县域医共体下某省基层医疗卫生机构治疗费用核算

目的：通过核算某省基层医疗卫生机构治疗费用,分析该省县域医共体背景下基层基本医疗服务情况,为完善政策提供依据。方法：采用“卫生费用核算体系2011”核算方法,分析该省基层医疗卫生机构治疗费用的年龄分布、疾病分布、功能分布、筹资方案情况。结果：该省基层医疗卫生机构基本医疗服务供给不足,60岁及以上老年人的治疗费用占比较高,循环系统疾病和呼吸系统疾病消耗的治疗费用最多,筹资方案中社会医疗保险筹资最少。建议：完善县域医共体政策,提升基层就诊率;完善医防融合体系,提高基层慢性病管理能力;提高社会医疗保险筹资水平,降低家庭个人卫生支出。     

浅谈医学高等专科学校中医教学改革

医学高等专科学校(医高专)中医教学应根据我国基层医疗卫生服务体系的岗位需求,以符合社会经济发展需要为目标,着眼于培养基层医疗卫生机构"用得上"的"能中能西、能医能药、能防能护"的应用性中医人才。本文阐述了医高专中医教学改革的意义,提出了改革的方法、措施:明确人才培养目标,创新人才培养模式;改革课程设置,整合中西医课程;借鉴先进经验,改革教学内容、方法;加强实训基地建设,创新实践活动;引入新的人才质量评价体系,提高评价的科学性。     

紧密型县域医共体怎样强基层

正紧密型县域医疗卫生共同体(以下简称"县域医共体")建设通过整合区域医疗卫生资源,促进优质医疗卫生资源下沉基层,提升基层医疗卫生服务能力,促进分级诊疗体系建设。本文通过梳理国家县域医共体建设试点地区助力基层能力提升、创新体制机制、激发内生活力等典型做法,以期为其他地区提供参考和借鉴。     

荷兰以人为本整合型卫生服务的实践与启示*

从服务提供、治理机制、组织管理和筹资支付四个维度,分析荷兰实现以人为本的整合型卫生服务的关键要素,包括以全科医生服务团队为核心的网络化医疗卫生服务体系、良性市场竞争机制和广泛的社会参与及多部门合作的治理网络,促进整合的医保支付制度,成熟的全科医生培养体系和互联互通的信息系统,并结合中国实际,提出我国现阶段应将基层医疗卫生服务体系作为建设重点和优先领域,以家庭医生签约服务为抓手,加强医保对服务提供者的激励和约束,破除市场竞争、人才培养和信息共享等方面的体制机制障碍,构建以家庭医生服务团队为核心的网络化服务体系。     

基层需要什么样的医防融合阵地

正医防融合是深化医改的重要方向,更是基层医改的核心目标。随着健康中国、实施积极应对人口老龄化、乡村振兴等一系列重大战略的推进,基层医防融合的现实需求更加强烈。尽管基层医防融合已经有了一些探索,但其实现路径仍不明晰,服务场景也较模糊。尤其对于基层医疗卫生机构的实操者来说,更多还停留在困惑、观望状态。究竟基层医疗卫生机构如何落实医防融合的职能?浙江省杭州市余杭区闲林街道社区卫生服务中心的实践或许可以提供借鉴。     

丽水市医务人员慢性病防控医防整合认知现状调查

目的了解丽水市县级医院和基层医疗卫生服务机构医务人员对慢性病医防整合的认知情况。方法于2016年8—10月采用分层整群抽样法,抽取丽水市莲都区、云和县和景宁县的3家县人民医院、2家县中医院及39家社区卫生服务中心共573名医务人员进行问卷调查。结果调查县级以上医院医务人员252人,占43.98%;基层医疗卫生服务机构医务人员321人,占56.04%。96.86%的医务人员认为医防整合有必要,仅32.98%认为当地真正开展医防整合,仅36.13%接触过县级"五大防办"。重点慢性病患者双向转诊和适宜技术基层推广工作开展情况较好,分别有77.38%的县级以上医院医务人员和75.70%的基层医疗卫生服务机构医务人员参与过双向转诊工作,分别有66.67%的县级以上医院医务人员和93.46%的基层医疗卫生服务机构医务人员参与过适宜技术基层推广工作。82.72%的医务人员1年内举办或参加过慢性病适宜技术培训班,但举办或参加≥3次的比例仅为24.08%。结论县级"五大防办"平台推动慢性病防控的医防整合工作尚需进一步深化,应健全医务人员培训机制,提高医务人员慢性病综合防治能力。     

