草转氨酶（AST）的影响;对慢性肝损伤大鼠的血清ALT、AST、肝组织SOD、MDA、谷胱甘肽（GSH）、羟脯氨酸（Chyp）含量的影响,并对大鼠肝组织作HE病理切片观察。以评价排毒护肝颗粒的保肝作用效果。结果排毒护肝颗粒对D-氨基半乳糖造成的急性肝损伤小鼠和CCl4造成的慢性肝损伤大鼠和ALT,AST活性升高均有显著的降低作用。排毒护肝颗粒可显著升高CCl4慢性肝损伤大鼠肝组织SOD、GSH水平,降低MDA、Hyp水平。结论排毒护肝颗粒对D-氨基半乳糖造成的急性肝损伤和CCl4造成的慢性肝损伤均有显著的保肝作用。     

西红花酸对多柔比星致大鼠心脏毒性的影响

目的：研究西红花酸减轻多柔比星心脏毒性的作用并探讨其机制。方法：建立多柔比星损伤大鼠心脏模型，灌胃给予西红花酸，观察动物心电图变化，测定血清乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）、肌酸激酶（CK）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、全血谷胱甘肽过氧物酶（GSH—Px）和丙二醛（MDA）的变化，用光镜及透射电镜观察心肌的病理改变。结果：西红花酸可以有效改善多柔比星诱导的大鼠心电图异常，如QRS复合波变宽、Q＆T间期延长、T波高耸以及心率变缓（P〈0．05），阻滞多柔比星引起的总SOD，Cu-Zn-SOD，全血GSH—Px活性降低和LDH，CK活性升高及MDA的升高（P〈0．05）；改善心肌超微结构的病理变化。结论：西红花酸可以减轻多柔比星的心脏毒性。     

黄芩素对急性肝损伤模型小鼠的保护作用及其机制

目的探讨黄芩素对四氯化碳（CCl4）诱导小鼠急性肝损伤的保护作用及其机制。方法建立CCl4诱导小鼠急性肝损伤模型,在预防性给药与治疗性给药两种给药方式中,检测小鼠血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶（ALT）和天冬氨酸氨基转移酶（AST）活性、肝匀浆丙二醛（MDA）含量及超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH Px）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性。结果黄芩素能降低模型小鼠肝脏指数,血清ALT、AST活性,肝匀浆MDA含量,并提高小鼠肝匀浆SOD、GSH PX、CAT活性。结论黄芩素对CCl4诱导肝损伤的保护作用,可能与其抗氧化作用机制有关。     

酒龙胆中总多糖和总环烯醚萜苷保肝作用的研究

目的研究酒龙胆中总多糖和总环烯醚萜苷对四氯化碳(CCl4)所致大鼠急性肝损伤的保护作用。方法将50只大鼠随机分为空白组、模型组、总多糖组、总环烯醚萜苷组和阳性对照药联苯双酯组,给药7 d后,除空白组外,其余各组大鼠腹腔注射2.5%CCl_4植物油溶液(1.5 mL·kg~(-1)),复制急性肝损伤模型。测定各组大鼠血浆中丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、单核细胞趋化蛋白-1(MCP-1)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)以及肝组织超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)的含量以及HE染色法观察各组大鼠急性肝损伤程度。结果总多糖和总环烯醚萜苷均能使肝损伤大鼠体内SOD、GSH-Px、GSH的含量升高、MDA的含量降低,其中总多糖的升高或降低作用更优;总多糖可使肝损伤大鼠体内AST、ALT的含量下降,总环烯醚萜苷则几乎没有这些作用;总多糖和总环烯醚萜苷均能使肝损伤大鼠体内TNF-α、MCP-1、IL-6的含量降低,其中总环烯醚萜苷的降低作用更优。肝组织病理切片显示,总多糖和总环烯醚萜苷均一定程度减轻肝脏组织病理性改变,其中总多糖较总环烯醚萜苷作用更强。结论酒龙胆中总多糖、总环烯醚萜苷均对CCl4所致的大鼠急性肝损伤有一定保护作用,其中总多糖较总环烯醚萜苷作用更强。     

