妊娠期糖尿病产后糖代谢异常的危险因素

目的通过对妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)患者进行产后随访,回顾性分析影响GDM患者产后糖代谢变化的高危因素。方法收集2009年1月至2011年6月在河北省沧州市中心医院门诊产前检查并分娩的GDM患者236例,产后42d回访者158例,记录其孕前和孕期信息,包括:孕期年龄、身高、孕前体重、有否糖尿病家族史、孕期使用胰岛素情况、孕期并发症及合并症情况、新生儿出生时情况;并按OGTT试验结果分为研究组和对照组,进行高危因素筛查。结果研究组为60例糖耐量异常者,包括39例IGT/IFG患者和21例DM患者;对照组为98例糖耐量正常者,比较两组患者孕前、孕期和妊娠结局情况,结果可见高龄、糖尿病家族史、孕期应用胰岛素、合并子痫前期、早产是产后发生糖代谢异常的高危因素,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论存在高危因素的GDM患者产后糖代谢异常发生率较高,应针对性地对GDM患者进行产后临床筛查和随访。     

妊娠期糖代谢异常分娩后随访干预模式探讨

妊娠期糖代谢异常包括妊娠期糖尿病GDM和妊娠期糖耐量减低GIGT，它们使母儿病率增加。妊娠期糖代谢异常妇女以后将可能发展成糖代谢异常，包括糖尿病DM和糖耐量减低IGT，所以孕期加强监测，产后的随访也极为重要。本文收集上海市普陀区妇婴保健院妊娠期糖代谢异常213例，分娩后通过妇幼保健网络以所在社区为单位选择不同干预方式，进行前瞻性对照研究，现总结报告如下。     

妊娠期妇女糖耐量胰岛素 胰岛素抵抗变化规律的观察

目的：观察不同孕期孕妇的糖耐量、胰岛素释放、胰岛素抵抗，以了解妊娠期糖代谢变化的规律。方法：对早、中、晚孕期三组共１２４例正常孕妇及２３例健康非孕妇女作为对照组进行７５ｇ口服糖耐量试验（ＯＧＴＴ）。其中１３例自早孕期开始纵向跟踪。以胰岛素曲线下面积与血糖曲线下面积的比值反映胰岛素抵抗（ＩＳＲ）。结果：各个孕期的空腹血糖无明显差异，但均显著低于非孕期（Ｐ＜００５），服糖后血糖、胰岛素释放、胰岛素抵抗均随孕期延长逐渐上升。于中孕期开始出现显著性改变，至晚孕期进一步加重均显著高于孕早期（Ｐ＜００５）。结论：中孕期是妊娠期糖代谢开始出现根本性变化的时期，于此期对孕妇进行血糖监测，有助于妊娠期糖尿病（ＧＤＭ）的早期诊断。晚孕期是ＧＤＭ最容易发生的时期     

妊娠期糖代谢异常患者孕期及产后C肽水平变化

妊娠并发糖代谢异常包括妊娠期糖尿病 (ｇｅｓｔａｔｉｏｎａｌｄｉａｂｅｔｅｓｍｅｌｌｉｔｕｓ,ＧＤＭ )及妊娠期糖耐量减低 (ｇｅｓｔａｔｉｏｎａｌｉｍｐａｉｒｅｄｇｌｕｃｏｓｅｔｏｌｅｒａｎｃｅ,ＧＩＧＴ)。其发病机理尚不明确 ,目前较一致的观点认为 ,ＧＤＭ患者存在特有的“慢性胰岛素抵抗”与孕后期出现的“生理性胰岛素抵抗”叠加 ,而ＧＤＭ患者的胰岛素分泌功能不足以代偿上述胰岛素抵抗[1] ,且这两方面的缺陷均可持续至产后 ,并成为远期Ⅱ型糖尿病发病的原因。Ｃ肽由胰岛 β细胞分泌 ,其水平不受外源性胰岛素水平的干扰 ,…     