家庭医师整合型服务及其医保支付制度:台湾地区的经验与启示

台湾地区的全民健保紧密围绕基层诊所和家庭医师核心功能,探索实践了家庭医师整合型照护计划,其以医保带动医疗服务体系整合的经验值得借鉴。本文首先从卫生筹资、医保支付制度、服务体系结构与市场化制度安排等方面,简要概括了台湾地区医疗卫生体制和基层医疗卫生服务体系概况。其次,对台湾地区"家庭医师整合型照护计划"的政策目标、组织结构、运行机制、服务模式、医保支付制度等方面进行全面介绍,对其经验进行归纳总结。最后提出,在我国卫生服务整合实践中,应以全科医生核心功能服务作为出发点和落脚点,系统设计整合服务计划,力争医疗与医保部门政策协同,提供资金资源和政策资源支撑,保障家庭医生制度和整合的卫生服务深入持续开展。     

基层医务人员慢性病医防整合认知及相关需求调查

目的了解基层医务人员对慢性病医防整合的认知水平及需求,为基层医疗卫生机构实现慢性病医防整合提供依据。方法采用定性访谈与定量调查相结合的方法,采取小组讨论和现场问卷调查的方式,分别对8家社区卫生服务中心的8名负责人和168名医务人员进行调查。结果接受调查的社区卫生服务中心负责人认为医疗和预防两类机构的职责尚需明确,医防整合的工作机制还需健全,对社区卫生服务机构的慢性病非药物干预技术培训需加强。医务人员对疾控中心的合作关系及其指导效果认可度分别为56.55%和47.02%,开展患者健康教育、行为指导和慢性病知识行为的调查工作认可度分别为98.21%、97.62%和97.02%。医务人员对预防医学教育培训的必要性认同度达89.29%;92.26%希望接受慢性病防治相关知识培训;88.10%希望培训形式为专题讲座。结论社区卫生服务机构对慢性病防治的医防整合工作尚需进一步深化,应健全基层医务人员培训机制,选择合适的培训模式提高基层医务人员慢性病综合防治能力。     

基于CiteSpace的我国基层医疗卫生机构服务能力研究热点分析

目的了解基层医疗卫生机构服务能力领域研究热点。方法采用CiteSpace软件对中国学术期刊全文数据库2010年1月1日—2021年3月25日收录的相关文献进行可视化分析。结果共纳入文献814篇。发文量总体呈上升趋势,年均增加13.9篇;尚未形成核心研究团队,研究机构合作不紧密。研究热点可归纳为4方面:基层医疗卫生机构服务能力评价和建设;分级诊疗制度推行及落实;全科医生和家庭医生发展现状及对策;医联体背景下基层医疗卫生机构服务能力。结论国家政策推动是基层医疗卫生机构服务能力建设和提升的关键因素。基层医疗卫生机构服务能力研究内容逐渐丰富。未来应重点关注少数民族地区基层医疗卫生机构服务能力建设与发展。     

基层医疗卫生机构开展医防融合的PEST分析

目的审视和分析我国基层医疗卫生机构开展医防融合工作的现状及问题,以期为推动医防融合持续发展提供参考。方法运用PEST分析方法,从政治、经济、社会和技术四个角度进行研究。结果目前医防融合已得到广泛关注,国家成立疾控局并加强了财政投入,居民医防服务需求增加;但仍存在缺少具有针对性的政策法律、医疗和预防领域投入不均衡、医防观念亟待转变、服务能力难以满足居民需求、配套支持系统不完善等问题。结论建议完善相关政策法律和考核机制;保障经费投入,推进支付方式改革;提升基层卫生人员服务能力;加强信息化建设。     

英国“购买与提供分开”下的健康服务整合改革及启示

以人为本的整合型卫生服务体系是当前国际卫生体系发展的重要方向。鉴于英国卫生体系综合绩效在发达国家中的领先地位，在"购买与提供分开"的框架下政府同时负责筹资和服务组织的结构，这与我国卫生体系具有相似性，本文根据文献研究和现场调查，分析英国近年建设以人为本整合型卫生服务体系的内在逻辑和实践进展，并探讨其对我国的启示。研究发现，改革主要体现在三个层面：区域层面推动卫生部门内部各机构与跨部门服务的统一规划，并辅以转型基金、绩效考核和整合式的预算分配与决策机制；地方层面以公共卫生和医疗服务的筹资整合推动服务围绕人群健康进行协调，应对人群层面的健康问题；社区层面通过对全科医生执业模式进行再组织，在基层卫生网络基础上结合社区服务，综合应对个体和社区层面的健康决定因素。根据英国经验，本文提出：整合改革涉及多个层面，应当明确各自权责；统一的决策问责、协调的资源分配是推动整合的关键抓手；基层卫生发展需要在专业化基础上进行组织化。     

