钙激动剂介导血管平滑肌细胞增殖的信号转导途径

为探讨钙调神经磷酸酶依赖的信号通路在雷尼丁刺激的大鼠血管平滑肌细胞增殖中的作用，以培养的大鼠血管平滑肌细胞为模型，用雷尼丁刺激其内贮Ca^2 释放入胞浆，环孢素A阻断钙调神经磷酸酶信号通路，维拉帕米阻断钙通道，检测血管平滑肌细胞钙调神经磷酸酶、丝裂素活化蛋白激酶和蛋白激酶C活性，用^3H-亮氨酸及^3H－胸腺嘧啶掺入量作为反应细胞增殖的指标。结果显示，雷尼丁刺激组蛋白核酸合成速率明显增高，与对照组相比差异显著（P＜0．01）；环孢素A及维拉帕米能明显抑制雷尼丁介导的平滑肌细胞蛋白核酸合成速率增高，与雷尼丁刺激组相比差异显著（P＜0．01）。同时发现雷尼丁刺激组钙神经磷酸酶、蛋白激酶C活性与对照组平滑肌细胞相比差异显著（P＜0．05或0．01）。环孢素A和维拉帕米抑制雷尼丁介导的平滑肌细胞钙调神经磷酸酶活性增高，维拉帕米抑制雷尼丁介导的平滑肌细胞蛋白激酶C活性的增高。提示钙调神经磷酸酶信号通路在雷尼丁刺激的平滑肌细胞增殖中起重要作用，但钙调神经磷酸酶信号通路不是雷尼丁介导平滑肌细胞增殖的唯一信号通路，以丝裂素活化蛋白激酶为核心的信号通路亦参与了雷尼丁刺激的平滑肌细胞增殖。     

白细胞介素10抑制大鼠血管平滑肌细胞增殖的信号途径

为探讨白细胞介素 10抑制血管紧张素Ⅱ诱导的大鼠血管平滑肌细胞增殖的细胞信号机制 ,采用3 H -TdR掺入的方法检测血管平滑肌细胞DNA合成 ,3 2 P ATP掺入检测丝裂素活化蛋白激酶和蛋白激酶C活性 ,蛋白免疫印迹杂交及免疫沉淀方法检测粘着斑激酶蛋白表达及其活性变化。结果显示 ,白细胞介素 10呈浓度依赖性抑制血管紧张素Ⅱ诱导的血管平滑肌细胞增殖 ,同时下调血管紧张素Ⅱ引起的丝裂素活化蛋白激酶、蛋白激酶C和粘着斑激酶信号的激活 (P <0 .0 5或P <0 .0 1)。因此白细胞介素 10可能通过下调血管紧张素Ⅱ刺激的丝裂素活化蛋白激酶、蛋白激酶C和粘着斑激酶等增殖相关信号的激活而抑制其刺激的血管平滑肌细胞增殖     

转染血管紧张素Ⅱ1型受体反义核苷酸对血管外膜成纤维细胞增殖的影响

为了评价转染血管紧张素Ⅱ1型受体反义核苷酸对血管外膜成纤维细胞血管紧张素Ⅱ受体亚型mRNA表达,及细胞内核酸蛋白质的合成水平的作用。采用逆转录－聚合酶链反应克隆血管紧张素Ⅱ1型受体cDNA序列（476bp),将克隆cDNA反向插入PLXSN,构建一完整的含血管紧张素Ⅱ1型受体的质粒,并转染入培养的血管外膜成纤维细胞,逆转录－聚合酶链反应和免疫印迹鉴定其转染后血管紧张素Ⅱ1型受体mRNA和蛋白表达。比较血管紧张素Ⅱ10^-7mol/L刺激24h后的转染及非转染的血管外膜成纤维细胞血管素Ⅱ受体各亚型mRNA表达、细胞内核酸蛋白质的合成水平。转染组血管紧张素Ⅱ1型受体mRNA和蛋白表达量显著减少,对照组相比差异显著（P＜0．01）。血管紧张素Ⅱ10^-7mol/L刺激24h后,与对照组血管外膜成纤维细胞相比,转染组血管紧张素Ⅱ1型受体mRNA表达明显减少,血管紧张素Ⅱ受体Ⅱ型mRNA表达明显增加（P＜0．01）,但两组间核酸和蛋白合成均无显著差异（P＞0．05）。提示反义核苷酸封闭后,血管外膜成纤维细胞血管紧张素Ⅱ1型受体mRAN表达显著抑制,同时血管紧张素Ⅱ受体Ⅱ型mRNA上调。单纯封闭血管紧张素Ⅱ1型受体mRNA并不能有效阻断血管紧张素Ⅱ介导的血管外膜成纤维细胞生长。     

