包载姜黄素的白及多糖载药胶束的活性氧响应性、抗炎作用及肝靶向性研究

目的 考察包载模型药物姜黄素（curcumin,Cur）的白及多糖（Bletilla striata polysaccharide,BSP）载药胶束的活性氧（reactive oxygen species,ROS）响应性、抗炎作用以及肝靶向性。方法 采用透析袋法考察Cur载药胶束在H₂O₂存在下的体外释放特性;利用荧光显微镜观察Cur载药胶束在富含ROS的巨噬细胞内的响应性释放效果;采用酶联免疫吸附（enzyme linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA）法考察Cur载药胶束的抗炎作用;研究Cur载药胶束在肝纤维化大鼠模型体内的药动学和组织分布情况。结果 Cur载药胶束在H₂O₂存在的情况下释药速度加快,在12 h内累积释放量达到53%,48 h累积释放量达76%;Cur载药胶束可被富含ROS的巨噬细胞特异性识别并响应性释放药物;Cur与BSP有协同抗炎作用,可协同降低致炎因子的水平;药动学和组织分布研究表明,Cur载药胶束在大鼠体内滞留时间延长,平均滞留时间（mean residence time,MRT_0~∞）达（12.109±3.528）h,且在肝脏中分布最多。结论 包载Cur的BSP载药胶束具有ROS响应性、抗炎作用以及肝脏靶向性。     

麦冬多糖MDG-1油混悬长效注射剂的制备及药动学评价

目的：对制备的不同处方的注射用麦冬多糖MDG-1油混悬剂进行大鼠体内药动学评价,探究利用油性混悬释药系统以实现MDG-1注射长效给药的可行性。方法：采用反溶剂沉淀法制备MDG-1微粒,对其粒径、粒径分布进行表征;在低黏度的大豆油中加入高黏度的蓖麻油或加入硬脂酸铝,制备不同黏度的油性介质,对其进行流变学性质考察,筛选较优处方进行体内评价。结果：微粒体积平均粒径D_（4,3）为21.81 μm,径距为2.63;对筛选的大豆油-蓖麻油混合油（2：3）及2%,4%硬脂酸铝凝胶化大豆油处方进行体内评价,其中4%硬脂酸铝凝胶化大豆油处方能够极显著降低C_max,显著延长表观t_1/2,MDG-1释放时间可达数天。结论：利用高黏度的油性介质来实现MDG-1注射长效给药具有可行性。     

转铁蛋白修饰的姜黄素脂质体的制备及体外抗肿瘤活性

目的 制备转铁蛋白（transferrin,Tf）修饰的姜黄素（curcumin,Cur）脂质体（Tf-Cur-Lip）,并研究其理化性质和体外抗肿瘤活性。方法 采用薄膜分散法制备Tf-Cur-Lip,对其形态、粒径、多分散性指数、包封率、载药量、体外释放等进行表征;以人前列腺癌DU154细胞为模型进行细胞抑制率实验与细胞摄取实验。结果 所制得的Tf-Cur-Lip呈类球形,大小分布均匀,平均粒径为（68.27±0.36）nm,多分散指数为0.194±0.050,平均包封率与载药量分别为（98.13±0.38）%与（2.94±0.38）%。体外释放研究表明,Tf-Cur-Lip相比游离姜黄素具有一定缓释效果。MTT实验结果表明Tf-Cur-Lip对DU145细胞的抑制作用显著高于游离姜黄素,与非靶向姜黄素脂质体（Cur-Lip）相比,转铁蛋白的修饰明显增加了DU145细胞对脂质体的摄取效率。结论 成功制备了Tf-Cur-Lip,该脂质体能够提高肿瘤靶向性,具有一定的抗肿瘤活性。     

曲马多PEG2000修饰多囊泡脂质体的制备及形态学观察

 目的 制备包封率高和缓释作用好的曲马多PEG2000修饰多囊泡脂质体，并与逆相蒸发法制备的曲马多普通脂质体比较其体外释药性能。方法 用复乳法制备曲马多PEG2000修饰多囊泡脂质体；L₉(34 )正交实验设计进行处方筛选和优化，测定包封率和粒径，以pH 6.8 PBS为释放介质考察体外释放特性。结果 未修饰和PEG2000修饰的多囊泡脂质体平均粒径分别为22.5和32.2 μm；PEG2000修饰和未经过PEG2000修饰的MVLs包封率分别为（85.1±11.2）%和（80.7±9.4）%；2种脂质体体外释放符合一级释药规律，半衰期t1/2分别为5.8和19.9 h，增加了3.4倍。结论 PEG2000修饰多囊泡脂质体包封率高，并具有良好的缓释作用。     