异甘草素对大鼠急性化学性肝损伤的保护作用

目的研究异甘草素(ISL)对CCl4所致大鼠急性化学性肝损伤的保护作用及其机制.方法①在体实验选用♂Wistar大鼠48只,随机分6组,每组8只.ISL三剂量给药组分别灌服ISL 10,20,40 mg·kg-1·d-1;甘草酸二铵胶囊(DG)组灌服DG 500 mg·kg-1·d-1;正常对照组和模型组每日灌服等容量的溶媒.连续给药7 d,qd.以CCl4诱导大鼠急性肝损伤模型,酶学测定各组大鼠血清谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性,以及肝组织丙二醛(MDA)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)含量.②体外实验采用大鼠离体肝细胞原代培养,并建立CCl4诱导肝细胞损伤模型,检测ISL对其作用的影响.结果①lSL剂量依赖性降低大鼠血清中升高的ALT和AST活性,升高肝组织中降低的GSH含量、SOD和GSH-Px活性,同时降低过氧化物终产物含量.②ISL浓度(5.0～20.0 μmol·L-1)依赖性抑制CCl4引起的ALT和AST升高,ISL 20.0 μmol·L-1可阻断CCl4产生的肝细胞ALT和AST漏出.结论ISL对大鼠化学性肝损伤具有显著的保护作用.其机制与清除肝组织中的自由基和抗脂质过氧化等作用有关.     

西红花苷和西红花酸在小鼠体内抗氧化活性对比研究

目的对比评价西红花苷和西红花酸在小鼠体内抗氧化活性。方法采用硅胶柱层析从栀子中分离西红花酸和西红花苷纯品,普通昆明小鼠灌胃给药西红花酸和西红花苷,剂量分别是西红花酸6.25、12.5和25.0mg·kg-1和西红花苷18.7、37.5和75.0mg·kg-1.d-1,采用测定普通小鼠体内抗氧化指标(SOD、GSH-Px、TAOC和MDA)的方法对比评价西红花酸和西红花苷-1体内抗氧化活性。结果两种化合物都能明显提高小鼠肾脏和肝脏的SOD,肝脏的GSH-Px,心脏和肾脏的TAOC,降低血浆的MDA。结论西红花酸和西红花苷-1具有相似的体内抗氧化活性,其主要活性部位可能是肝脏和肾脏。     

比较西红花酸和西红花苷对异丙肾上腺素损伤心肌的作用

目的:比较口服西红花酸和西红花苷对异丙肾上腺素(ISO)所致原代心肌细胞损伤和大鼠心肌缺血的影响.方法:培养原代乳鼠心肌细胞,用ISO诱导心肌细胞损伤,给予含药血清,测定LDH、CK和MTT;用ISO诱导大鼠心肌缺血模型,灌胃给药,测定心电、生化指标和病理改变.结果:西红花酸血清减少心肌细胞跳动变化和CK、LDH释放,增加细胞活力,而西红花苷血清对上述指标没有影响;灌胃西红花酸能对抗ISO引起J点和T波抬高,降低CK、LDH、MDA,升高SOD,改善心肌病理变化,而灌胃西红花苷对上述指标没有作用.结论:西红花酸对ISO所致心肌细胞损伤和心肌缺血有改善作用,而西红花苷不具有该作用.提示临床治疗心肌缺血应口服西红花酸,西红花苷不适合口服.     

Affective and Anxiety Disorders and Alcohol and Drug Dependence:

Depression and anxiety frequently coexist in patients with substance use disorders. This clinically-oriented article examiens the relationship between these conditions and emphasizes data showing that substances of abuse can cause signs and symptoms of both depression and anxiety. These substance-related syndromes appear to have a different course and prognosis than uncomplicated, independent anxiety and major depressive disorders, and clinicians should consider the role of alcohol and other drugs in all patients presenting with these complaints. The authors will also outline an approach for diagnosing and managing patients with the combination of a substance use and depressive or anxiety disorder.     

Modelling and simulation of variability and uncertainty in toxicokinetics and pharmacokinetics

Two important methodological issues within the framework of the variability and uncertainty analysis of toxicokinetic and pharmacokinetic systems are discussed: (i) modelling and simulation of the existing physiologic variability in a population; and (ii) modelling and simulation of variability and uncertainty when there is insufficient or not well defined (e.g. small sample, semiquantitative, qualitative and vague) information available. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic models are especially suited for separating and characterising the physiologic variability from the overall variability and uncertainty in the system. Monte Carlo sampling should draw from multivariate distributions, which reflect all levels of existing dependencies in the intact organism. The population characteristics should be taken into account. A fuzzy simulation approach is proposed to model variability and uncertainty when there is semiquantitative, qualitative and vague information about the model parameters and their statistical distributions cannot be defined reliably.     