Apelin对血管紧张素Ⅱ诱导的心肌细胞肥大的作用及其机制

目的：探讨Apelin对血管紧张素Ⅱ（AngⅡ）诱导的心肌细胞肥大的作用及其细胞内信号转导机制。
　　方法：培养1~3 d新生Sprague-Dawley大鼠心肌细胞,给予AngⅡ刺激。在此基础上给予不同浓度Apelin。测定[3H]亮氨酸掺入量、细胞表面积以及总蛋白表达量评价心肌细胞肥大程度。免疫印迹法测定细胞B型尿钠肽、β肌球蛋白重链、活化T细胞的核因子3、钙调神经磷酸酶、磷酸化钙调神经磷酸酶、钙调蛋白激酶Ⅱ、磷酸化钙调蛋白激酶Ⅱ的蛋白表达水平。逆转录-聚合酶链反应法测定B型尿钠肽和β肌球蛋白重链mRNA表达水平。
　　结果：Apelin可以抑制AngⅡ诱导的心肌细胞肥大,其作用呈剂量依赖性。同时,Apelin可以抑制AngⅡ诱导的B型尿钠肽和β肌球蛋白重链mRNA表达水平、B型尿钠肽和β肌球蛋白重链、活化T细胞的核因子3、磷酸化钙调神经磷酸酶、钙调蛋白激酶Ⅱ和磷酸化钙调蛋白激酶Ⅱ的蛋白表达水平升高,且均与Apelin浓度呈剂量依赖性。
　　结论：Apelin可以抑制AngⅡ诱导的心肌细胞肥大,其机制与Ca2+依赖的钙调神经磷酸酶信号转导通路有关。     

小凹蛋白1-小凹在血管紧张素Ⅱ诱导血管平滑肌细胞增殖信号转导通路中的作用

为观察小凹蛋白1和小凹对血管紧张素Ⅱ诱导血管平滑肌细胞增殖信号转导通路的调控作用，本文用Westem Blot、小凹蛋白1反义寡核苷酸技术及氚标胸腺嘧啶脱氧核苷掺入法观察到血管紧张素Ⅱ刺激细胞外信号调节激酶活化和血管平滑肌细胞增殖，同时抑制小凹蛋白1表达。小凹蛋白1反义寡核苷酸处理可增强血管紧张素Ⅱ激活细胞外信号调节激酶和刺激血管平滑肌细胞增殖的作用。细胞外信号调节激酶抑制剂PD98059和小凹结构抑制剂制霉菌素均可阻断血管紧张素Ⅱ所致细胞外信号调节激酶的活化和小凹蛋白1表达下降和细胞增殖。     

细胞内钙信号的变化调节血管平滑肌细胞增殖

目的探讨细胞内钙信号的变化对大鼠血管平滑肌细胞(VSMC)增殖作用的影响及其对细胞内信号转导机制的变化.方法以培养的大鼠VSMC为模型,用雷尼丁(RY)刺激VSMC内贮Ca2+释放入胞浆,用3H-亮氨酸及3H-胸腺嘧啶掺入量作为反应VSMC增殖的指标,加入不同的细胞内信号转导阻断剂,观察对RY效应的影响.结果与对照组相比,RY浓度依赖性地促进细胞内游离钙浓度的增高,差异显著(P＜0.05或0.01).RY刺激组蛋白核酸合成速率明显增高,与对照组相比差异显著(P＜0.01);尼卡地平(Nicardipine),蛋白激酶C抑制剂(H7),钙调素激酶(CaM-PK)抑制剂(W7)和丝裂素活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)抑制剂(PD98059)能明显抑制RY介导的VSMC蛋白核酸合成速率增高,与RY刺激组相比差异显著(P＜0.01).结论细胞内钙信号的变化明显促进VSMC增殖,但其效应可能通过Ca2+、PKC、MAPK来介导.钙离子拮抗剂可抑制血管平滑肌细胞增殖.     