水溶性姜黄素前药制备及其体外抗肿瘤实验研究

 目的 合成聚乙二醇负载的、生物可降解的姜黄素（ Cur ）前药，以解决 Cur 水溶性等问题，并增强疗效，为开发新型 Cur 制剂奠定基础。 方法 以单甲氧基聚乙二醇为载体，氨基酸为连接臂，合成 Cur 前药；通过紫外光谱法、核磁共振波谱法对合成产物进行结构鉴定；采用直接观察法对其水中溶解性进行测定；最后通过 MTT 法对其体外抗肿瘤活性及特点进行分析。 结果 通过三步法合成了 Cur 前药，紫外光谱及核磁氢谱确证为预期产物，且合成率较高；水溶性结果表明，产物溶解度大于 0.25 mol·L^-1 ，同比游离 Cur 提高了 1.5×10⁵ 倍以上，增溶显著；体外对人肝癌细胞株 HepG2 仍具有较强的抑制活性，且抑制率随浓度增高及处理时间延长而增强，前药处理 24 h 时的 IC₅₀ 为（ 59.3±2.5 ） μmol·L^-1 ，而 48 h 后的 IC₅₀ 为（ 6.8±1.4 ） μmol·L^-1 ，表现为“缓释、减毒效果”。 结论 本实验成功合成了 Cur 前药，方法简单、合成率高、产物水溶性好，并且能够缓慢释放起到抗肿瘤效果，表现出较好的应用开发前景，值得进一步研究开发。     

载姜黄素介孔二氧化硅纳米粒的制备及其体外抗肿瘤活性研究

制备载姜黄素(curumin,Cur)的介孔二氧化硅纳米粒(mesoporous silica nanoparticles,MSN),考察其体外释药行为和抗肿瘤活性。采用聚合法制备了MSN,并运用溶剂挥干法和浸渍离心法制备了载Cur的MSN(Cur-MSN),以包封率和载药量为指标优化了制备工艺。通过扫描电镜表征了Cur-MSN形态,测定了Cur-MSN粒径大小和电位。以0.2% SDS溶液为释放介质,研究了Cur-MSN的体外释放行为,并考察了Cur-MSN对HeLa细胞的杀伤作用。运用优化工艺制备的Cur-MSN圆整均一,具有典型的介孔结构特征,平均粒径为75.8 nm,Zeta电位为-30.1 mV;3批Cur-MSN的平均包封率为(72.55±2.01)%,载药量为(16.21±1.12)%。Cur-MSN体外释药行为明显了缓释特征,96 h释放了83.5%;Cur-MSN对HeLa细胞的杀伤作用呈现浓度依赖性,IC₅₀为19.40 mg·L^-1,与Cur的杀伤作用相似。     

乙二醇壳聚糖-胆固醇接枝物载多柔比星自聚集纳米粒的制备及其大鼠体内药动学研究

 目的 制备乙二醇壳聚糖-胆固醇接枝物（CHGC）载多柔比星（DOX）自聚集纳米粒，并考察其在大鼠体内的药动学行为。方法 采用透析法制备乙二醇壳聚糖-胆固醇接枝物载多柔比星纳米粒（DCN）；应用动态光散射粒度仪和原子力显微镜测定载药纳米粒的Zeta电位、粒径与形态，考察DCN的稳定性；以pH（5.5，6.5，7.4）磷酸盐缓冲溶液（PBS）作为释放介质，考察DCN的体外释放行为；采用HPLC测定多柔比星在大鼠血浆中的药物浓度。结果 随着投药量的增加，DCN的载药量、Zeta电位和粒径增大；粒子形态呈球形；体外释放实验结果表明，释放介质的pH值越低，药物释放越快，且释放速率随着纳米粒载药量的增大而降低；大鼠体内药动学实验结果表明，DCN-10组的AUC_(0-∞)是游离DOX组的5.84倍（P<0.01）；DCN-10组的MRT_0-∞是DOX组的21.90倍（P<0.01）。结论 CHGC作为高分子药物载体材料，载多柔比星纳米粒的体外释放行为具有缓释和pH依赖特征；DCN能够在血液中长时间滞留，明显提高DOX 的生物利用度，结果表明，以CHGC纳米粒作为抗肿瘤药物载体具有较好的应用前景。     