Antiinfective and encrustation-inhibiting materials--myth and facts

Catheters, urethral and ureteral stents and other urological implants are frequently affected by encrustration and infection due to their permanent contact with urine. Indwelling urinary catheters provide a haven for microorganisms and thus require extensive monitoring. Several surface modification techniques have been proposed to improve the performance of devices including the immobilization of biomolecules, the incorporation of hydrophilic grafts to reduce protein adsorption, the creation of hydrophobic surfaces, the creation of microdomains to regulate cellular and protein adhesion, new polymers and antimicrobial coatings. Physico-chemical explanation to elucidate the mechanism of such encrustation or infection inhibiting materials is still not available. Our series of experiments showed a marked decrease of silver-activity in biological fluids which corresponds with the controversial clinical results obtained with silver coated urinary catheters. Rifampicin/minocycline coated catheters had very low activity against Gram-negative rods, enterococci and Candida spp., the main causing organisms of urinary catheter infection. Surface engineered materials and antimicrobial drug delivery systems will be the next generation of sophisticated urinary catheters and stents, if both efficacy as well as efficiency has been proved clinically.     

Interaction of estrone and estradiol with DNA and protein of liver and kidney in rat and hamster in vivo and in vitro

[6,7-³H] Estrone (E) and [6,7-³H]estradiol-17 (E₂) have been synthesized by reduction of 6-dehydroestrone and 6-dehydroestradiol with tritium gas. Tritiated E and E₂ were administered by oral gavage to female rats and to male and female hamsters on a dose level of about 300 g/kg (54 mCi/kg). After 8 h, the liver was excised from the rats; liver and kidneys were taken from the hamsters. DNA was purified either directly from an organ homogenate or via chromatin. The radioactivity in the DNA was expressed in the units of the Covalent Binding Index, CBI = (mol chemical bound per mol DNA-P)/(mmol chemical administered per kg b.w.). Rat liver DNA isolated via chromatin exhibited the very low values of 0.08 and 0.09 for E and E₂, respectively. The respective figures in hamster liver were 0.08 and 0.11 in females and 0.21 and 0.18 in the males. DNA isolated from the kidney revealed a detectable radioactivity only in the female, with values of 0.03 and 0.05 for E and E₂, respectively. The values for male hamster kidney were < 0.01 for both hormones. The minute radioactivity detectable in the DNA samples does not represent covalent binding to DNA, however, as indicated by two sets of control experiments. (A) Analysis by HPLC of the nucleosides prepared by enzyme digest of liver DNA isolated directly or via chromatin did not reveal any consistent peak which could have been attributed to a nucleoside-steroid adduct. (B) All DNA radioactivity could be due to protein contaminations, because the specific activity of chromatin protein was determined to be more than 3,000 times higher than of DNA. The high affinity of the hormone to protein was also demonstrated by in vitro incubations, where it could be shown that the specific activity of DNA and protein was essentially proportional to the concentration of radiolabelled hormone in the organ homogenate, regardless of whether the animal was treated or whether the hormone was added in vitro to the homogenate.Carcinogens acting by covalent DNA binding can be classified according to potency on the basis of the Covalent Binding Index. Values of 10³–10⁴ have been found for potent, 10² for moderate, and 1–10 for weak carcinogens. Since estrone is moderately carcinogenic for the kidney of the male hamster, a CBI of about 100 would be expected. The actually measured limit of detection of 0.01 places covalent DNA binding among the highly unlikely mechanisms of action. Similar considerations can be made for the liver where any true covalent DNA binding must be below a level of 0.01. It is concluded that an observable tumor induction by estrone or estradiol is unlikely to be due to DNA binding.Paper presented at the Satellite Symposium of the European Society of Toxicology, Rome, March 29, 1983     

Synthesis and anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of gaultherin and its analogs

The synthesis of gaultherin (1) and its analogs was carried out to provide 11 glycosides under phase-transfer catalytic conditions. The activities of all synthesized compounds were evaluated by nitric oxide production inhibitory assay in vitro. Methyl 2-O-(4-O-β-d-galactopyranosyl)-β-d-glucopyranosylbenzoate (5f) showed significantly anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects by the evaluation in vivo. Structure–activity relationships within these compounds were discussed.     