医防融合背景下我国基层医疗卫生机构医防工作现状及认知调查

目的 通过调查我国5省基层卫生人员医防工作的参与情况与对开展医防融合工作的认知现状, 探讨目前基层医防融合工作存在的问题,为促进基层医疗卫生机构医防融合工作提供参考依据。方法 采用多阶段分层抽样,根据地域方位差异分别抽取四川、贵州、江西、江苏和广东5个省,再依据经济状况每省选取3个区县,共15个区县的乡镇卫生院和社区卫生服务中心(站)的卫生人员(6 439名)进行问卷调查与访谈, 对调查数据进行描述并对医防融合工作参与情况与认知现状进行检验。结果 从事公共卫生工作的958名卫生人员中,仅有292人(30.5%)同时参与公共卫生服务与医疗服务,有615人(64.2%)只参与公共卫生服务; 51.7%的公共卫生工作人员以独立公共卫生服务的方式参与基本卫生服务。从事公共卫生工作的卫生人员主要以护理学和临床医学专业为主,仅15.6%的人员具有预防医学专业背景。从事临床医疗工作的1 964名人员中,1 464人(74.5%)医疗服务与公卫服务均参与,但对基本公共卫生服务的投入时间相对较少。不同岗位的卫生人员参与医防工作的情况不同(=2 208.874,P<0.001)。结论 基层临床医疗工作与公共卫生工作机制相对独立。公共卫生工作人员因缺乏疾病诊断治疗能力或无处方权而不能很好地参与到临床医疗工作中; 临床医疗工作人员因缺乏公共卫生知识和技能对公共卫生服务的参与受限。 建议整合医防融合服务机制,打造基层整合型服务; 培养基层医防复合型人才,加大全科医生培养力度。     

国家基本公共卫生服务项目实施进展及公平性

目的：分析国家基本公共卫生服务项目实施进展与公平性,为项目持续发展提供参考。方法：在安徽、河南和重庆调查15个区县的所有社区卫生服务中心和乡镇卫生院,分析基本公共卫生筹资、人员配置和服务提供进展,并以基尼系数分析公平性改善情况。结果：基本公共卫生服务经费逐年提高,2011年人均筹资标准已超过25元／刖年;基层公共卫生人员数量有所增加,但人员配置相对不足且公平性有待提高;服务提供公平性有所改善,妇幼保健服务相对较好,高血压和糖尿病规范化管理明显改善。结论：基本公共卫生筹资可能存在“隐性不公平”,基层公卫人员配置相对不足,服务提供实效性有待提升。建议重视项目成本测算,加强基层人才队伍建设,合理确定服务项目,建立以质量为导向的绩效考核机制,创新基层公共卫生服务模式等。     

Commonwealth Care Alliance. A new approach to coordinated care for the chronically ill and frail elderly that organizationally integrates consumer involvement

While medical care is becoming more effective, our health care system is becoming increasingly fragmented from both a care and a financing perspective. This article summarizes our experience with integrating the delivery of care for catastrophically ill and frail elderly. We argue that true integration can only be done within a framework of a financing mechanism that gives all providers the financial incentive to deliver integrated care. Under such a financial arrangement, nurse practitioners and social workers provide much of the care within the home environment. This results in a higher quality care delivery system within a limited budget.     

Adolescents and access to health care.

The developmental characteristics and health behaviors of adolescents make the availability of certain services--including reproductive health services, diagnosis and treatment of sexually transmitted disease, mental health and substance abuse counseling and treatment--critically important. Furthermore, to serve adolescents appropriately, services must be available in a wide range of health care settings, including community-based adolescent health, family planning and public health clinics, school-based and school-linked health clinics, physicians'' offices, HMOs, and hospitals. National, authoritative content standards (for example, the American Medical Association''s Guidelines for Adolescent Preventive Services (GAPS), a multispecialty, interdisciplinary guideline for a package of clinical preventive services for adolescents may increase the possibility that insurers will cover adolescent preventive services, and that these services will become part of health professionals'' curricula and thus part of routine practice. However, additional and specific guidelines mandating specific services that must be available to adolescents in clinical settings (whether in schools or in communities) are also needed. Although local government, parents, providers, and schools must assume responsibility for ensuring that health services are available and accessible to adolescents, federal and state financing mandates are also needed to assist communities and providers in achieving these goals. The limitations in what even comprehensive programs currently are able to provide, and the dismally low rates of preventive service delivery to adolescents, suggests that adolescents require multiple points of access to comprehensive, coordinated services, and that preventive health interventions must be actively and increasingly integrated across health care, school, and community settings. Unless access issues are dealt with in a rational, coordinated fashion, America''s adolescents will not have access to appropriate health services. Current efforts to minimize current health care expenditures through managed care programs inevitably conflict with efforts to deliver comprehensive preventive services to all adolescents. Use of multiple sites may not represent inadequate access to care. However, as managed care reimbursement continues to expand, school-based clinics and free-standing adolescent health programs increasingly report decreases in reimbursement without a change in demand for services. The Office of Technology Assessment study called for explicit funding and expansion of services for America''s youth; since then, a federal Office of Adolescent Health has been authorized, and, by the time this reaches print, should have received appropriations and been staffed. Dryfoos has called for expansion to nearly 5000 comprehensive programs in the coming years.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)     