妊娠期糖尿病病史妇女远期血清胰岛素水平观察

目的　测定妊娠期糖尿病（ Ｇ Ｄ Ｍ） 病史妇女,远期未发生糖尿病者的血糖和血清胰岛素水平,间接了解胰岛β细胞功能。方法　对远期未发生糖尿病的 Ｇ Ｄ Ｍ 病史者３０ 例（ 观察组） ,口服糖耐量试验（ Ｏ Ｇ Ｔ Ｔ） 单项异常史者２９ 例（ 异常史组） ,正常孕妇３８ 例（ 对照组） 进行追访,复查空腹血糖并行７５ｇ 糖负荷试验,同时测定胰岛素水平。结果　（１） 服糖后２ 小时观察组血糖为（６ ．１ ±１ ．７）ｍｍｏｌ／ Ｌ,异常史组血糖为（５ ．５ ±１ ．２） ｍｍｏｌ／ Ｌ,均高于对照组的（４ ．８ ±０ ．５） ｍ ｍｏｌ／ Ｌ,尤以观察组为著（ Ｐ＜０ ．００１） 。（２） 服糖后２ 小时,观察组的血清胰岛素水平为（６０ ．７ ±３８ ．６） ｍ Ｕ／ Ｌ,高于对照组的（３８ ．４ ±１６ ．２）ｍ Ｕ／ Ｌ,两组比较,差异有极显著性（ Ｐ＜ ０ ．００１） 。结论　远期未发生糖尿病者,仍存在着胰岛素抵抗,有可能是以后发生糖尿病的信号。     

妊娠期糖代谢异常导致巨大儿发生的危险因素分析

目的:探讨妊娠期糖代谢异常导致巨大儿发生的相关危险因素,为降低巨大儿的出生率提供科学依据。方法:回顾性分析2007年1月至2009年4月上海市第六人民医院产科收治的妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)孕妇125例和妊娠期糖耐量减低(GIGT)孕妇21例的临床资料。根据是否分娩巨大儿分为两组,采用t检验、卡方检验和多因素Logistic回归分析巨大儿发生的相关危险因素。结果:①单因素分析提示:与非巨大儿组孕妇相比,巨大儿组孕妇的糖尿病家族史、曾分娩巨大儿史、孕前体重、孕期体重增加、空腹血糖水平、OGTT-1小时血糖水平等因素分布差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。②Logistic多因素回归分析提示:空腹血糖水平升高、孕期体重增加、糖尿病家族史、分娩巨大儿史是巨大儿发生的主要危险因素。③空腹血糖≥5.3mmol/L的孕妇,随着血糖水平的升高,发生巨大儿的风险亦明显增加。结论:对妊娠期糖代谢异常孕妇,应加强其孕期体重和空腹血糖水平的监护和管理,以减少巨大儿的发生及改善相关不良妊娠结局。     

妊娠期血糖异常产后母儿随访分析

目的　探讨妊娠期不同程度的血糖异常者产后发生糖尿病 (DM )的高危因素和预防措施 ,以及妊娠期血糖异常对其子女的远期不良影响等。方法　对 1994～ 2 0 0 0年 196例妊娠期血糖异常者进行产后随访 ,其中50 g葡萄糖筛查阳性 (50g阳性 ) 12 3例 ,葡萄糖耐量减低 (IGT) 3 7例 ,妊娠期糖尿病 (GDM ) 3 6例。此 3组人群均进行 75g葡萄糖耐量试验 (OGTT )及血脂检测。对其子女行血糖检测及生长发育水平观察 ,包括测量头围、胸围、身高及体重等。结果　 196例随访者中发生IGT、空腹血糖异常 (IFG)、DM共 2 2例 (占 11 2 2 % ) ,其中 50g阳性、IGT、GDM者其产后平均 3年内血糖异常发生率依次为 2 43 %、2 1 62 %、3 0 56% ,后两者与 50 g阳性相比差异有显著性意义 (P <0 0 1) ,其相关因素与产妇高龄 (40 90 % )、肥胖体型 (2 1 2 7% )、孕期血糖控制不良(45 45% )、产后体重显著增加 (40 91% )有关。 14 5例随访子女中虽血糖检测未见异常 ,但发生肥胖者 16例 (占11 0 3 % ) ,且其母孕期血糖控制不良者 9例 (占 56 2 5% )。结论　GDM及IGT者产后DM发生率高 ,应引起重视。妊娠期及时有效地控制高血糖及产后继续饮食调理与加强运动疗法 ,对维护产后母儿健康有益     