齐墩果酸静脉注射乳剂的制备及大鼠体内药动学研究

 目的 制备齐墩果酸静脉注射乳剂,初步考察齐墩果酸静脉注射乳剂在大鼠体内的药动学。方法 采用高速分散法制备初乳,探头超声法制备终乳;透射电镜观察形态;大鼠尾静脉分别注射静脉乳剂和溶液剂,用反相高效液相色谱法测定不同时间血浆中齐墩果酸的浓度,采用3P97程序计算药动学参数,并进行统计学分析。结果 制得的静脉注射乳剂为圆形或类圆形,离心稳定性系数为（44.1±1.2）%,平均粒径为（176.0±3.8） nm,Zeta电位为（-17.5±4.1） mV,含量为（87.8±1.8）%;静脉注射乳剂和溶液剂经大鼠尾静脉注射后,体内过程均为二室模型,t1/2α分别为（7.8±0.8）和（3.5±0.5）min;t1/2β分别为（308.1±22.8）和（146.3±11.6）min;AUC分别为（208.6±15.6）和（103.9±11.8）μg·min·mL-1,两种制剂的t1/2β和AUC_0-t经方差分析后均存在显著性差异（P＜0.05）,静脉注射乳剂显著增加了齐墩果酸的AUC,延长了其在血液循环中的时间。结论 制备的齐墩果酸静脉注射乳剂含量较高,粒度均匀;与溶液剂相比,乳剂静脉给药后,药动学参数发生了明显的改变。     

主动载药法制备三氧化二砷脂质体

目的 采用主动载药法制备三氧化二砷（As₂O₃）脂质体,并优化处方组成,考察主动载药法制备As₂O₃脂质体的可行性。方法 采用正交设计法筛选处方,主动载药法制备As₂O₃脂质体;用葡聚糖凝胶G-50柱分离脂质体和游离药物,用原子荧光分光光度法测定包封率;用电镜观察脂质体的外观形态,并用激光粒径分析仪测定脂质体的粒径和Zeta电位;并进一步考察其优势。结果 所得脂质体的包封率为（72.3±0.8）%;形态为粒径均匀的球形或类球形,粒径为（193±12）nm,Zeta电位为（36.1±3.0）mV;脂质体具有良好的安全性与较好的稳定性。结论 优选得到的As₂O₃脂质体处方和制备工艺合理,并且所制备的As₂O₃脂质体具有良好的安全性。     

注射雪胆乙素在大鼠体内药动学研究

建立血浆样品中雪胆乙素的测定方法,研究雪胆乙素在大鼠体内的药动学特征。大鼠经尾静脉注射给药,以苯海拉明为内标（internal standard,IS）,采用液相色谱-串联四级杆质谱（liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry,LC-MS/MS）法测定不同时间点大鼠血浆中雪胆乙素浓度。质谱采用电喷雾（ESI）离子源,多反应监测模式正离子检测,确定目标化合物及内标的离子对分别为m/z 503.2/113.1和m/z 256.0/167.2。色谱柱为Agilent ZOBAX SB-C₁₈（2.1 mm×50 mm,1.8 μm）,甲醇-0.1%甲酸55：45等度洗脱,流速为0.2 mL·min^-1。采用DAS 2.0软件对所得的血药浓度进行拟合,求算相应的药动学参数。大鼠经尾静脉注射雪胆乙素3.0 mg·kg^-1,目标物血浆质量浓度在10.5~3 150 μg·L^-1内线性关系良好（R²=0.996）,标准曲线定量下限为10.5 μg·L^-1,信噪比S/N=12;日内精密度RSD<6.9%,日间精密度RSD<14%;准确度RE在0.20%~3.7%;提取回收率在92.7%~97.1%。尾静脉注射雪胆乙素的药动学参数AUC_0-t为（811.615±111.578）μg·h·L^-1,t_1/2为（1.285±1.390）h,CL为（3.627±0.487）L·h·kg^-1,V_d为（6.721±7.429）L·kg^-1。该研究建立了一种简便准确、灵敏度高、特异性好的测定雪胆乙素血药浓度的方法,首次报道了雪胆乙素在大鼠体内的药物代谢动力学特征。     