人白细胞介素10对血管紧张素II诱导的大鼠血管平滑肌细胞增殖的作用

目的　观察重组人白介素 10 (rhIL 10 )对血管紧张素Ⅱ (AngⅡ )刺激下离体大鼠胸主动脉血管平滑肌细胞增殖及对 p4 4 /p4 2丝裂素活化蛋白激酶的影响。　 方法　体外培养大鼠主动脉血管平滑肌细胞 ,采用MTS/PES(methoxyphenyl tetrazoliumsalt/phenazineethosulfate)法确定血管平滑肌细胞的增殖状态。利用 p4 4 /p4 2磷酸化抗丝裂素活化蛋白激酶抗体的蛋白免疫印迹法测定丝裂素活化蛋白激酶蛋白的表达 ;对照组为未用AngⅡ刺激的血管平滑肌细胞。　 结果　AngⅡ对大鼠血管平滑肌细胞增殖具有明显的刺激作用 (1 311± 0 2 0 1对 0 781± 0 2 36 ,P <0 0 5 )。rhIL 10单独应用对血管平滑肌细胞生长没有影响 (0 783± 0 170对 0 781± 0 2 36 ,P >0 0 5 )。在AngⅡ刺激下 ,1、10、10 0ng/ml的rhIL 10均可抑制血管平滑肌细胞的生长 (分别为 0 984± 0 172、 0 932±0 134、0 784± 0 0 97对 1 311± 0 2 0 1,P <0 0 5 )。AngⅡ对p4 4 /p4 2丝裂素活化蛋白激酶蛋白表达有显著的增强作用 (5 12± 78对 10 0 ,P <0 0 1) ,此作用可被rhIL 10抑制 (5 12± 78对 32 9± 5 9,P <0 0 1)。　结论　rhIL 10可抑制AngⅡ诱导的血管平滑肌细胞增殖及 p4 4 /p4 2丝裂素活化蛋白激酶蛋白的表达。     

丹参酮Ⅱ A抑制血管紧张素Ⅱ诱导大鼠心肌肥大的机制

目的在原代培养的新生大鼠心肌细胞的基础上,观察丹参酮ⅡA磺酸钠盐(STS)对血管紧张素Ⅱ(AngⅡ)诱导的心肌细胞肥大的影响,以探讨STS在钙调神经磷酸酶(CaN)依赖的信号通路心肌肥大中的作用. 方法以培养的原代心肌细胞为模型,用AngⅡ刺激细胞外Ca2+内流,丹参酮ⅡA及钙离子拮抗剂维拉帕米(Ver)进行干预,检测心肌细胞[Ca2+]i及钙调神经磷酸酶(CaN)、丝裂素活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)和蛋白激酶C(PKC)活性;[3H]-亮氨酸掺入法测定心肌细胞蛋白质合成速率作为心肌细胞肥大的指标.结果AngⅡ刺激组[Ca2+]i水平及蛋白核酸合成速率明显增高,与对照组相比差异显著(P＜0.01),而STS能有效地降低由AngⅡ刺激引起的[Ca2+]i增高(P＜0.01 vs AngⅡ组),明显抑制AngⅡ诱导的蛋白质合成速率的增加(P＜0.01 vs AngⅡ组).AngⅡ刺激组CaN、PKC活性与对照组相比差异有显著性(P＜0.05、P＜0.01).STS及Ver抑制AngⅡ介导的心肌细胞CaN、PKC活性的增高.结论CaN通路在AngⅡ刺激的心肌细胞肥大中起重要作用;STS具有Ca2+阻滞剂的特点,能有效地降低由AngⅡ刺激引起的[Ca2+]i增高,导致CaN活性降低阻滞心肌肥大的发生和发展.     

血管紧张素—（1—7）在内皮素诱导血管平滑肌细胞增殖反应中的作用

目的：探讨血管紧张素－（1－7）[Ang-(1-7)]在内皮素－1（-1)诱导血管平滑肌细胞增殖反应中的作用。方法：在ET－1诱导培养的SD大鼠主动脉血管平滑肌细胞模型中,应用Ang-(1-7)通过,测定^3H-胸腺嘧啶（^3H-TdR)掺入的方法,观察血管平滑肌细胞增殖情况。结果Ang-(1-7)呈剂量性抑制ET－1诱导血管平滑肌细胞的DNA民,其作用受体不是血管紧张素Ⅱ受体1（AT1）或血管紧张素Ⅱ受体2（AT2）,而是通过一种特殊受体介导。结论：Ang-(1-7)能抑制T－1诱导的血管平滑肌增殖。     