妊娠期糖尿病患者产后发生糖代谢异常的危险因素

妊娠期糖尿病(gestational diabetes mellitus,GDM)是妊娠期首次发生或发现的糖耐量异常,不但严重影响母儿健康,GDM患者远期发展为糖代谢异常的风险也远远高于正常人群[1].目前我国对于GDM患者产后糖脂代谢转归方面的研究报道较少,本研究通过对本院254例GDM患者产后42 d～6年的随访研究,探讨其远期发生糖代谢异常的危险因素.     

妊娠期糖尿病患者远期发生糖尿病的相关因素

妊娠期糖尿病（ｇｅｓｔａｔｉｏｎａｌｄｉａｂｅｔｅｓｍｅｌｉｔｕｓＧＤＭ）系指在妊娠期首次发现或发生的糖代谢异常［１］。其发生率为１％～５％［２］。ＧＤＭ可增加围产期死亡率和新生儿多种并发症。２５％的ＧＤＭ患者在远期发生显性糖尿病［３］，产后２０年内...     

巨大儿产妇产后糖耐量试验的临床意义

巨大儿产妇产后糖耐量试验的临床意义章小维董悦马彦彦妊娠期糖尿病（ＧＤＭ）是指妊娠期发生或发现的糖代谢紊乱。对妊娠的危害主要是使巨大儿发生率及围产儿死亡率增高。本研究通过对５０例未发现ＧＤＭ的巨大儿产妇于产后２４小时内行７５ｇ葡萄糖耐量试验检查，以探讨...     

The usefulness of HbA1c in postpartum reclassification of gestational diabetes

To investigate the role of HbA1c in postpartum reclassification of gestational diabetes (GDM) we studied 364 women with GDM attending the postpartum reclassification assessment of their glucose tolerance status. A 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed and HbA1c was determined. Diabetes was diagnosed in 12 (3.3%), 7 (1.9%) and 2 (0.6%) women according to the fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and/or the 2-hour OGTT, the FPG alone and HbA1c levels, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity for HbA1c to diagnose diabetes was 16.7% and 100%, respectively, for FPG and OGTT criteria. The combination of a cutoff value of 5.5% for HbA1c and FPG allowed us to identify 95.1% of women with any kind of glucose intolerance. We conclude that in the early postpartum period, the cutoff of 6.5% for HbA1c alone has low sensitivity for the diagnosis of diabetes compared with OGTT, but the combination of FPG and HbA1c at a lower cutoff value is very useful to identify women with any kind of glucose intolerance.     

Risk of diabetes mellitus after pregnancy complicated by gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was an assessment of glucose tolerance disorders' (GTD) prevalence after pregnancy complicated by GDM. DESIGN: Retro- and prospective clinical study. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The group of 461 women having GDM in their index pregnancies was invited to postpartum glucose metabolism assessment. Of them 192 subjects responded positively. In 47 of them the postpartum diagnosis of diabetes had already been established. The remaining 145 subjects underwent detailed testing that embraced fasting plasma glucose and whole blood HbA1c level measurement. Oral 75-g glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was also performed. RESULTS: OGTT revealed GTD in 55 subjects. Diabetes was found in 8 cases, impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and impaired fasting glucose (IFG) in 23 and 24 cases respectively. Postpartum GTD appeared in 63.3% of insulin treated subjects (GDM2) compared with 30.1% of women treated with diet only (GDM1). A group with pathological OGTT had mean HbA1c concentration significantly higher compared to the one with normal test results (6.0+/-1.7% vs. 5.1+/-0.3%; p<0.001), although HbA1c>6.0% was observed only in 23.6% women with GTD. Moreover, in 25% of subject with newly diagnosed diabetes HbA1c level did not exceeded 6.0%. CONCLUSIONS: 1. More than 50% of subjects with GDM developed diabetes or other GTD during the first 6 years postpartum. 2. Risk of postpartum GTD is significantly higher in women treated with insulin during pregnancy. 3. HbA1c measurement is less sensitive than OGTT for detection of GTD after pregnancy complicated by GDM.     