Effect of feeding Mucuna pruriens on helminth parasite infestation in lambs

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Mucuna pruriens is a tropical legume anecdotally reputed to have anthelmintic properties. This study was conducted to examine the validity of such claims.

Aim of the study

The aim of this study was to determine if ingestion of Mucuna seeds reduces helminth parasite infestation in lambs.

Materials and methods

Thirty-six Dorper × Katahdin ram lambs were assigned to three treatments, a cottonseed meal based control diet, a diet in which Mucuna replaced cottonseed meal and the control diet with levamisole (7.5 mg/kg body weight) administration. All diets were isonitrogenous and isocaloric. The 12 lambs in each treatment were assigned randomly to 4 pens, each containing 3 lambs. Lambs were trickle infected three times per week by gavage with infectious Haemonchus contortus larvae (2000 larvae/lamb) for 3 weeks.

Results

Levamisole treatment decreased fecal egg counts by 87% and abomasal worm counts by 83%. Mucuna intake did not statistically affect fecal egg counts or abomasal worm counts, though numerical (P > 0.10) reductions of 7.4% and 18.1%, respectively were evident. Anemia indicators, feed intake, and lamb growth were unaffected by treatment.

Conclusions

Levamisole reduced the Haemonchus parasite burden in lambs significantly but feeding Mucuna reduced the burden by levels unlikely to eliminate the clinical effects of parasitism.     

厚朴与凹叶厚朴群体遗传学研究

目的:对厚朴与凹叶厚朴的群体遗传学进行研究,为中药厚朴的质量控制提供分子生药学方面的依据。方法:对厚朴与凹叶厚朴15个居群应用2个叶绿体基因间序列psbA-trnH和trnL-trnF进行PCR扩增并测序,计算厚朴与凹叶厚朴单倍型频率,用程序HaploNst分析遗传多样性和遗传结构,应用TCS version 1.13软件构建单倍型网状进化树。结果:厚朴与凹叶厚朴均无特有单倍型存在,但单倍型频率存在显著差异,已开始出现遗传分化的趋势,NST略大于GST。结论:厚朴与凹叶厚朴在遗传上已出现遗传分化的趋势,但尚未完全分化成彼此独立的单系。     

真菌的中药干预研究近5年进展

近年来真菌感染率逐年上升,传统抗真菌药物易产生耐药性,而中药在防治真菌感染方面具有一定的优势。本文就近5年来中药对白念珠菌、皮肤癣菌、曲霉菌、马拉色菌、串珠镰孢菌、申克孢子丝菌、新生隐球菌及真菌生物膜的干预研究进展进行综述。     

α-Glucosidase inhibitory activity of selected Philippine plants

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Antidesma bunius Spreng. (Phyllantaceae), Averrhoa bilimbi L. (Oxalidaceae), Biophytum sensitivum (L.) DC. (Oxalidaceae), Ceriops tagal (Perr.) C.B. Rob. (Rhizophoraceae), Kyllinga monocephala Rottb. (Cyperaceae), and Rhizophora mucronata Lam. (Rhizophoraceae) are used as remedies to control diabetes. In the present study, these plants were screened for their potential α-glucosidase inhibitory activity.

Materials and methods

The 80% aqueous ethanolic extracts were screened for their α-glucosidase enzyme inhibitory activity using yeast alpha glucosidase enzyme.

Results

Except for A. bilimbi with IC₅₀ at 519.86±3.07, all manifested a significant enzyme inhibitory activity. R. mucronata manifested the highest activity with IC₅₀ at 0.08±1.82 μg mL⁻¹, followed by C. tagal with IC₅₀ at 0.85±1.46 μg mL⁻¹ and B. sensitivum with IC₅₀ at 2.24±1.58 μg mL⁻¹.