人白细胞介素10对血管紧张素Ⅱ诱导的大鼠血管平滑肌细胞增殖的作用

目的观察重组人白介素10 (rhIL-10) 对血管紧张素Ⅱ(AngⅡ)刺激下离体大鼠胸主动脉血管平滑肌细胞增殖及对p44/p42 丝裂素活化蛋白激酶的影响. 方法体外培养大鼠主动脉血管平滑肌细胞,采用MTS/PES(methoxyphenyl-tetrazolium salt/phenazine ethosulfate)法确定血管平滑肌细胞的增殖状态.利用p44/p42磷酸化抗丝裂素活化蛋白激酶抗体的蛋白免疫印迹法测定丝裂素活化蛋白激酶蛋白的表达;对照组为未用AngⅡ刺激的血管平滑肌细胞. 结果 AngⅡ对大鼠血管平滑肌细胞增殖具有明显的刺激作用(1.311±0.201 对 0.781 ±0.236, P<0.05).rhIL-10单独应用对血管平滑肌细胞生长没有影响(0.783±0.170 对 0.781±0.236, P>0.05).在AngⅡ刺激下,1、10、100 ng/ml的rhIL-10均可抑制血管平滑肌细胞的生长 (分别为0.984±0.172、 0.932±0.134、 0.784±0.097对1.311±0.201, P<0.05).AngⅡ对p44/p42 丝裂素活化蛋白激酶蛋白表达有显著的增强作用(512±78对100,P< 0.01), 此作用可被rhIL-10抑制 (512±78对329±59, P< 0.01). 结论 rhIL-10可抑制AngⅡ诱导的血管平滑肌细胞增殖及p44/p42 丝裂素活化蛋白激酶蛋白的表达.     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Language of CTO interventions – Focus on hardware

The knowledge of variety of chronic total occlusion (CTO) hardware and the ability to use them represents the key to success of any CTO interventions. However, the multiplicity of CTO hardware and their physical character and the terminology used by experts create confusion in the mind of an average interventional cardiologist, particularly a beginner in this field. This knowledge is available but is scattered. We aim to classify and compare the currently used devices based on their properties focusing on how physical character of each device can be utilized in a specific situation, thus clarifying and simplifying the technical discourse.     

High prevalence of distal sensory polyneuropathy in antiretroviral-treated and untreated people with HIV in Tanzania

Objectives To describe the prevalence of distal sensory polyneuropathy (DSP), a complication of both advanced HIV disease and of antiretroviral therapy (ART), amongst Tanzanians with HIV, on and off ART (including stavudine) with CD4 counts above and below 200 cells/μl. Methods We recruited participants attending ART clinic into four groups: >6 months ART exposure and (i) CD4 < 200 cells/μl or (ii) CD4 > 200 cells/μl (ART/CD4 < 200 and ART/CD4 > 200, respectively); ART‐naïve and (iii) CD4 < 200 cells/μl or iv)CD4 > 200 cells/μl (noART/CD4 < 200 and noART/CD4 > 200, respectively). Primary outcome was DSP, as defined by presence of at least one symptom and one sign. Results Of 326 evaluable participants, 81 (32 men, median age 38 years, median CD4 142 cells/μl) were enrolled in the ART/CD4 < 200 group, 78 (17 men, median age 37 years, median CD4 345 cells/μl) in ART/CD4 > 200, 81 (30 men, median age 37 years, median CD4 128 cells/μl) in noART/CD4 < 200 and 86 (22 men, median age 33 years, median CD4 446 cells/μl) in noART/CD4 > 200. Numbness was the most commonly reported symptom. DSP prevalence ranged from 43.2% in ART/CD4 < 200 to 20.9% in noART/CD4 > 200. DSP was more common among men (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.9, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.2–3.3) and older participants (aOR 2.7, 95% CI 1.1–6.2 for age 40 + vs. <30 years). Conclusion Distal sensory polyneuropathy is common amongst those attending this clinic, even those with no ART exposure and a CD4 count above 200 cells/μl. Stavudine and didanosine expose HIV‐infected patients to an additional avoidable risk of DSP. Access to non‐neurotoxic ART regimes as well as earlier HIV diagnosis and initiation of ART is needed.