Comparing the detection rate of postpartum diabetes in early and 4–12 week postpartum screening tests in women with gestational diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) is one of the critical risk factors for diabetes mellitus (DM). An early postpartum test done in the first few postpartum days can increase the screening rate in women with GDM. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to combine and analyze data from different studies reporting the detection rate of postpartum diabetes in early and 4–12 week postpartum screening tests in women with GDM. ProQuest, Web of Science, EMBASE, PubMed, Cochrane, and Scopus were searched for English articles from January 1985 to January 2021. Two independent reviewers selected the eligible studies, and the outcomes of interest were extracted. The quality of studies was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist for diagnostic test accuracy studies. Sensitivity and specificity, negative likelihood ratio (NLR), and positive likelihood ratio (PLR) were calculated for the early postpartum oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Of 1944 initially identified articles, four studies were included. The sensitivity and specificity of the early test were 74% and 56%, respectively, and the PLR and NLR were calculated as 1.7 and 0.4, respectively. The sensitivity of the early test was higher than the specificity. Based on this sensitivity and specificity, normal cases could be distinguished from abnormal cases, including diabetes and glucose intolerance. Early postpartum OGTT can be advised before hospital discharge. Early testing is a practical option in patients with GDM. Further studies are required to evaluate the early test detection rate for DM and glucose intolerance separately.     

二次OGTT诊断妊娠期糖尿病围生结局分析

【摘 要】 目的：探讨二次口服葡萄糖耐量试验（oral glucose tolerance test,OGTT）诊断妊娠期糖尿病（gestational diabetes mellitus,GDM）的围生结局。方法：初次OGTT诊断GDM者188例,作为GDM1组。二次OGTT诊断GDM者38例,作为GDM2组;同期血糖正常产妇200例,作为对照组。比较3组产妇围生结局,如产后出血、早产、胎膜早破、巨大儿等。结果：GDM2组的产后出血、胎膜早破、大于胎龄儿发生率高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;GDM2组的巨大儿发生率高于GDM1组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论：二次OGTT可以提高GDM的诊断率,从而尽早诊断、积极干预GDM,改善妊娠结局。     

Risk factors of abnormal carbohydrate metabolism after pregnancy complicated by gestational diabetes mellitus

Objective: In gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) abnormal glucose metabolism normalizes soon after delivery. However, the history of GDM predisposes to carbohydrate intolerance in the future. The aim of the study was to explore risk factors and to evaluate risk of glucose intolerance and diabetes mellitus in women with a history of GDM. Methods: 155 patients entered this case-control study. Participants fulfilled the inclusion criteria: a history of GDM, perinatal care in the study center. Medical and family history and laboratory findings were analyzed. Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed. Results: 18.1% of patients presented impaired fasting glucose during the study, 20% presented impaired glucose tolerance and 23.2% presented diabetes mellitus. Gestational age at diagnosis of GDM, the results of OGTT during pregnancy, serum HbA1c concentration at 2nd and 3rd trimester, serum fructosamine concentration, symptoms of diabetic fetopathy in the neonate, the need for insulin therapy after delivery, maternal age at diagnosis of GDM and maternal body mass index before pregnancy were the significant risk factors of impaired glucose tolerance or diabetes in the future. Conclusion: GDM increases the risk of diabetes mellitus. Several risk factors of impaired carbohydrate metabolism can be distinguished in patients with a history of GDM.     