The role of public health in providing primary care for the medically underserved

Strategies designed to meet the health care needs of Americans should include the issues of access as well as financing. And primary care and clinical preventive services should receive as much national attention as acute care and long-term care. The public health system at the Federal, State, and local levels with its mandate to assure conditions in which people can be healthy must also be incorporated into the national debate. Publicly funded infrastructures for delivering primary health care have become a significant element of assuring access at the community level. This paper examines the expanding role of public health in assuring access to the delivery of primary health care and clinical preventive services to vulnerable populations within the larger issue of who should have access to care and how it should be made available. Special attention is paid to the part played by the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) of the Public Health Service, which, in the Federal fiscal year that began on October 1, 1989, administered some $1.8 billion worth of programs for health care of targeted populations and for the support of training in the health professions.     

基于“卫生费用核算体系2011”的北京市预防服务费用核算结果

目的:基于"卫生费用核算体系2011"核算北京市预防服务费用。方法:以"卫生服务核算体系2011"为基础,结合北京市实际情况,从筹资方案、机构流向、服务功能等维度核算北京市预防费用。结果:北京市预防服务费用总量为88.09亿元,占经常性卫生总费用比重为5.46%,占GDP比重为0.38%,主要提供免疫规划、传染病防治、健康体检、孕产妇保健等服务,预防服务费用中来源于公共筹资方案、自愿筹资方案和家庭卫生支出,费用占比依次为42.12%、28.45%和29.43%;预防服务主要由医院和基层机构提供,两者占比达67.74%。结论:预防服务费用总量稳定,机构流向有待调整;各类机构预防服务功能明确,用自身收入弥补预防服务的现象广泛存在。     

卫生服务体系整合型改革中基层运行环境对糖尿病患者血糖控制的影响

目的:本研究分析多个维度的整合环境对2型糖尿病患者血糖控制情况的影响,为整合型卫生服务体系改革和提高糖尿病管理质量提供政策依据。方法:采用多阶段抽样,对6个省市75家基层医疗卫生机构及429例2型糖尿病患者进行问卷调查,构建两水平logistic回归模型分析血糖控制的关键影响因素。结果:74.13%的2型糖尿病患者自评血糖水平已得到有效控制;将基层医疗卫生机构运行环境分为服务提供、人力资源、资源供应、信息系统和管理机制5个维度,均对糖尿病患者血糖控制情况有不同程度的影响;最近一年,在固定医生处接受治疗、接受过4次以上随访的糖尿病患者、基层医疗卫生机构医务人员综合知识测试正确率高、电子健康档案与病历信息互通共享均与患者血糖控制水平正相关。结论:构建全方位整合型环境,有利于推进基层医防服务整合、提高糖尿病管理服务质量、改善患者血糖控制。     

General practitioners’ views on the influence of long-term care reforms on integrated elderly care in the Netherlands: a qualitative interview study

This study explores the long-term care (LTC) reform in the Netherlands and its relation to the day-to-day integrated care for frail elderly people, from the perspective of general practitioners (GPs). We assessed GP perspectives regarding which elements of the LTC reform have promoted and hindered the provision of person-centred, integrated care for elderly people in the Netherlands. We performed case studies conducted by semi-structured interviews, using the Healthy Alliances (HALL) framework as a framework for thematic analysis. GPs reported that the ideals of the LTC reform (self-reliance) were largely achievable and listed a number of positive effects, including increased healthcare professional engagement and the improved integration of the medical and social domains through the close involvement of social support teams. The reported negative implications were a lack of co-ordination in the implementation of the reforms by the municipality, insufficient funding for multidisciplinary team meetings and the reinforced fragmentation of home care. In particular, the implementation of the system reforms took place with little regard for the local context. We suggest that the implementation of national care reforms should be aligned with factors operating at the micro level and make the following recommendations: use one central location for primary health and social services, integrate regional ICT structures to improve the exchange of patient information, and reduce fragmentation in home care.