Conclusion

This is the first report on the α-glucosidase inhibitory effect of the six Philippine plants; thus, partly defining the mechanism on why these medicinal plants possess antidiabetic properties.     

European medicinal polypores – A modern view on traditional uses

Ethnopharmacological relevance

In particular five polypore species, i.e. Laetiporus sulphureus, Fomes fomentarius, Fomitopsis pinicola, Piptoporus betulinus, and Laricifomes officinalis, have been widely used in central European folk medicines for the treatment of various diseases, e.g. dysmenorrhoea, haemorrhoids, bladder disorders, pyretic diseases, treatment of coughs, cancer, and rheumatism. Prehistoric artefacts going back to over 5000 years underline the long tradition of using polypores for various applications ranging from food or tinder material to medicinal–spiritual uses as witnessed by two polypore species found among items of Ötzi, the Iceman. The present paper reviews the traditional uses, phytochemistry, and biological activity of the five mentioned polypores.

Materials and methods

All available information on the selected polypore taxa used in traditional folk medicine was collected through evaluation of literature in libraries and searches in online databases using SciFinder and Web of Knowledge.

Results

Mycochemical studies report the presence of many primary (e.g. polysaccharides) and secondary metabolites (e.g. triterpenes). Crude extracts and isolated compounds show a wide spectrum of biological properties, such as anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, and antimicrobial activities.

Conclusions

The investigated polypores possess a longstanding ethnomycological tradition in Europe. Here, we compile biological results which highlight their therapeutic value. Moreover, this work provides a solid base for further investigations on a molecular level, both compound- and target-wise.     

Investigation of plant extracts in traditional medicine of the Brazilian Cerrado against protozoans and yeasts

Aim of the study

To investigate the activities of the 217 plant extracts in traditional medicine of the Brazilian Cerrado against protozoans and yeasts.

Materials and methods

Plant extracts were prepared by the method of maceration using solvents of different polarities. The growth inhibition of chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum strain (FcB1) was determined by measuring the radioactivity of the tritiated hypoxanthine incorporated. Activity against Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi and Trypanosoma cruzi was measured by the MTT colorimetric assay. The antifungal tests were carried out by using the CLSI method. The active extracts were tested also by cytotoxicity assay using NIH-3T3 cells of mammalian fibroblasts.

Results

Two hundred and seventeen extracts of plants were tested against Plasmodium falciparum. The eleven active extracts, belonging to eight plant species were evaluated against L. (L.) chagasi, Trypanosoma cruzi, yeasts and in NIH-3T3 cells. The results found in these biological models are consistent with the ethnopharmacological data of these plants. The ethyl acetate extract of Diospyros hispida root showed IC₅₀ values of 1 μg/mL against Plasmodium falciparum. This extract demonstrated no toxicity against mammalian cells, resulting in a significant selectivity index (SI) of 435.8. The dichloromethane extract of Calophyllum brasiliense root wood was active against Cryptococcus gattii LMGO 01 with MIC of 1.95 μg/mL; and Candida albicans ATCC 10231 and Candida krusei LMGO 174, both with MIC of 7.81 μg/mL. The same extract was also active against Plasmodium falciparum and L. (L.) chagasi with IC₅₀ of 6.7 and 27.6 μg/mL respectively. The ethyl acetate extract of Spiranthera odoratissima leaves was active against Cryptococcus gattii LMGO 01 with MIC of 31.25 μg/mL, and against Plasmodium falciparum with IC₅₀ of 9.2 μg/mL and Trypanosoma cruzi with IC₅₀ of 56.3 μg/mL.

Conclusion

The active extracts for protozoans and human pathogenic yeasts are considered promising to continue the search for the identification and development of leading compounds.     

Antiplasmodial activity of extracts from seven medicinal plants used in malaria treatment in Cameroon

Aim of the study

In a search for new plant-derived biologically active compounds against malaria parasites, we have carried out an ethnopharmacological study to evaluate the susceptibility of cultured Plasmodium falciparum to extracts and fractions from seven Cameroonian medicinal plants used in malaria treatment. We have also explored the inhibition of the Plasmodium falciparum cysteine protease Falcipain-2.