妊娠期糖尿病孕妇分娩后血糖异常的相关因素分析

目的　探讨妊娠期糖尿病 (GDM)孕妇分娩后 2个月的 75g葡萄糖耐量试验 (OGTT)结果 ,及其与血糖异常的相关因素。方法　对 2 94例GDM孕妇于分娩后 2个月行OGTT ,按世界卫生组织标准进行再分类 ,即 2型糖尿病 (2型DM)、糖耐量低减 (IGT)和血糖正常。并对其相关因素进行分析。结果　 (1) 2 94例孕妇中 160例 (5 4 4% )血糖正常 (血糖正常组 ) ,75例 (2 5 5 % )IGT (IGT组 ) ,5 9例 (2 0 1% ) 2型DM(2型DM组 )。 (2 ) 2型DM组的诊断孕周早于其他两组 (P <0 0 1) ;5 0g葡萄糖负荷试验 (GCT)的血糖、OGTT中的空腹血糖、以及诊断时的糖化血红蛋白 (HbA1c)均明显高于其他两组(P <0 0 1) ;胰岛素治疗的孕周最早 ,胰岛素使用率高于血糖正常组 (P <0 0 5 ) ,胰岛素的剂量也明显大于其他两组 ;分娩后 1周内的空腹和餐后 2h血糖仍明显高于其他两组 (P <0 0 1)。 (3 ) 3组孕妇间体重、年龄、家族史等比较 ,差异无显著性 (P >0 0 5 )。结论　GDM孕妇中约有 1/ 4为IGT ,1/ 5为 2型DM ;后者在孕期表现为发病早 ,空腹血糖高 ,使用胰岛素机会多     

Gestational diabetes: implications of variation in post-partum follow-up criteria

OBJECTIVE: To compare the recommendations of the American Diabetes Association (ADA) with the World Health Organization (WHO) for evaluating women with gestational diabetes (GDM) after delivery. STUDY DESIGN: During a 5-year period, 549 patients underwent the 2h, 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), 4-8 weeks after delivery. They were classified by the criteria of WHO (1985), the ADA [1997, fasting glucose (FPG)] and the revised WHO (1999). RESULTS: The prevalence of diabetes by WHO-1985 and ADA-1997 were similar (8.2% versus 6.6%) but estimates of impaired glucose homeostasis varied widely (15.5% impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) versus 9.3% impaired fasting glucose, respectively). 118 (21.5%) women and 83 (15.1%) women showed a classification discrepancy between ADA-1997 with the WHO-1985 and -1999, respectively. The receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve area of the FPG was 0.94 for DM by the OGTT (WHO-1985 criteria) but only 0.59 for IGT by the 2h post-glucose. CONCLUSIONS: The various guidelines for GDM follow-up after delivery, often based on expert opinion, produce similar estimates for diabetes prevalence but widely discordant results for glucose intolerance. Until more uniform evidence-based criteria become available, the various strategies for GDM follow-up will continue to cause confusion in clinical practice.     

Relationship of maternal serum resistin and visfatin levels with gestational diabetes mellitus

Introduction: Adiponectin, resistin and visfatin are thought to play role in the pathophysiology of gestational diabetes (GDM). In this study, we aimed to investigate the association of maternal second trimester serum resistin and visfatin levels with GDM.

Materials and methods: Screening and diagnosis for GDM was performed between the 24–28th gestational weeks. About 40 women diagnosed with GDM and 40 non-diabetic women constituted the study and control groups, respectively. Groups were compared for second trimester maternal serum resistin, visfatin and HbA1c levels, HOMA-IR and postpartum 75?g OGTT results.

Results: Mean serum resistin (p?=?0.071) and visfatin (p?=?0.194) levels were similar between the groups. However, mean BMI (p?=?0.013), HOMA-IR (p?=?0.019), HbA1c (p?p?=?0.037) were significantly higher in GDM group compared to controls. Type 2 diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance were detected in 2 (5%) and 7 (20%) women in the GDM group, respectively, with 75?g OGTT performed at the postpartum 6th week. Resistin levels of patients with GDM and postpartum glucose intolerance were higher than those with GDM but no postpartum glucose intolerance (p?=?0.012). Visfatin levels in the GDM group showed a positive correlation with biparietal diameter, head circumference, abdominal circumference and femur length (p?Conclusion: Maternal serum resistin and visfatin levels are unchanged in GDM. In patients with GDM, second trimester resistin levels may be predictive for postpartum glucose intolerance and second trimester visfatin levels may be related with fetal biometric measurements. Further larger studies are needed.