成骨细胞的功能与损伤和骨质疏松的防治

骨质疏松是一种全身性骨骼疾病,导致骨折风险增加。成人的骨量通过破骨细胞的骨吸收和成骨细胞的骨形成作用来维持动态平衡,治疗骨质疏松症的理想策略是抑制破骨细胞的骨吸收和/或增强成骨细胞的骨形成功能。目前针对保护成骨细胞及增强其功能的骨质疏松疗法相对较少。因此,本文针对成骨细胞相关功能蛋白、各种细胞损伤机制（内质网应激、氧化应激、机械过载、微小RNA和长链非编码RNA的影响等）及骨质疏松的治疗与预防作一综述,以期为针对增强成骨细胞功能的骨质疏松治疗策略提供新思路。     

Isolation and characterization of glycosylated and non-glycosylated prolactins from alligator and crocodile

Two molecular forms of prolactin (PRL). glycosylated and non-glycosylated, were isolated from pituitary glands of two reptiles, alligator and crocodile. The reptilian PRLs were extracted under alkaline conditions from the precipitate obtained after pituitaries were first extracted with 0.25 m sucrose, 1 mM NH₄HCO₃, pH 6.3. Purification was performed by ion exchange chromatography on DE-52, gel filtration on Sephadex G-75 superfine, and reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography. Two forms of both alligator and crocodile PRL, designated PRLI and PRLII, with molecular weights of 26000 and 24000 were isolated. Alligator and crocodile PRLI and PRLII were stained specifically in immunoblots with anti-sea turtle PRL and anti-ostrich PRL. Sequence analysis revealed that both forms of alligator and crocodile PRLs consisted of 199 amino acid residues with a glycosylation consensus sequence (Asn-Ala-Ser) at position 60 in alligator and crocodile PRLs with a molecular weight of 26000 (PRLI). In contrast, Thr was substituted for Asn at position 60 in the PRLs with a molecular weight of 24000 (PRLII). The sequences of alligator PRLs differed from crocodile PRLs only in position 134: Val for alligator PRLs and He for crocodile PRLs. There is a high degree of structural conservation between the reptilian PRLs isolated in this study and avian PRL; each showed 92% sequence identity with chicken PRL and 89% with turkey PRL.     

Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ramipril and piretanide administered alone and in combination

The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of single oral doses of 5 mg ramipril and 6 mg piretanide administered separately and in combination were determined in a single blind, randomised, 3-period cross-over study in 24 healthy male volunteers.The peak plasma concentrations of ramipril and ramiprilat increased slightly (from 11.9 to 14.8 ng/ml, and from 6.39 to 8.96 ng/ml, respectively) as did the area under the plasma concentration-time curve of ramipril (0–4 h) and ramiprilat (0–24 h) (from 15.8 to 19.8 ng·ml^–1·h, and from 63.4 to 74.6 ng·ml^–1·h, respectively). The urinary excretion of ramiprilat also rose (from 6.82 to 7.73 % of dose) following simultaneous treatment with piretanide. These effects were probably due to reduced first-pass metabolism of ramipril/ramiprilat to inactive metabolites. The blood pressure lowering effect, the time course of inhibition of ACE activity in plasma and the concentration-response relationship for the inhibition of plasma ACE activity were not affected by piretanide.The peak plasma concentration of piretanide was somewhat reduced (from 285 to 244 ng/ml) following simultaneous treatment with ramipril. No other pharmacokinetic parameter was affected. Piretanide increased urine flow, and sodium, chloride and potassium excretion, especially during the first 2 hours following administration. These pharmacodynamic parameters were not affected by ramipril.Thus, simultaneous administration of single oral doses of ramipril and piretanide caused modest changes in the peak and average plasma concentrations of both drugs, which did not lead to detectable alterations in the pharmacodynamic parameters measured in healthy volunteers.     

Benzodiazepines,amnesia and sedation: Theoretical and clinical issues and controversies

The amnestic effect of benzodiazepines, first described in 1965, and the subsequent attempts to identify the precise nature of this effect, are reviewed. The difficulty in deciding to what extent this effect is secondary to the sedative action of these drugs is shown by the lack of agreement between studies. Nevertheless, it is concluded that, given the right experimental design, all benzodiazepines can be shown to cause an anterograde amnesia which is probably primarily a result of reduced attention or rehearsal and secondary to sedation. Its onset, degree and duration are influenced by dose, rate of absorption, route of administration, potency and the receptor occupancy rate of the particular benzodiazepine involved, but plasma elimination t_½ appears to be relatively unimportant. The clinical relevance of this for the long-term use of hypnotics and anxiolytics is not clear. Tolerance appears to be greater than for the anxiolytic but less than the sedative or anticonvulsant effect of benzodiazepines. It seems that transient amnestic effects could occur in chronic users related to post-dose, peak benzodiazepine levels. The great variability in individual response means that transient amnesia is a potential adverse drug reaction in certain individuals taking benzodiazepines.