Materials and methods

Plant materials were extracted by maceration in organic solvents, and subsequently partitioned or fractionated to afford test fractions. The susceptibility of erythrocytes and the W2 strain of Plasmodium falciparum to plant extracts was evaluated in culture. In addition, the ability of annonaceous extracts to inhibit recombinant cysteine protease Falcipain-2 was also assessed.

Results and discussion

The extracts showed no toxicity against erythrocytes. The majority of plant extracts were highly active against Plasmodium falciparumin vitro, with IC₅₀ values lower than 5 μg/ml. Annonaceous extracts (acetogenin-rich fractions and interface precipitates) exhibited the highest potency. Some of these extracts exhibited modest inhibition of Falcipain-2.

Conclusion

These results support continued investigation of components of traditional medicines as potential new antimalarial agents.     

贝母类药材湖北贝母Fritillaria hupehensis系统位置的探讨——来自ITS,rpl16,matK序列的证据

湖北贝母为传统中药,然而《Flora of China》将其基原植物湖北贝母Fritillaria hupehensis归并于天目贝母F.monantha项下。该实验采用分子系统学方法,以川百合Lilium davidii为外类群,用核基因ITS序列和叶绿体基因rpl16序列、matK序列等3个片段对湖北贝母及其近缘类群天目贝母F.monantha、安徽贝母F.anhuiensis等进行联合建树分析,对湖北贝母植物的系统位置进行了探讨,为湖北贝母药材的安全使用提供分子证据。结果显示,分子系统树上,3种贝母各自的居群聚为一支,之后天目贝母与安徽贝母聚为一支,最后与湖北贝母聚为一支。表明湖北贝母与天目贝母的亲缘关系可能要远于安徽贝母与天目贝母之间的关系,因此不适宜将湖北贝母归并于天目贝母。     

金银花类药用植物IspE和IspH基因克隆和生物信息学分析

目的:克隆金银花类药用植物4-二磷酸胞苷-2-C-甲基赤藓糖激酶(4-diphosphocytidyl-2-C-methyl-D-erythritol kinase,IspE)和4-羟基-3-甲基-2-邻苯基二磷酸还原酶(4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate reductase,IspH)基因,并对其基因序列、蛋白特性和转录活性进行分析、比较.方法:从忍冬Lonicera japonica转录组测序结果中分析获得了IspE,IspH基因.分别以忍冬、红白忍冬L.japonica var.chinensis、红腺忍冬L.hypoglauca和水忍冬L.dasystyla新鲜花蕾为材料,利用RT-PCR技术克隆获得了4种金银花类药用植物IspE和IspH基因的全长cDNA.运用生物信息学分析软件,预测编码蛋白的结构和功能,并通过RT-PCR检测IspE和IspH在忍冬、红白忍冬、红腺忍冬、水忍冬花蕾中的转录情况.结果:金银花类药用植物IspE基因含有1个完整的开放阅读框,长度为1 221 bp,编码406个氨基酸;IspH含有一个完整的开放阅读框,长度为1 380 bp,编码459个氨基酸.IspE和IspH均为非分泌蛋白,均定位于叶绿体中.RT-PCR分析结果表明在忍冬、红腺忍冬和水忍冬的花蕾中IspE,IspH基因的转录水平没有显著差异,但红白忍冬花蕾中IspE,IspH基因的转录水平均显著高于忍冬.结论:克隆获得忍冬、红白忍冬、红腺忍冬和水忍冬中IspE,IspH基因,并证实了其在不同金银花类药用植物中的表达,为进一步研究IspE,IspH基因对萜类化合物生物合成和花香气以及颜色的影响奠定了基础.     

牛耳朵和黄花牛耳朵的显微和化学鉴别

目的:为苦苣苔科唇柱苣苔属植物牛耳朵和黄花牛耳朵的鉴定和分类提供解剖学和化学依据。方法:采用石蜡制片法和水合氯醛透化法对2种药用植物的根状茎和叶横切面和粉末特征进行研究,应用光学显微镜观察显微结构。采用HPLC-UV法进行化学鉴别。结果:牛耳朵和黄花牛耳朵显微特征无明显区别,但是化学特征有明显的差异。结论:化学诞生特征鉴别方法可以作为2种药用植物的鉴定方法。